Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik im internationalen Vergleich
"Aktivierung" als zentrales Prinzip der Leistungsgewährung für Langzeitarbeitslose bzw. erwerbsfähige Sozialhilfeempfänger wurde in Deutschland mit der sogenannten "Hartz IV-Reform" eingeführt. Dänemark, Schweden, die Niederlande und Großbritannien haben diesen Schritt bereits früher vollzogen. Dieses Themendossier bietet Literatur zur Ausgestaltung dieser Programme, zu den Zugängen und ihren Effekten auf die Erwerbsintegration und den Abgang aus dem Leistungsbezug.
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Literaturhinweis
Active Labour Market Policies: What Works for the Long-term Unemployed? (2024)
Zitatform
Eppel, Rainer, Ulrike Huemer, Helmut Mahringer & Lukas Schmoigl (2024): Active Labour Market Policies: What Works for the Long-term Unemployed? (WIFO working papers 671), Wien, 22 S.
Abstract
"There is still a lack of knowledge on how to effectively help the long-term unemployed into employment. We evaluate a wide range of active labor market policies for this target group, using a dynamic matching approach. Measures vary considerably in the extent to which they improve labor market prospects. Human capital-intensive training programmes that substantially enhance vocational skills and employment programs are most effective, short activating job search training the least. Our results suggest that not only wage subsidies in the private sector, but also direct job creation in the public and non-profit sector can work, if properly designed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why Do Poor People Not Take up Benefits? Evidence from the Barcelona's B-MINCOME Experiment (2024)
Zitatform
Laín, Bru & Albert Julià (2024): Why Do Poor People Not Take up Benefits? Evidence from the Barcelona's B-MINCOME Experiment. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 53, S. 167-188. DOI:10.1017/S0047279422000575
Abstract
"Non-take-up, i.e. individuals not applying for a benefit they are eligible for, is a widespread problem limiting the reach of welfare and protection systems. This paper seeks to understand it by means of a theoretical framework comprising two levels of analysis: the claimants’ individual characteristics in relation to the information barriers they face, and the administrative logic and functioning regarding the communications strategy used by public institutions. To test the hypotheses of these two levels of analysis, the paper analyses the B-MINCOME pilot scheme, a cash transfer programme implemented in the city of Barcelona between 2017 and 2019. Findings indicate that, although claimants’ characteristics may play a significant role, the administrative functioning and the communications strategy are fundamental in determining take-up rates. The conclusions briefly address some of the technical and moral concerns raised by non-take-up." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Transformations of European Welfare States and Social Rights: Regulation, Professionals, and Citizens (2024)
Nielsen, Stine Piilgaard Porner; Hammerslev, Ole;Zitatform
Nielsen, Stine Piilgaard Porner & Ole Hammerslev (Hrsg.) (2024): Transformations of European Welfare States and Social Rights. Regulation, Professionals, and Citizens. (Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies), Cham: Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan, X, 226 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-46637-3
Abstract
"This open access edited book investigates European social rights in practice from socio-legal perspectives. It brings together fourteen socio-legal scholars, representing Nordic and Western European countries, who analyze different aspects pertaining to European social rights, namely the regulation of social rights, encounters between welfare professionals and citizens, and citizens' mobilization of social rights. These three different aspects from the structure for the sections in the anthology, each analyzing transformations related to regulation, encounters and rights mobilization. The book contributes to the existing literature as it focuses on interdependent transformations on macro, meso and micro levels which are key for understanding processes and contexts related to European social rights in practice. It speaks particularly to academics in sociology of law and/or regulation. Stine Piilgaard Porner Nielsen is Postdoc in the Department of Law at University of Southern Denmark. Ole Hammerslev is Professor of Sociology of Law at Lund University, Sweden." (Provided by publisher)
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Literaturhinweis
Capping welfare payments for workless families increases employment and economic inactivity: Evidence from the UK's benefit cap (2024)
Zitatform
Reeves, Aaron, Mark Fransham, Kitty Stewart, Mary Reader & Ruth Patrick (2024): Capping welfare payments for workless families increases employment and economic inactivity: Evidence from the UK's benefit cap. In: International Journal of Social Welfare online erschienen am 20.02.2024. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12651
Abstract
"In this paper, we examine the labor market effects of lowering the UK's benefit cap in 2016. This policy limits the total amount a working‐age non‐disabled household with no‐one in employment can receive in social security. We treat the sharp reduction in this benefit cap as a natural experiment, comparing those at risk of being capped and those who were not before and after the cap was lowered. Drawing on data from ~500,000 individuals, we find that this reform reduced unemployment compared to those not at risk of being capped. The reform also increased economic inactivity, partly because the cap harmed mental health but also because those at risk of being capped were eligible to claim disability‐related welfare payments that made them exempt. Limiting total monthly welfare payments of low‐income families may increase employment for some but it can also push others out of the labor market altogether." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Lost in Categorisation? Employment Subsidies – Bringing the Beneficiaries Back In (2024)
Zitatform
Robertshaw, David Keith (2024): Lost in Categorisation? Employment Subsidies – Bringing the Beneficiaries Back In. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 53, S. 86-106. DOI:10.1017/S0047279422000216
Abstract
"Employment subsidies are important active labor market policy (ALMP) tools, suited to a variety of labor market challenges. This paper engages with recent ALMP categorisation debates by appraising Cronert’s (2019) recent typology of employment subsidies. It uses empirical material to assess the typology’s explanatory power and produce insights to inform further typological development. The illustrative case of the British ‘ Wage Incentive’ (2012-2014) is used to assess the typology’s analytical purchase. Cronert’s typology helpfully identifies key distinctions in the distributional profiles of employment subsidies, but further understanding of the category is impeded by the practice of defining them as demand-side interventions. The paper argues for a reappraisal of their supply-side characteristics, maintaining that the (potential) worker should be included in the analysis, and that employment subsidies’ relationship with training and job creation should be acknowledged.It proposes a redefinition of employment subsidies reflecting their real-world use, and suggests a framework for further exploring varieties of employment subsidy design from the perspective of beneficiaries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor market institutions and policies in old and new EU members (2024)
Zitatform
Rovelli, Riccardo (2024): Labor market institutions and policies in old and new EU members. (IZA world of labor 222,2), Bonn, 12 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.222.v2
Abstract
"Old and new EU member states still adopt quite different labor market institutions and policies: convergence has been partial and limited. Nevertheless, a new agreement is spreading on the importance of well-developed, coordinated institutions, supported by social dialogue, in view of the increasing challenges posed by the macro economy and by the increasing fragmentation of labor markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Towards a new era in the governance of integrated activation: A systematic review of the literature on the governance of welfare benefits and employment-related services in Europe (2010–21) (2024)
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Van Gerven, Minna, Tuuli Malava, Peppi Saikku & Merita Mesiäislehto (2024): Towards a new era in the governance of integrated activation: A systematic review of the literature on the governance of welfare benefits and employment-related services in Europe (2010–21). In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 58, H. 3, S. 329-343. DOI:10.1111/spol.12960
Abstract
"This article presents the results of a systematic literature review of research articles (N = 72) to study the governance logic of integrated activation policies and the problems relating to reintegrating welfare benefits with services. The inductive study of the problems indicated in the literature demonstrates both the vertical and horizontal aspects of the governance of integrated activation at the street level: challenges are tied to the top-down activation policy; requirements and strategies of delivering benefits and services; collaboration and coordination in delivery chains; and risks and inequality that streel-level bureaucrats are trying to deal with in their work. The results point primarily to flaws in the vertical governance of activation, such as frontline work problems and collaborative practices between different actors and agencies. Moreover, some problems relating to collaboration and coordination, pointed towards the challenges in horizontal governance of activation. The article, however, demonstrates how the governance of integrated activation requires a coupling of these different streams of governance and understanding governance as a complex network of interdependencies and causal connections between institutions, organisations, and co-production with end users." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Precarious welfare-to-work transitions in a segmented labour market: Evidence from the Netherlands (2024)
Yu, Yip-Ching;Zitatform
Yu, Yip-Ching (2024): Precarious welfare-to-work transitions in a segmented labour market: Evidence from the Netherlands. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 33, H. 1, S. 151-177. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12591
Abstract
"Promoting outflow from the welfare system has been one of the main objectives of activation-focused welfare reforms implemented across Europe over the past decades, with the underlying assumption that labour market attachment is the route to self-sufficiency. This article assesses this assumption by investigating the extent to which the propensities and determinants of welfare persistence and cycling are differential for native and second-generation young adults located in the opposite ends of labour market structure. Using panel administrative data from the Statistics Netherlands (CBS), it follows the welfare-to-work transitions of Dutch native and second-generation young adults in the Netherlands during a 6-year observation period (2010–2015). Simultaneous effects of labour market segmentation and ethnic penalty are modelled using a first-order Markov transition model that accounts for endogeneities from initial conditions and unobserved heterogeneity. The results suggest that welfare exit is not a good predictor of self-sufficiency in the Dutch context, and there are differential prospects for achieving and sustaining self-sufficiency among Dutch native and second-generation young adults. A considerable degree of welfare persistence in the medium term and welfare cycling in the long term are found among individuals who had fallen out of self-sufficiency. Such patterns of precarious welfare-to-work transitions are particularly common among non-Dutch workers employed in the secondary labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Activating the Long-Term Inactive: Labor Market and Mental Health Effects (2023)
Zitatform
Bastiaans, Mareen, Robert Dur & Anne C. Gielen (2023): Activating the Long-Term Inactive: Labor Market and Mental Health Effects. (Discussion paper / Tinbergen Institute 2023-003/V), Amsterdam u.a., 73 S.
Abstract
"In many Western countries, a sizeable group of people live on welfare benefits for a long time. Many of them suffer from mental health issues. This paper studies the labor market and mental health effects of an activation program targeting these long-term inactive people. We exploit the staggered implementation of the program in a difference-in-differences design. We find that the activation program hardly affects labor market outcomes. However, for those on mental health medication prior to the start of the program, the use of mental health medication substantially drops in the years following the start of the program. This effect is particularly pronounced for men. We also study spillover effects on the children of those targeted by the program, finding some suggestive evidence for improved learning and mental health outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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auch erschienen als: IZA Discussion Papers, 15891 -
Literaturhinweis
No one-size-fits-all solution. Effects of social policies on in-work poverty across household types (2023)
Zitatform
Brülle, Jan (2023): No one-size-fits-all solution. Effects of social policies on in-work poverty across household types. (SocArXiv papers), 22 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/4qynt
Abstract
"The paper studies effects of social policies on in-work poverty risks, distinguishing between measures that either intervene in labour market processes -- i.e. predistribution policies -- or redistribute incomes towards those with low incomes. I argue that effects of different policies can be expected to vary across household contexts, due to the fact that the link between individual employment outcomes and in-work poverty is moderated by household type. The analyses uses data from EU-SILC and macro-level indicators from various sources to estimate general as well as household-type-specific effects using longitudinal methods. Results emphasize that labour market interventions and redistributive transfers impact in-work poverty risks through different mechanisms and also reveal important differences between specific policies: minimum wages contribute to reducing low-wage risks, whereas effects on in-work poverty are small and mainly restricted to single households where labour market outcomes and household income closely align. In contrast, there is a robust negative effect of strict employment protection legislation across almost all household types on in-work poverty, which is consistent with the positive role this measure plays for supporting higher earnings. With respect to redistributional policies, both unemployment benefits and benefits to low earners reduce poverty due to their contribution to public poverty-reduction. However, whereas unemployment benefits mainly reduce in-work poverty among couple households, benefits to low earners are the most effective measure to contribute to lower poverty risks among employed single parents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What, for whom, and under what circumstances: Do activation policies increase youth employment in the EU? (2023)
Zitatform
Cefalo, Ruggero & Rosario Scandurra (2023): What, for whom, and under what circumstances: Do activation policies increase youth employment in the EU? In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 4, S. 391-406. DOI:10.1177/09589287231199568
Abstract
"Activation measures have assumed a prominent role within policy perspectives aimed at increasing labour market participation to support welfare sustainability. Most comparative studies on active labour market policies (ALMPs) have been conducted at the national level, although several scholars recently stressed the need to consider more carefully the territorial dimension of social policies. This article addresses this research gap by providing quantitative estimates of the territorial effect of national ALMPs provision on youth employment in European regions. We find that regional contextual traits, which can present a variety of configurations, play a significant role in moderating the effects of ALMPs. Divergent outcomes per type and level of education also highlight the complexity of the landscape for ALMPs' design and implementation. Our analysis helps identify the institutional and contextual conditions that require evaluation when designing and implementing policies targeting young people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Heterogeneity in labor mobility and unemployment flows across countries (2023)
Créchet, Jonathan;Zitatform
Créchet, Jonathan (2023): Heterogeneity in labor mobility and unemployment flows across countries. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 155. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104441
Abstract
"Empirical studies of labor-market flows suggest cross-country differences in long-run aggregate unemployment inflows and outflows of a strikingly large magnitude. The canonical search-and-matching framework of Mortensen and Pissarides (1994, 1999b; the MP model) features small elasticities of steady-state unemployment flows with respect to firing costs, at odds with the idea that labor-market institutions such as employment protection policies are a primary driver of this variation. This paper shows that introducing permanent match-quality heterogeneity in the standard MP model substantially amplifies these elasticities. It then develops a quantitative search model with worker and job heterogeneity consistent with U.S. worker-flow data. This model implies that employment protection differences plausibly account for most of the long-run unemployment-flow variation across high-income countries. In sharp contrast, shutting down heterogeneity implies that large changes in matching efficiency are required to explain the same cross-country variation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Flexicurity, education and optimal labour market policies (2023)
Davoine, Thomas;Zitatform
Davoine, Thomas (2023): Flexicurity, education and optimal labour market policies. In: Labour, Jg. 37, H. 4, S. 592-625. DOI:10.1111/labr.12255
Abstract
"The paper provides a theoretical rationale for flexicurity policies, consisting of low employment protection, generous unemployment insurance and active labor market programmes. Education efforts give access to high productivity firms, more likely to survive and thus exposing less their workers to unemployment risk. Activation programmes support reallocation from risky and unproductive to safer and more productive firms, reducing unemployment. Low employment protection can provide incentives for self-insurance against unemployment risk through education, mitigating the moral hazard cost of unemployment insurance and activation programmes. The paper identifies conditions for flexicurity to be optimal and confronts theoretical predictions to the data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Active and passive labor-market policies: the outlook from the Beveridge curve (2023)
Zitatform
Destefanis, Sergio, Matteo Fragetta & Nazzareno Ruggiero (2023): Active and passive labor-market policies: the outlook from the Beveridge curve. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 55, H. 55, S. 6538-6550. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2022.2159010
Abstract
"Following a panel ARDL approach, we appraise the impact of various indicators of active and passive labor-market policies within the framework of the Beveridge curve across fourteen OECD countries from 1985 to 2013, controlling for other factors, both institutional (tax wedge) and structural (technological progress, globalization). We embed the role of these variables within the specification of the Beveridge curve, finding that the generosity of unemployment benefits has a detrimental impact on labor-market matching, with the duration of benefits and the strictness of the rules pertaining to the deployment of benefits taking a key role in driving this result. Among active labor-market policies, employment incentives and especially training have a favourable effect on matching. There is evidence of a virtuous interaction between active and passive policies. A significantly detrimental role emerges for the tax wedge. These results are consistent across various specifications, and structural relationships are stable throughout the 2008–2013 period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Family as a redistributive principle of welfare states: An international comparison (2023)
Zitatform
Frericks, Patricia & Martin Gurín (2023): Family as a redistributive principle of welfare states: An international comparison. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 1, S. 52-66. DOI:10.1177/09589287221115670
Abstract
"Educational gradients in parental leave length are opposite for women and men: highly educated women return to work faster than those with low education while highly educated men are absent longer than less educated men. Explanations for the opposite gradients are typically made at the individual- or couple-level. To date, no quantitative study has documented whether the opposite educational gradients hold also within workplaces. In this study, we use employer-employee matched Swedish register data with fixed-effects models to examine whether the educational gradient applies also among co-workers in the same workplace. The results show that three-quarters of the educational effect typically attributed to the individual father disappeared when comparing fathers within workplaces. The educational gradient of mothers remained largely unchanged. These findings provide the first population-level evidence for the primacy of the workplace in determining fathers? care choices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
SOS incomes: simulated effects of COVID-19 and emergency benefits on individual and household income distribution in Italy (2023)
Zitatform
Gallo, Giovanni & Michele Raitano (2023): SOS incomes: simulated effects of COVID-19 and emergency benefits on individual and household income distribution in Italy. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 1, S. 101-116. DOI:10.1177/09589287221115672
Abstract
"Many countries have been working on revising their long-term care (LTC) policies to meet the increasing demand for care. Generally, little attention is paid to the potential (unintended) consequences of LTC policies for inequality among care users or informal caregivers. Saraceno previously explicitly argued that differences in care use and provision depend on the type of LTC policy, and that policies with contrasting consequences for inequality can be implemented at the same time. We call upon future research to empirically test the impact of different types of LTC policies on socio-economic inequalities in care. To stimulate and facilitate such research, our aims are to outline theoretical arguments for the differential impact of LTC policies on socio-economic inequalities in care and to create macro-level indicators for different types of supportive LTC policies in European countries over time. Our study’s research question is: Can we find and capture different dimensions of LTC policies in macro-level indicators that are comparable over countries and time? In particular, we focus on supported familialism (for example, informal caregiver support), supported defamilialization through the market (for example, in-cash benefits for care users), and defamilialization through public provision (for example, availability of beds in residential care). Besides a summary of the literature on LTC policies and how they may affect socio-economic inequalities in care, we outline our search process for macro-level LTC indicators and present descriptive information on the different types of LTC policies and their correlations. We discuss the difficulties that arise when translating theoretical insights about different types of LTC policies into high-quality measures for many countries and time points." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Sectoral shocks, reallocation, and labor market policies (2023)
Garcia-Cabo, Joaquin; Lipinska, Anna; Navarro, Gaston;Zitatform
Garcia-Cabo, Joaquin, Anna Lipinska & Gaston Navarro (2023): Sectoral shocks, reallocation, and labor market policies. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 156. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104494
Abstract
"Unemployment insurance and wage subsidies are key tools to support labor markets in recessions. We develop a multisector search-and-matching model with on-the-job human capital accumulation to study labor market policy responses to sector-specific shocks. Our calibration accounts for structural differences in labor markets between the United States and the euro area, including a lower job-finding rate in the latter. We use the model to evaluate unemployment insurance and wage subsidy policies in recessions of different duration. After a temporary sector-specific shock, unemployment insurance improves reallocation toward productive sectors at the cost of initially higher unemployment and, thus, human capital destruction. By contrast, wage subsidies reduce unemployment and preserve human capital at the cost of limiting reallocation. In the United States, unemployment insurance is preferred to wage subsidies when it does not distort job creation for too long. In the euro area, wage subsidies are preferred, given the lower job-finding rate and reallocation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
frühere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen als: International finance discussion papers, 1361Weiterführende Informationen
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Literaturhinweis
Working Less, Not More in a Workfare Programme: Group Solidarity, Informal Norms and Alternative Value Systems Amongst Activated Participants (2023)
Zitatform
Hansen, Lasse Schmidt & Mathias Herup Nielsen (2023): Working Less, Not More in a Workfare Programme: Group Solidarity, Informal Norms and Alternative Value Systems Amongst Activated Participants. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 46-62. DOI:10.1017/S0047279421000301
Abstract
"This article uses extensive ethnographic methods to explore the lived reality of a Danish workfare programme. The programme requires social assistance recipients to perform manual labour for their benefits at municipal work sites. The contrast between the political rhetoric that justifies the workfare programme and the lived reality of it is striking. While the programme is justified as a means to put the passive unemployed to work, there is a norm of working less, not more at the site. The participants spend most of their time waiting or conducting seemingly meaningless work assignments. However, over time, the majority of the participants begin to embrace this modus operandi at the site. This article answers this apparent paradox by turning to concepts from the anthropology of industrial work. Such concepts allow us to analyse how camaraderie exists amongst participants as well as work supervisors at the site. Particularly, the camaraderie is based on group solidarity, an informal regulation of work efficiency and an alternative system of value. Hereby, the article adds to previous findings on the ‘lived experiences’ of welfare recipients." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Can Workforce Development Help Us Reach Full Employment? (2023)
Zitatform
Holzer, Harry J. (2023): Can Workforce Development Help Us Reach Full Employment? (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16624), Bonn, 24 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, I review the potential of workforce development programs to help the US get closer to "full employment." First, I provide some background on workforce development in the US, and also on the aggregate employment/labor force issues that workforce programs may or may not address. Then I review the empirical evidence on job training and other forms of workforce development, in terms of impacts on employment (as opposed to earnings). I briefly consider how the US experience in this regard compares and contrasts with that of other countries in the EU or OECD, and what we might learn from them. I conclude that more and better workforce development could help somewhat to achieve lower unemployment and higher labor force participation in the US, though we also need a range of other policies to achieve these goals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The paternalist politics of punitive and enabling workfare: evidence from a new dataset on workfare reforms in 16 countries, 1980–2015 (2023)
Zitatform
Horn, Alexander, Anthony Kevins & Kees van Kersbergen (2023): The paternalist politics of punitive and enabling workfare: evidence from a new dataset on workfare reforms in 16 countries, 1980–2015. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 21, H. 4, S. 2137-2166. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwac060
Abstract
"Does neoliberalism lie behind the increased use of social policy to control and incentivize labor market behavior? We argue that this assumed connection is theoretically weak and empirically inaccurate, and we point to an alternative explanation centered on government paternalism. Using a new comparative dataset on workfare reforms, we first describe how the overall balance of punitive and enabling demands placed on the unemployed has changed across 16 countries between 1980 and 2015. We observe a growing number of workfare reforms, modestly tilted towards the punitive side—but without a broad shift towards punitive workfare. We then assess the drivers of policy intervention, finding that government paternalism, rather than neoliberalism, helps us to understand which governments enact enabling and punitive measures. In line with our broader argument, we suggest that this reflects the moral (rather than economic) foundations of social policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))