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Dinan, Shannon & Normand Boucher (2023): Disability and Employment Policy in Canada: National Policy Variation for Working Age Individuals. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 52, S. 719-739. DOI:10.1017/S0047279421000878

Abstract

"This article analyses and compares disability policies for working-age individuals in Canada with a focus on the mode of policy provision and type of measure to determine the degree to which direct funding is used in this country. To consider policy diversity in this federal system, policies are compared using a mixed-methods approach. Using quantitative methods, federal, provincial and territorial policies are first compared using hierarchical cluster analysis. This provides evidence of three distinct clusters in Canada according to policy provision and measure type. In a second, qualitative analysis, the disability strategies of four provinces’ (British Columbia, Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador and Quebec) are compared, to determine over arching policy orientations. Findings indicate that policy provision in Canada largely favours money over services. Furthermore, most provinces emphasize either health or integration measures over substantive measures. Despite these commonalities, significant variation persists across Canada. This extends to poverty and disability reduction strategies with two of the four provinces having a broader orientation while the other two provinces focus specifically on employment as a means of social inclusion. The article concludes with a discussion on the state of employment policies for individuals with a disability in Canada." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fogelgren, Mattias, Petra Ornstein, Magnus Rödin & Peter Skogman Thoursie (2023): Is Supported Employment Effective for Young Adults with Disability Pension?: Evidence from a Swedish Randomized Evaluation. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 58, H. 2, S. 452-487. DOI:10.3368/jhr.58.4.0319-10105R2

Abstract

"This paper reports results from a large-scale randomized experiment evaluating whether a supported employment rehabilitation intervention strategy can improve labor market opportunities for young adults on disability pension better than regular vocational rehabilitation. The supported employment intervention utilizes a caseworker as back-up for the individual during training to reduce employers' risks when hiring an individual with unclear productivity. In total, 1,062 individuals were randomly assigned between interventions. The main results show that 18 months after the start of the project, participants with supported employment have work rates that are approximately 10 percentage points higher than participants who received regular rehabilitation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

Zitatform

Hardoy, Ines & Kristine von Simson (2023): Pressing the right button—labour market odds for youth with mental illness. In: Journal of education and work, Jg. 36, H. 7-8, S. 592-607. DOI:10.1080/13639080.2023.2289952

Abstract

"Mental disorders threaten the chances of finishing secondary school and can hinder the school-to-work transitions of afflicted youths. Earlier onset depression predicts the chronicity, recurrence, and severity of episodes throughout life. Using rich, objective mental health data and a battery of variables covering personal and family characteristics, we investigate the impact of Norway’s vocational rehabilitation programs on youths aged 18–23 who are registered as unemployed. Our results indicate that the impact vary with mental health in adolescence, a variable often unavailable in such analyses. Separate analyses for age group 19–21 and 20–23 show that the younger ones with previous diagnosed mental disorders were likely to pursue further education after participating in programs providing work practice; those with no earlier diagnosed mental disorders were prone to pursue ordinary education after completing a training program. For the older age cohorts, aged 20–23, vocational rehabilitation programmes seem counterproductive, irrespective of program type and of whether they were diagnosed with mental health problems in adolescence or not." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Reims, Nancy, Angela Rauch & Anton Nivorozhkin (2023): Ersteingliederung in der beruflichen Rehabilitation: Nach einer Reha findet ein höherer Anteil junger Menschen mit Behinderungen Arbeit. (IAB-Kurzbericht 11/2023), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2311

Abstract

"Berufsunerfahrene junge Menschen mit Behinderungen werden im Rahmen der beruflichen Rehabilitation beim Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt unterstützt. Die größte Gruppe in der sogenannten Ersteingliederung sind Personen mit Lernbehinderungen. Ihr Anteil ist jedoch rückläufig, während der von Personen mit psychischen Behinderungen stetig steigt. Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene mit Behinderungen, die eine Ausbildung im Rahmen der beruflichen Rehabilitation durchlaufen haben, fassen immer häufiger im Erwerbsleben Fuß. Dabei gilt: Je betriebsnäher die Ausbildung, desto höher sind die Chancen, Arbeit zu finden. Das zeigen Auswertungen administrativer Daten der Bundesagentur für Arbeit für den Zeitraum 2014 bis 2020. Die positive Beschäftigungsentwicklung nach einer beruflichen Rehabilitation hängt nicht zuletzt mit den guten Arbeitsmarktbedingungen und der demografischen Entwicklung zusammen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Thouin, Éliane, Véronique Dupéré & Anne-Sophie Denault (2023): Paid employment in adolescence and rapid integration into a career-related job in early adulthood among vulnerable youth: The identity connection. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 142. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2023.103864

Abstract

"For youth transitioning to adulthood, finding a job that matches one's career aspirations is a major challenge. This is especially true for non-college-bound youth, for whom well-paid, meaningful work opportunities are scarce. One avenue often proposed to enhance these youths' chances of successful professional integration is through work experiences during high school, which are thought to help at least in part by supporting identity development processes. The purpose of this study was to test this premise in a Canadian sample (N = 386; 50 % female; 23 % minority) of socioeconomically disadvantaged and academically vulnerable youth (48 % without a post-secondary degree) followed longitudinally from their mid-teens to their early twenties. Beyond potential confounders, no direct association was found between adolescent employment (at both moderate and intensive levels) and integration into a career-related job. However, mediation analyses showed that moderate work in high school (i.e., <20 h per week) was significantly associated with identity commitment (b = 1.82, p < .001), which was in turn linked to integration into a career-related job matching professional goals in early adulthood (b = 0.08, p < .001). Among the control variables, having a vocational degree was a strong predictor of integration into a career-related job. Overall, these results suggest that career counselors accompanying adolescents who do not intend to attend college should consider employment at moderate levels as an option to foster their identity related to future plans, interests, and values, as well as vocational training options." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

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Østerud, Kaja Larsen (2023): Disability Discrimination: Employer Considerations of Disabled Jobseekers in Light of the Ideal Worker. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 3, S. 740-756. DOI:10.1177/09500170211041303

Abstract

"Labour market stratification and discrimination of disabled people remains a less researched topic compared to other minorities despite being a notably disadvantaged group. This article explores the employer side of discrimination against disabled jobseekers by using a field experiment conducted in Norway as its point of departure. Through qualitative follow-up interviews, this article investigates employers’ assessments of equally qualified mobility-impaired candidates in a field experiment. The article employs the theoretical perspective of the ideal worker to shed light on how employers evaluate disabled jobseekers against an able-bodied ideal. Although previous literature on disability and the ideal worker has shown the imperative of asserting productivity, the findings in the current article reveal a stronger emphasis on social considerations as grounds for exclusion. The findings show how tacit constructions of the ideal worker not only relate to productivity but also to the creation of the socially integrated workplace." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"The right of persons with disabilities to work and be employed on an equal basis with others is enshrined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which has been ratified by all EU Member States. Principle 17 of the European Pillar of Social Rights reaffirms the right of persons with disabilities to services that enable them to participate in the labor market and a work environment adapted to their needs. Closing the employment gap between persons with and without disabilities is one of the objectives of the Strategy for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2021-2030, which invited Member States to set national targets for employment and adult learning for persons with disabilities. One of the Strategy’s seven flagship initiatives is the Disability Employment Package. The Package aims to improve the labour market outcomes of persons with disabilities by providing guidance and good practices for employers, employers’ associations, and public authorities, as well as by raising awareness about persons with disabilities and by combating stereotypes. (...) This catalogue, which the Commission produced with the help of the European Disability Expertise (EDE) project and the members of the Disability Platform subgroup on employment, is one of the Package’s deliverables. It publicises positive actions carried out by employers and public authorities in Europe to hire persons with disabilities. Those actions can be considered good practices and serve as an inspiration for employers, employers’ organizations, public authorities, trade unions and other stakeholders that support employment of persons with disabilities." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Achatz, Juliane, Nancy Reims, Malte Sandner & Brigitte Schels (2022): Disadvantaged young people find the transition from school to work particularly difficult. In: IAB-Forum H. 08.02.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-02-04. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20220208.01

Abstract

"How the transition from school to working life takes place sets the course for individual labour market opportunities. This transition is particularly difficult for disadvantaged young people. Different factors come into play: studies of young people in Germany show that in addition to low or no educational qualifications, attending a special needs school, having a disability, or growing up in low-income families are further barriers to a successful transition. Participation in support programmes can only partially offset these disadvantages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dalferth, Matthias (2022): Frauen mit Autismus im Beruf. In: Die Berufliche Rehabilitation, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 48-60.

Abstract

"Zur Beschäftigungssituation hochfunktionaler autistischer Frauen in Deutschland liegen bislang kaum Erkenntnisse vor, da in den vorliegenden Studien zwischen männlichen und weiblichen Berufstätigen selten differenziert wird. Der vorliegende Beitrag nimmt Bezug auf die internationalen Forschungsergebnisse zur beruflichen Situation autistischer Frauen. Es wird dargelegt, dass die Anzahl der erwerbsfähigen Frauen wesentlich größer ist, als bislang angenommen, und dass sie mit erheblichen Lebenserschwernissen im Erwachsenenalter zu kämpfen haben. Den spezifischen Problemstellungen in der weiblichen Erwerbsbiographie wird nachgegangen, um die Hintergründe dieser Belastungen zu erschließen. Vorschläge zu Unterstützung autistischer Frauen und zum Forschungsbedarf werden formuliert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Lambertus-Verlag)

Zitatform

Fasching, Helga & Lena Tanzer (2022): Inklusive Übergänge von der Schule in Ausbildung und Beruf. (Inklusive Schule), Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 197 S.

Abstract

"Der Band befasst sich mit der Gestaltung von inklusiven Übergängen von der Schule in Ausbildung und Beruf. Inklusion umfasst eine fundierte Berufsorientierung, chancengerechten Zugang zum Ausbildungssystem sowie nachhaltige Partizipation am Allgemeinen Arbeitsmarkt. Die Begleitung und Unterstützung von Jugendlichen mit Behinderung stehen dabei im Fokus. Der Band führt in ausgewählte Handlungsfelder und Konzepte ein und diskutiert Theorien und Begriffe unter Inklusions- und Diversitätsgesichtspunkten." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Nivorozhkin, Anton, Nancy Reims & Angela Rauch (2022): Aktuelle Herausforderungen und Anpassungsstrategien von Leistungserbringern in der beruflichen Rehabilitation – eine gemischt-methodische Analyse. In: Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund (Hrsg.) (2022): 31. Rehawissenschaftliches Kolloquium: Neue Wege, neue Chancen, S. 254-255.

Abstract

"Die Leistungen zur Teilhabe am Arbeitsleben (LTA) im Rahmen beruflicher Rehabilitation sind ein zentrales Instrument der Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderung am Arbeitsleben. Zu den im Rahmen von LTA angebotenen arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen gehören Aus- und Weiterbildungen, aber auch Vorbereitungs- oder Orientierungsmaßnahmen. In Deutschland existiert ein gut ausgebautes Netz unterschiedlichster Anbieter beruflicher Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen. Ziel dieser Studie war eine systematische Betrachtung dieser Einrichtungen. Ein Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf den Herausforderungen, mit denen sich die Leistungserbringer konfrontiert sehen und die Anpassungsstrategien, mit denen sie diesen begegnen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Reims, Nancy & Brigitte Schels (2022): Typical school-to-work transitions of young adults with disabilities in Germany - a cohort study of recipients of vocational rehabilitation services after leaving school in 2008. In: Disability and Rehabilitation, Jg. 44, H. 20, S. 5834-5846., 2021-06-20. DOI:10.1080/09638288.2021.1948115

Abstract

"Purpose: In Germany, vocational rehabilitation (VR) for young people with disabilities (YPWD) aims to counteract disadvantages on the training and labour markets. However, the school-to-work transitions (STWT) among YPWD are underexplored. This study investigates to what extent and for whom VR provides an institutional bridge into employment.
Materials and methods: Based on representative administrative data of the German Federal Employment Agency, young people in VR are observed for 6.5 years after completing lower or intermediate secondary education in 2008. Using optimal matching and cluster analysis, six typical STWT trajectories are identified.
Results: Most of the YPWD completed company-external vocational training, some undertook regular in-firm training. These forms of training often lead to regular employment, albeit with a delay for some. Other young people are guided from training in sheltered workshops into sheltered employment. Another group exhibits problematic STWTs in which recurring unemployment and (non-training) programmes fail to lead to training or employment.
Conclusions: VR combined with in-firm or company-external vocational training can facilitate the STWTs of people with disabilities. However, individuals from poor families are less likely to benefit from VR. Similarly, restricted capabilities and problematic STWTs are observed when young people drop out of VR due to poor cooperation. Implications for rehabilitation:
• Vocational training often is a prerequisite for labour market entry; however, if the structural conditions on the local labour market are unfavourable, young people with disabilities do not take up employment.
• Training within sheltered workshops often leads to highly institutionalised trajectories that should be reconsidered to permit greater permeability into the regular labour market.
• As young people with problematic STWT more often come from poor households, they should be targeted to a greater extent in the context of VR counselling." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Samray, David & Sabrina Inez Weller (2022): Nutzung digitaler Technologien in Ausbildungsbetrieben von Menschen mit Schwerbehinderung. In: M. Friese & D. Münk (Hrsg.) (2022): Berufliche Rehabilitation, S. 11-13.

Abstract

"Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht den Stand der Digitalisierung und den Einsatz digitaler assistiver Technologien in Ausbildungsbetrieben von Menschen mit Schwerbehinderung. Die vorgenommenen quantitativen Analysen basieren auf Daten des BIBB-Betriebspanels zur Qualifizierung und Kompetenzentwicklung aus dem Jahr 2020." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schniedermann, Ina, Lorenz B. Dehn, Sabrina Micheel, Thomas Beblo & Martin Driessen (2022): Evaluation of a supported education and employment program for adolescents and young adults with mental health problems. A study protocol of the StAB project. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 17, H. 7. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0271803

Abstract

"The majority of mental illnesses begins in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood before the age of 25. The transition from adolescence to adulthood is a particularly vulnerable time for adolescents with mental illness, affecting psychosocial functioning and participation in work life. Therefore, they need—in contrast to classic standard vocational interventions—a long-term, holistic and individually oriented vocational rehabilitation program. With the innovative model project "Start in education and employment (StAB)”, adolescents and young adults with mental illnesses are to be supported with regard to their vocational perspectives and participation by a new type of individualized, holistic, long-term job coaching. It follows the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) concept, as a manualized form of the Supported Employment Approach and is based on the "first place–then train" principle. In order to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of the StAB program, a double-centre prospective single arm evaluation study in a mixed-methods design will be conducted. The focus is on quantitative research analysing pre-post-effects of the StAB intervention in a two-year observational study. Young people between 15 and 25 years with a psychiatric diagnosis who are currently in receipt of means-tested benefits or are entitled to them will be recruited. The study will take place in two major cities in the north-western part of Germany, Bielefeld and Dortmund. We expect to contribute to gain more empirical data about the implementation of Supported Employment and Education to severely mentally ill adolescents and young adults in German settings. Moreover, these results may also provide the scientific foundation for future measures focusing the improvement of vocational rehabilitation for young people with mental illness. The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00027576) on March 10, 2022." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tophoven, Silke, Nancy Reims & Anita Tisch (2022): Junge Menschen mit psychischen Behinderungen in Leistungen zur Teilhabe am Arbeitsleben. In: H. Kranert & R. Stein (Eds.) (2022): Psychische Belastungen in der Berufsbiografie, S. 70-78, 2021-12-01.

Abstract

"Im deutschen sozialen Sicherungssystem bieten Leistungen zur Teilhabe am Arbeitsleben (LTA) (SGB IX) für Menschen mit Behinderungen eine Reihe von Unterstützungsleistungen zum Einstieg und Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt – so auch für Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene mit psychischen Erkrankungen und Behinderungen im Übergang von der Schule in den Beruf. Im Jahr 2021 waren im Jahresschnitt insgesamt 133.315 junge Menschen mit Behinderungen im Rahmen von LTA im Bereich der Ersteingliederung registriert. Für 28 Prozent dieser jungen Menschen, also über ein Viertel, wird dabei eine psychische Behinderung als Hauptbehinderung angegeben (Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit 2021). Im Bereich der Wiedereingliederung, also bei schon berufserfahrenen Personen in LTA, zeichnete sich schon länger eine Zunahme psychischer Erkrankungen als ursächliche Diagnose für die Inanspruchnahme ab (Deutsche Rentenversicherung 2014; Reims et al. 2017). In den letzten Jahren wird diese Entwicklung zunehmend auch für den Bereich der Ersteingliederung konstatiert (Reims et al. 2016). Auch die Leistungserbringer im Bereich der beruflichen Rehabilitation (Reha) sprechen der Zunahme von Teilnehmenden mit psychischen Erkrankungen weiterhin eine sehr große Bedeutung in der Ausrichtung ihrer Arbeit zu (Reims et al. 2020). Vor diesem Hintergrund diskutiert der vorliegende Beitrag, was die jungen Menschen mit psychischen Erkrankungen, die LTA in Anspruch nehmen, charakterisiert, wie ihre Übergänge in die berufliche Reha erfolgen und wie ihre beruflichen Rehaprozesse verlaufen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © wbv)

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Weiland, Belinda (2022): Mehr Teilhabe durch das Teilhabestärkungsgesetz? In: Gute Arbeit, Jg. 34, H. 5, S. 36-39.

Abstract

"Das Budget für Ausbildung wurde zum 1.1.2020 als Sozialleistung eingeführt. Durch das Teilhabestärkungsgesetz wurde der Kreis der Anspruchsberechtigten ausgeweitet. Was das bringen kann, erörtert dieser Beitrag." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Trans-European mobility has been at the core of EU education policy since the introduction of mobility programs in the 1980s when the Erasmus and Youth for Europe programmes were introduced (in 1987 and 1988, respectively). Under the SOCRATES, Lifelong Learning Program (particularly the Leonardo and Erasmus strands) and the Erasmus+ programs mobility has become an important tool to provide young people with an experience of studying and working abroad. Significantly, the new Erasmus+ program for the 2021-27 period will have an estimated budget of EUR 26.2 billion, almost double the amount allocated to the 2014-20 programming period, with 70% of the budget dedicated to mobility.Mobility programs have demonstrated that they can have an impact on learners’ skills and competences as well as wider skills such as level of autonomy, confidence, independence, and open mindedness. In addition, a mobility period can help learners to define their future career and life choices. The evaluation of the Erasmus+ program found that participants had a shorter transition time between education and employment.4.The research on the longer-term investment of mobility programs is in its infancy, for example, with ongoing research (at the time of writing) into the cost-benefit analysis of mobility programs in Czechia. However, mobility should be considered as a longer-term investment in individuals, particularly those from vulnerable groups as they may endure less periods of unemployment compared to their peers. Historically, existing mobility programs such as the Leonardo program and Erasmus+ programs have tried to target those with fewer opportunities as part of the focus on social inclusion, but they have not been extremely successful. The category of ‘fewer opportunities’ is extremely broad and has tended to cover young people not in employment, education or training (NEETs), unemployed and underemployed, people with disabilities and minorities. The mid-term evaluation of the Erasmus+ 2014-20 program found that just 11.5% of the total number of participants in Erasmus+ were disadvantaged young people. The evaluation stressed that the program needs to do more to reach out to more vulnerable young people" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Achatz, Juliane, Nancy Reims, Malte Sandner & Brigitte Schels (2021): Benachteiligte Jugendliche tun sich beim Übergang von der Schule ins Erwerbsleben besonders schwer (Serie "Befunde aus der IAB-Grundsicherungsforschung 2017 bis 2020"). In: IAB-Forum H. 18.08.2021 Nürnberg, o. Sz., 2021-08-16.

Abstract

"Wie der Übergang von der Schule in das Erwerbsleben verläuft, ist richtungweisend für die zukünftigen Arbeitsmarktchancen. Für benachteiligte Jugendliche gestaltet sich die Übergangsphase oftmals schwierig. Dabei spielen unterschiedliche Faktoren eine Rolle. Neben geringen oder fehlenden Bildungsabschlüssen ist auch der Besuch einer Förderschule, eine Behinderung und/oder ein Aufwachsen in armutsnahen Familien ein zusätzlicher Startnachteil. Die Teilnahme an Förderprogrammen kann diese Nachteile nur teilweise wettmachen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bylinski, Ursula (2021): Berufliche Bildung für Menschen mit Beeinträchtigungen im Spannungsfeld von Ausgrenzung und Teilhabe. In: L. Bellmann, K. Büchter, I. Frank, E. M. Krekel & G. Walden (Hrsg.) (2021): Schlüsselthemen der beruflichen Bildung in Deutschland, S. 93-110.

Abstract

"Berufliche Rehabilitation und Benachteiligtenförderung haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten zu zwei Subsystemen der beruflichen Bildung entwickelt, die junge Menschen mit Beeinträchtigungen auf ihrem Weg in den Beruf unterstützen. Dabei ist kein einheitliches Handlungsfeld entstanden und eine Zersplitterung der Forschungslandschaft festzustellen. (Begleit-)Forschung hat sich vielfach am aktuellen, bildungspolitischen Bedarf ausgerichtet und zur Unterstützung der Ausbildungspraxis etabliert. Der mit Inklusion verbundene Perspektivwechsel könnte eine zusammenführende Zielorientierung hervorbringen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Cmar, Jennifer & Michele C. McDonnall (2021): Short-Term Effectiveness of Job Search Skills Training: Comparisons by Summer Work Experience Participation. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 64, H. 2, S. 86-96. DOI:10.1177/0034355220910225

Abstract

"We utilized a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design to assess the effects of job search skills training on job search knowledge, job search behavior, job search behavior self-efficacy, and job search outcomes self-efficacy. We also examined differences in outcomes based on participation in a vocational rehabilitation agency-sponsored summer work experience (SWE) program. Participants were 92 youth with visual impairments, ages 15 to 22 years, from three U.S. states. The intervention was an intensive job search skills training program involving 35 to 40 hr of content; 42 youth also participated in an SWE program for approximately 6 weeks. Intervention group participants significantly improved in job search knowledge, job search behavior, and job search behavior self-efficacy in contrast to comparison group participants, but results for job search outcomes self-efficacy did not differentiate the two groups. SWE participation by itself was related to increases in both self-efficacy measures, and participation in the intervention plus the SWE was related to larger increases in job search behavior self-efficacy. Results indicate that job search skills training and SWE programs may have differential effects on short-term outcomes. Rather than finding jobs for youth, practitioners could foster youths’ competence, confidence, and preparation for the future by teaching job search skills and encouraging independent job-seeking." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))