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Bianchi, Nicola, Giulia Bovini, Jin Li, Matteo Paradisi & Michael Powell (2023): Career Spillovers in Internal Labour Markets. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 90, H. 4, S. 1800-1831. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdac067

Abstract

"This article studies career spillovers across workers, which arise in firms with limited promotion opportunities. We exploit a 2011 Italian pension reform that unexpectedly tightened eligibility criteria for the public pension, leading to sudden, substantial, and heterogeneous retirement delays. Using administrative data on Italian private-sector workers, the analysis leverages cross-firm variation to isolate the effect of retirement delays among soon-to-retire workers on the wage growth and promotions of their colleagues. We find evidence of spillover patterns consistent with older workers blocking the careers of their younger colleagues, but only in firms with limited promotion opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Boockmann, Bernhard, Martin Kroczek & Natalie Laub (2023): Tightening Access to Early Retirement: Who Can Adapt? (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16292), Bonn, 29 S.

Abstract

"We study heterogeneity in the effects of two pension reforms in Germany that closed pathways into early retirement: the abolition of an old-age pension scheme for women and the abolition of a pension after unemployment or part-time work. We focus on heterogeneity with respect to several occupational characteristics. Both reforms had significant effects on individual employment states, and in both cases the effects differ significantly by occupation. The positive effect on employment is smaller in occupations with higher job strain and, in case of the old-age pension for women, the effect on unemployment is larger. The effects also differ by occupational tasks, PC use and the introduction of new technologies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cetin, Sefane & Alain Jousten (2023): Retirement Decision of Belgian Couples and the Impact of the Social Security System. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16470), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the retirement patterns of married couples in Belgium. To forecast retirement behavior, we use administrative Social Security data from 2003 to 2017 and a discrete choice random utility model. In particular, we concentrate on the spousal bonus of pension payments to comprehend how financial incentives resulting from the social security system's structural design affect both partners' retirement decisions. We simulate the effect of the elimination of the spousal bonus and find that a small portion of women delay their retirement whereas the rest substitute into alternative social security benefits. Our results do not only highlight the significance of cross-program spillovers between various Social Security benefits, but also the heterogeneity in preferences for retirement and asymmetry of retirement behavior between husbands and wives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fernández, Juan J., Gema García-Albacete, Antonio M. Jaime-Castillo & Jonas Radl (2023): Priming or learning? The influence of pension policy information on individual preferences in Germany, Spain and the United States. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 337-352. DOI:10.1177/09589287231164347

Abstract

"A promising approach to pension policy preferences focuses on the influence of policy related information. We advance this research programme by examining the impact of information about future pension benefits, including whether information effects occur through priming, learning or both. Drawing on a novel, split-sample survey experiment in the US, Germany and Spain, we examine the impact of information on forecasted pension replacement rates for 2040 on pension policy attitudes. Findings indicate that the information treatment increases support for the two outcomes considered: (i) increases in the pensionable age and (ii) greater spending on pensions relative to other social programmes. Analyses of heterogeneous treatment effects accounting for prior beliefs of participants show that information effects occur both through priming and learning. The study concludes that hard, non-partisan information increases support for reforms that foster the financial sustainability of pension systems, although the scope of information effects depends on contextual conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Focacci, Chiara Natalie, Gülin Öylü, Andreas Motel-Klingebiel & Susanne Kelfve (2023): The value of pension reforms for late working life: evidence from Sweden. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 43, H. 13/14, S. 79-89. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-02-2023-0038

Abstract

"Purpose: Driven by the aim to increase the participation of older people in the labor force and to extend people's working lives, the Swedish Parliament passed a bill in 1998 to increase the pension eligibility age from 60 to 61 years and establish a notional defined-contribution (NDC) plan. In this article, the authors investigate the impacts towards the prolongation of working lives expected from such an intervention. Design/methodology/approach The authors apply a multinomial probabilistic model based on Swedish registry data on the birth cohorts 1937–1938 (n  = 102,826) and observe differences in exit behaviour between eligible and non-eligible individuals. Findings: The authors find that the cohorts eligible to the pension reform exit the labor market at a later age compared to non-eligible cohorts at the 61-years cut-off. The authors also find that the effect persists in the long term. Furthermore, the authors find that both men and women are equally struck by the reform. Originality/value While there exist many descriptive reports and theoretical analyses on the costs and benefits of pension reforms, this study is the first one to empirically analyse the effect of the first European NDC pay-as-you go pension plan on the potential exclusion of old-aged workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Hasselhorn, Hans Martin & Melanie Ebener (2023): Frühzeitiger Ausstieg der Babyboomer aus dem Erwerbsleben - Ergebnisse der lidA-Studie. In: Deutsche Rentenversicherung, Jg. 78, H. 2, S. 152-174.

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag werden die Erwerbsperspektive der älteren sozialversicherungspflichtigen Beschäftigten in Deutschland (prospektiv) sowie Erwerbsausstiegsgründe bei Personen, die eine vorzeitige Altersrente oder eine Erwerbsminderungsrente beziehen (retrospektiv), betrachtet. Datenbasis ist die 2022/2023 erhobene 4. Welle der repräsentativen lidA-Studie. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die meisten Babyboomer (hier: die 1959 und 1965 Geborenen) gerne frühzeitig aus dem Erwerbsleben ausscheiden würden, deutlich vor ihrer Regelaltersgrenze und vor dem Zeitpunkt, bis zu dem sie arbeiten könnten. Gleichzeitig scheint sich ein kleiner Teil der auf die Babyboomer folgenden Generation (hier: die im Jahr 1971 Geborenen) bereits darauf einzustellen, etwas länger erwerbstätig zu sein. Bei den Gründen für den gewünschten frühen Erwerbsausstieg dominieren solche, die den Wunsch nach Selbstbestimmung im Leben nahelegen, darauf folgen als Gründe belastende Arbeit und gesundheitliche Probleme. In allen drei untersuchten Geburtskohorten zeigt sich eine verbreitete Bereitschaft, unter bestimmten Umständen länger als momentan gewünscht erwerbstätig zu bleiben - insbesondere dann, wenn der Einzelne mehr Einfluss auf die Gestaltung seiner eigenen Arbeit erhielte. Schließlich zeigen die retrospektiven Befragungsdaten, dass der Wunsch nach Selbstbestimmung auch die Gründe für den erfolgten frühzeitigen Erwerbsausstieg in die Altersrente dominiert. Beim erfolgten Ausstieg in die Erwerbsminderungsrente steht hingegen - über die gesundheitlichen Probleme hinaus - die anstrengende Arbeit im Vordergrund. Eine Schlussfolgerung ist, dass es Politik und Wirtschaft, wenn sie ältere Beschäftigte länger im Erwerbsleben halten wollen, gelingen muss, sie dazu zu bringen, länger arbeiten zu wollen. Dies kann nicht ohne eine grundlegende Betrachtung der Arbeitsbedingungen gehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Pimpertz, Jochen (2023): Länger arbeiten lohnt sich im Alter. (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2023,65), Köln, 3 S.

Abstract

"Mit dem zunehmenden Fachkräftemangel wird gefordert, die Anreize für ein verlängertes Arbeitsleben zu stärken. Für Arbeitnehmer lohnt sich ein späterer Renteneintritt aber schon heute – sowohl mit Blick auf die monatliche Bruttorente als auch auf den Barwert der lebenslang zu erwartenden Rentenzahlungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lorenz, Svenja, Thomas Zwick & Mona Bruns (2022): Beware of the employer: Financial incentives for employees may fail to prolong old-age employment. In: The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Jg. 21. DOI:10.1016/j.jeoa.2021.100363

Abstract

"We show that a stepwise increase in the normal retirement age (NRA) by up to five years and the introduction of actuarial pension deductions for retirement before NRA was ineffective in prolonging employment of older men after early retirement age. We argue that the ineffectiveness of the German pension reform resulted from a change in employer behavior that was mainly induced by a recession during the implementation period of the pension reform. Employers seem to have nudged their employees to use a bridge option that was introduced with the pension reform (partial retirement) or a traditional bridge option (unemployment). These bridge options allowed an early retirement age (ERA) of 60 instead of the only alternative early retirement option with an ERA of 63. Bridge options therefore offered employers an opportunity to terminate employment considerably earlier and exert more influence over the employment exit age. We argue that without a change in employer behavior, neither using one of the bridge options nor the earlier employment exit would have been utility maximizing for the individuals affected by the reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))

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Myllyntausta, Saana, Marianna Virtanen, Jaana Pentti, Mika Kivimäki, Jussi Vahtera & Sari Stenholm (2022): Why do men extend their employment beyond pensionable age more often than women? a cohort study. In: European Journal of Ageing, Jg. 19, H. 3, S. 599-608. DOI:10.1007/s10433-021-00663-1

Abstract

"Men extend their employment beyond pensionable age more often than women, but the factors that contribute to this sex difference are unknown. This study aimed to examine sex differences in extending employment and the contribution of sociodemographic, work- and health-related factors to these differences. Participants of this prospective cohort study were 4,263 public sector employees from Finland who reached their individual pensionable date between 2014 and 2019 and responded to a survey on work- and non-work-related issues before that date. Extended employment was defined as continuing working for over six months beyond the individual pensionable date. We used mediation analysis to examine the contribution of explanatory factors to the association between sex and extended employment. Of the participants, 29% extended employment beyond the pensionable date. Men had a 1.29-fold (95% confidence interval 1.11–1.49) higher probability of extending employment compared with women. Men had a higher prevalence of factors that increase the likelihood of extended employment than women (such as spouse working full-time, no part-time retirement, low job strain, high work time control, and lack of pain) and this mediated the association of sex with extended employment by up to 83%. In conclusion, men were more likely to extend their employment beyond pensionable age than women. This difference was largely explained by men being more likely to have a full-time working spouse, low job strain, high work time control, no pain, and not being on part-time retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Toczek, Lisa, Hans Bosma & Richard Peter (2022): Early retirement intentions: the impact of employment biographies, work stress and health among a baby-boomer generation. In: European Journal of Ageing, Jg. 19, H. 4, S. 1479-1491. DOI:10.1007/s10433-022-00731-0

Abstract

"In recent years, early retirement decisions have become more frequent in the European Union despite political efforts to prevent early retirement. This is a growing problem for the social security system. The study focuses on a life course approach using employment biographies and investigates the influence of work stress and health on early retirement intentions. Data of employees who were born in either 1959 or 1965 of the German cohort study on work, age, health and work participation are analysed (n = 3338). By linking survey and register data from 1993 to 2011, a sequence analysis is conducted to identify employment biographies. To analyse the relationship between the employment biographies and intended early retirement, a longitudinal path analysis is computed and includes work stress, measured through effort-reward imbalance, and self-rated health. The statistical analyses identify three adverse employment biographies, i.e. part-time work, episodes of unemployment or marginal employment. In addition, two favourable employment biographies are determined, characterised by full-time work and few episodes of unemployment. The results of the path analysis show that employment biographies with high work-related stress have early retirement intentions. Among adverse employment biographies, indirect effects of poor health on the association between work stress and early retirement intentions are found. Unexpectedly, among full-time workers, work stress is also associated with early retirement intentions with an additional mediation through health. The findings of this study highlight the importance of the life course perspective when analysing retirement decisions. In addition to health-promoting interventions in the labour market, effects of psychosocial factors should be focussed on in order to reduce early exits from the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zwick, Thomas, Mona Bruns, Johannes Geyer & Svenja Lorenz (2022): Early retirement of employees in demanding jobs: Evidence from a German pension reform. In: The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Jg. 22. DOI:10.1016/j.jeoa.2022.100387

Abstract

"Early retirement options are usually targeted at employees at risk of not reaching their regular retirement age in employment. An important at-risk group comprises older employees who have worked in demanding jobs for many years. This group may be particularly negatively affected by the abolition of early retirement options. To measure differences in labor market reactions of employees in low- and high-demand jobs, we exploit the quasinatural experiment of a cohort-specific pension reform that increased the early retirement age for women from 60 to 63 years. Based on a large administrative dataset, we use a regression-discontinuity approach to estimate the labor market reactions. Surprisingly, we find the same relative employment increase of about 25% for treated women who were exposed to low and to high job demand. For older women in demanding jobs, we also do not find substitution effects into unemployment, partial retirement, disability pension, or inactivity. Eligibility for the abolished early retirement option required high labor market attachment. Thus, we argue that this eligibility rule induced a positive selection of healthy workers into early retirement. We propose alternative policies that protect workers exposed to high job demand better against the negative consequences of being unable to reach their statutory retirement age in employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))

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Fillmore, Ian & Jonathan D. Hall (2021): Technological change and obsolete skills: Evidence from men's professional tennis. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 73. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102051

Abstract

"Technological innovation can raise the returns to some skills while making others less valuable or even obsolete. We study the effects of such skill-altering technological change in the context of men's professional tennis, which was unexpectedly transformed by the invention of composite racquets during the late 1970s. We explore the consequences of this innovation on player productivity, entry, and exit. We find that young players benefited at the expense of older players and that the disruptive effects of the new racquets persisted over two to four generations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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Schmidthuber, Lisa, Charlotte Fechter, Heike Schröder & Moritz Hess (2021): Active ageing policies and delaying retirement: comparing work-retirement transitions in Austria and Germany. In: Journal of international and comparative social policy, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 176-193. DOI:10.1017/ics.2021.1

Abstract

"We investigate how labour market and pension measures associated with active ageing influence retirement behaviour in Austria and Germany. We focus on two conservative welfare states and evaluate how individuals respond to comparable pension scheme changes. Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, findings point to increasing average actual retirement ages in both countries. Early retirement becomes less important while working until pension age has gained in significance. In particular, findings point towards greater de-standardisation of retirement transitions, though to a different extent across the two countries. Whereas gender differences are still prevalent in Austria, in line with traditional conservative welfare state characteristics, we find that Germany exhibits lower gender differences, but instead displays stronger inequalities between education groups. We argue that social risks emerge in Germany that are usually found in liberal welfare states. We suggest that this trend is reinforced by retirement policies that focus on “pushing” individuals out of employment. This study contributes to the understanding of how individuals respond to national policy incentives when making retirement transitions." (Author's abstract, © Cambridge University Press) ((en))

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Schrader, Rebecca (2021): The causal effect of partial retirement on older workers' labor force participation. (BGPE discussion paper 215), Nürnberg, 54 S.

Abstract

"In this study, I investigate the effect of partial retirement at the firm level on older workers' labor participation. Thereby, I contribute to the controversial debate about the effects of partial retirement. Using detailed administrative employer-employee data from Germany, I exploit the introduction of partial retirement options in Germany related to the law on PR of 1996 within a difference-in-differences framework. My results show that older workers' labor participation responds to the introduction of partial retirement and reveals substantial effect heterogeneities with regard to the specific partial retirement arrangement. Overall, I find evidence that partial retirement has the potential to extend older Workers' labor participation and thereby to serve as an instrument to lower the financial burden of governments struggling with the economic costs of demographic aging." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zanasi, Francesca, Inge Sieben & Wilfred Uunk (2020): Work history, economic resources, and women's labour market withdrawal after the birth of the first grandchild. In: European Journal of Ageing, Jg. 17, H. 1, S. 109-118. DOI:10.1007/s10433-019-00525-x

Abstract

"Typically, grandmothers are actively involved in the lives of their grandchildren, most frequently as care providers. At the same time, these individuals become grandparents while still employed. These two roles - of active grandparent and worker - might conflict, since both demand time and energy. This study examines whether the birth of the first grandchild leads to labour market withdrawal for women, and whether there are differences between grandmothers according to their work history and household economic resources. We considered the work history of women both as a measure of work–family preferences and a source of opportunities and constraints to labour market behaviour later in life. Our analyses of data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) 2002–2017 using hybrid logistic models show that the probability of labour market withdrawal increases after the birth of the first grandchild. Women who had continuous working careers, or short employment interruptions, were more likely to withdraw from the labour market after the birth of the first grandchild than their counterparts with non-continuous careers, as well as women living in wealthy households. The explanation lies in the lower opportunity cost these women encounter in withdrawing from the labour market. Our findings relate to policies aimed at increasing retirement ages all over Europe, advocating that these measures could conflict with grandmothers' involvement in their grandchildren's lives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Geyer, Johannes, Hermann Buslei, Patricia Gallego-Granados & Peter Haan (2019): Anstieg der Altersarmut in Deutschland. Wie wirken verschiedene Rentenreformen? Gütersloh, 146 S. DOI:10.11586/2019050

Abstract

"Wie wird sich die Altersarmut bis 2050 entwickeln? Welche Gruppen werden besonders stark betroffen sein? Wie könnten aktuell diskutierte Reformkonzepte wie die Altersvorsorgepflicht für Selbstständige, eine längerfristige Untergrenze für das Rentenniveau in Höhe von 48 Prozent bis 2050, das Reformkonzept zur Grundrente aus dem Koalitionsvertrag von 2018 oder in der Fassung von Bundesarbeitsminister Hubertus Heil und eine erweiterte Grundsicherung diese Entwicklung beeinflussen? Welche zukünftige Kosten verursachen diese Reformmaßnahmen? Diese Fragen hat ein Forscherteam um Dr. Johannes Geyer vom DIW Berlin anhand von Simulationsrechnungen auf Basis repräsentativer Haushaltsdaten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels im Auftrag der Bertelsmann Stiftung näher untersucht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lakomý, Martin (2019): The effects of prolonged working life on subjective quality of life across Europe. In: Social science research, Jg. 82, H. August, S. 33-44. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.04.011

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Messe, Pierre-Jean & François-Charles Wolff (2019): Healthier when retiring earlier? Evidence from France. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 51, H. 47, S. 5122-5143. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2019.1610710

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Phillipson, Chris (2019): 'Fuller' or 'extended' working lives? Critical perspectives on changing transitions from work to retirement. In: Ageing and society, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 629-650. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X18000016

Abstract

"Research on older workers and retirement has yet to adjust fully to an environment influenced by a combination of demographic change, technological developments and economic recession. A key dimension to the changing relationship between ageing and work is the tension between policies to extend working life and the increasingly fragmented nature of late working life, with the emergence of varied transitions, including: bridge employment, second/third careers, part-time working, early retirement and other variations. These developments indicate both the challenge of conceptualising new forms of work-ending, and - in policy terms - the extent to which these can successfully accommodate longer working lives. The paper provides a critical perspective to the policy of extending working life and the narrative which underpins this approach. The paper argues that retirement has become a 'contested' institution in the 21st century, fragmented across different pathways and transitions affecting people in their fifties and sixties. The paper argues the case for improving work quality and security as a precondition for supporting policies for encouraging working in later life. An essential requirement for this will include linking debates on extending working life with technological developments and changes affecting the workplace, creating differentiated paths to retirement and labour force exit, enhancing the provision of training and continuing education, and re-thinking the idea of the 'older worker'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pöschko, Heidemarie & Katharina Wurzer (2019): Kurzbericht: Zwischen Erwerbsarbeit und Pension. In: WISO, Jg. 42, H. 2, S. 91-100.

Abstract

"Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt Einblick in Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeit 'Frauen zwischen Erwerbsarbeit und Pension - Perspektiven von Frauen für den dritten Lebensabschnitt' (2017). Die Autorinnen gehen zuerst auf die Erwerbsquote älterer Frauen in der EU ein und beleuchten anschließend Praxisbeispiele wie die Altersteilzeit in Österreich sowie das Konzept 'Age Diversity' in Deutschland. Motive für die Erwerbsarbeit im Alter und das Modell des Pensionssplittings folgen. Eine Zusammenfassung und ein Ausblick schließen den Beitrag ab." (Textauszug, © ISW-Linz)