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Grover, Chris (2024): Explaining the abolition of the wage stop in the UK. In: The Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 47-64. DOI:10.1332/175982723x17029202968181

Abstract

"Before the introduction of the household benefit cap in the UK in 2013 the previous mechanism there limited the income of social assistance recipients was the wage stop, operating for four decades between 1935 and 1975. Similar to the benefit cap, the wage stop reflected and reproduced concerns with incentivising unemployed people to labour. This raises questions about why the wage stop was abolished in the mid-1970s when worries about unemployment continued, particularly its intersections with out-of-work benefits. It is widely argued that the abolition of the wage stop was a consequence of lobbying by the Child Poverty Action Group. Drawing upon records held at the UK’s National Archives, this article argues that this is an over-simplified explanation that, first, ignores concerns with the wage stop that pre-dated the Child Poverty Action Group’s criticism of it, including concerns within the assistance boards with its administration. And, second, while by the mid-1970s there was (albeit ambiguous) concern with the impacts of the wage stop, there was a shift in approach that emphasised the supplementation of low wages with social security benefits, rather than forcing social assistance below the assessed needs of households, as being a preferable means of ensuring the incentive to take wage-labour." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Policy Press) ((en))

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Chanfreau, Jenny (2023): The Persistence in Gendering: Work-Family Policy in Britain since Beveridge. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 52, S. 981-998. DOI:10.1017/S0047279422000125

Abstract

"Understanding the historical policy pathways that have led to the constellation of policies that both reflect and shape the current gender order can reveal reasons for the persistence of gender inequality in paid work and unpaid family care. Bringing together existing research and policy critique with Carol Bacchi’s framework of policy as ‘gendering practices’, this paper focuses on the role of policy as a process that constructs and upholds an unequal gender order. The discussion traces how UK social policies have since the establishment of the post-war welfare state articulated and positioned gendered possibilities for combining paid work and childrearing, shaping gendered and classed work-family life courses. The analysis illustrates that British social policy has not been consistently committed to a more equal gender regime but instead maintained a heteronormative family ideal and thus, despite various policy changes, the gendering of ‘the worker’ and ‘the parent’ as conceptualised in UK policy has persisted over the last several decades." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sowula, Jakub, Franziska Gehrig, Lyle A. Scruggs, Martin Seeleib-Kaiser & Gabriela Ramalho Tafoya (2023): The end of welfare states as we know them? A multidimensional perspective. In: Social Policy and Administration online erschienen am 20.12.2023. DOI:10.1111/spol.12990

Abstract

"This article highlights the limitations of unidimensional analyses in the comparative welfare state literature and emphasises the need for a more holistic, multidimensional approach incorporating social spending, welfare state outputs and outcomes. To illustrate the utility of a multidimensional approach, we examine the long‐term welfare state trajectories of Sweden and Germany, prototypical social‐democratic and conservative welfare states, respectively, and compare them against the baseline of Europe's prototypical liberal welfare state, the United Kingdom. The social spending (expenditure) and output (generosity) allowed us to identify significant changes in the Swedish welfare state (i.e., retrenchment). The outcome dimension alerts us to a policy drift in the German Welfare State, as relatively stable public spending and welfare generosity until the first half of the 2000s were nonetheless associated with sharply increased inequality and poverty. Overall, our findings suggest that a holistic, multidimensional approach is necessary to fully understand the complexities of welfare state change and continuity, as focusing solely on one dimension can lead to analytical misjudgments. The sharp rise in inequality and poverty across countries raises doubts about whether policymakers and researchers rely too much on outdated assumptions of normality that fail to meet the welfare state realities of today." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Valizade, Danat, Jo Ingold & Mark Stuart (2023): Employer Participation in Active Labour Market Policies in the United Kingdom and Denmark: The Effect of Employer Associations as Social Networks and the Mediating Role of Collective Voice. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 4, S. 991-1012. DOI:10.1177/09500170211063094

Abstract

"Active labour market policies (ALMPs) have evolved as pivotal social policy instruments designed to place the unemployed and other disadvantaged groups in sustainable employment. Yet, little is known about what drives employer participation in such initiatives. This article provides a nuanced account of the socio-economic aspects of the demand-side of ALMPs, by investigating employer embeddedness in wider social networks created by employer associations and employee collective voice as enabling mechanisms for employer participation in ALMPs. Drawing on an original survey of employers in the United Kingdom (UK) and Denmark, we found that the extent of employer embeddedness in such social networks is positively associated with employer participation in the UK but not in Denmark, where the effect was indirect and mediated through collective bargaining. The effects of employer network ties and employee collective voice affirm the importance of a more integrated analysis of the interactions between network ties and institutions in ALMP research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ferragina, Emanuele & Federico Danilo Filetti (2022): Labour market protection across space and time: A revised typology and a taxonomy of countries' trajectories of change. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 148-165. DOI:10.1177/09589287211056222

Abstract

"We measure and interpret the evolution of labour market protection across 21 high-income countries over three decades, employing as conceptual foundations the ‘regime varieties’ and ‘trajectories of change’ developed by Esping-Andersen, Estevez-Abe, Hall and Soskice, and Thelen. We measure labour market protection considering four institutional dimensions – employment protection, unemployment protection, income maintenance and activation – and the evolution of the workforce composition. This measurement accounts for the joint evolution of labour market institutions, their complementarities and their relation to outcomes, and mitigate the unrealistic Average Production Worker assumption. We handle the multi-dimensional nature of labour market protection with Principal Component Analysis and capture the characteristics of countries’ trajectories of change with a composite score. We contribute to the literature in three ways. (1) We portray a revised typology that accounts for processes of change between 1990 and 2015, and that clusters regime varieties on the basis of coordination and solidarity levels, that is, Central/Northern European, Southern European, liberal. (2) We illustrate that, despite a persistent gap, a large majority of Coordinated Market Economies experiencing a decline in the level of labour market protection became more similar to Liberal Market Economies. (3) We develop a fivefold taxonomy of countries’ trajectories of change (liberalization, dualization, flexibility, de-dualization and higher protection), showing that these trajectories are not always path-dependent and consistent with regime varieties previously developed in the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Redman, Jamie & Del Roy Fletcher (2022): Violent bureaucracy: A critical analysis of the British public employment service. In: Critical Social Policy, Jg. 42, H. 2, S. 306-326. DOI:10.1177/02610183211001766

Abstract

"Between 2010–2015, the Coalition’s pursuit of a radical austerity programme saw Britain’s Jobcentre Plus experience some of the most punitive reforms and budget cuts in its history. Focusing on the outcomes of these reforms, a growing body of research has found that claiming processes became a more ‘institutionally violent’ and injurious experience for out-of-work benefit claimants. The present article draws upon ideas, developed by Bauman (1989), which focus on the processes that facilitate ‘institutional violence’. We use this framework to analyse ten interviews with front-line workers and managers in public/contractor employment services. In doing so, we expose an array of policy tools and hidden managerial methods used during the Coalition administration which encouraged front-line staff to deliver services in ways that led to a range of harmful outcomes for benefit claimants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pautz, Hartwig, Sally A. Wright & Chik Collins (2021): Decent Work in Scotland, an Agenda-Setting Analysis. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 40-58. DOI:10.1017/S0047279419000916

Abstract

"This article uses John Kingdon's multiple streams framework as an analytical tool to consider how the policy issue of 'job quality', in the guises of 'decent work' and 'fair work', developed a 'career' in Scotland between 2013 and 2017. The aim is to understand why, despite the efforts of a variety of policy entrepreneurs and the openness of the Scottish Government to this policy problem, job quality did not arrive on the Scottish Government's decision agenda. The article finds that the crucial 'policy window' did not open due to the 2016 'Brexit' decision dramatically changing the political landscape. The article demonstrates the applicability of Kingdon's framework for agenda-setting analysis in a parliamentary environment and constitutes a rare application of the framework to a 'live' policy issue. The authors were involved in a research and advocacy project on 'decent work' that was undertaken in Scotland during 2015 and 2016 and therefore were amongst the policy entrepreneurs seeking to place job quality on the Scottish Government's agenda." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bilbao-Ubillos, Javier, Jesús-Luis Alsasua, Gurutze Intxaurburu & Miren Ullibarri-Arce (2018): Labour market regulations and high quality employment in EU-15 countries. In: Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, Jg. 31, H. 3, S. 207-226. DOI:10.1080/13511610.2017.1384366

Abstract

"The elements that we usually include under the concept of 'labour market institutions' exert a clear influence on the workings of the labour market. However, the assessment of labour market policies and institutions remains mostly focused on their impact on the quantity of jobs, while people's well-being depends crucially on how good their jobs are. This paper is a modest attempt to contribute some evidence and insight to the debate on the effects that particular institutional configurations have on the generation of high-quality employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bubak, Oldrich (2018): Flexicurity and the dynamics of the welfare state adjustments. In: Transfer, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 387-404. DOI:10.1177/1024258918781732

Abstract

"Die Verwerfungen der jüngsten globalen Finanzkrise verstärkten mehrere der schon vorhandenen industriellen und ökonomischen Herausforderungen und schoben eine Reihe von oftmals widersprüchlichen Lösungsansätzen in den Vordergrund. In diesem Artikel konzentrieren wir uns auf zwei unterschiedliche Sichtweisen, wie ökonomische Wettbewerbsfähigkeit (wieder) hergestellt und Wachstum ermöglicht werden kann: Flexicurity und Austeritätspolitik. Über die Zukunft dieser widersprüchlichen 'Rezepte' kann im Vergleich von unterschiedlichen politischen Ökonomien viel gelernt werden, insbesondere in Anbetracht der Bedeutung der Sozialpartner bei der Entwicklung von Flexicurity und ihrer unterschiedlichen Fähigkeit, die Ergebnisse von Wohlfahrtsstaaten breiter zu beeinflussen. Es stellen sich zwei Fragen. Was können wir über die Dynamik der permanenten Anpassungen des Wohlfahrtsstaates lernen, wenn wir auf die Rolle und Kapazität der Sozialpartner achten? Wie kann sinnvolle Arbeitsmarktpolitik in diesem paradoxen Umfeld aussehen? Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen untersuchen wir das Vereinigte Königreich - mit seiner eher bescheidenen Sozial- und Beschäftigungssicherheit - und Dänemark, das Musterbeispiel für Flexicurity. Die Unterschiede in den Philosophien, bei der Entwicklung ihrer Institutionen und den organisationalen Interaktionen dieser beiden Staaten erklären nicht nur ihre jeweiligen Entscheidungen nach dem Ausbruch der Krise, sondern auch ihre Erwartungen an sozial orientierte Arbeitsmarktpolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Rodriguez-Gil, Antonio (2018): Hysteresis and labour market institutions. Evidence from the UK and the Netherlands. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 55, H. 4, S. 1985-2025. DOI:10.1007/s00181-017-1338-y

Abstract

"This paper uses data for the UK and the Netherlands (1983q4 - 2011q4) to test if hysteresis occurs in these economies, and through what mechanisms. The novelty of the paper resides in the use of a VAR-IRF that encompasses previous hysteresis studies, using long-term unemployment, productivity, capital stock and real long-term interest rates, and in the use of specific Labour Market Institutions shocks, such as benefits, taxation or unions' power. This allows us to disentangle what specific demand and supply-variables affect unemployment in the long-run, i.e. the NAIRU. Our findings suggest that there is hysteresis in both countries, and that it happens through several channels. Further, we find that the influence of Labour Market Institutions on unemployment depend on their impact on the real wages-productivity gap. These results have implications for structural and macroeconomic policies that we also discuss. Finally, we investigate the impact of different supply and demand-shock on long-term unemployment and discuss the relevant policy implications." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Adkins, Lisa (2017): Disobedient workers, the law and the making of unemployment markets. In: Sociology, Jg. 51, H. 2, S. 290-305. DOI:10.1177/0038038515598276

Abstract

"This article concerns workfare and especially mandatory work activities for the unemployed. It focuses on the UK government's Work Programme and recent challenges regarding its lawfulness. Drawing on the resources of actor network theory, and especially the economization approach to the study of markets, it outlines how the Work Programme is configuring a market for the labour of the unemployed, including a space of calculation in regard to that labour. The argument advanced is that the law and its instruments are part of the process of market making, contributing to both its design and calibration. This article therefore locates the law as an actor involved in the assembly of a market for the labour of the unemployed. It also foregrounds what is missing from recent debates on workfare, namely, an account of how the activities of the unemployed are configured and framed as labouring activities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Moran, Martin (2017): The 2015 ESA trials. A synthesis. (DWP ad hoc research report 49), London, 85 S.

Abstract

"This report summarises the evaluations of three trials that formed part of a package of support for Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) claimants launched in spring 2015, namely, Voluntary Early Intervention (VEI), Claimant Commitment (CC) and More Intensive Support (MIS).
The evaluation of these trials comprised qualitative interviews with both Work Coaches and trial participants as well as observations of the meetings that they held with each other. Quantitative analysis of both the processes underpinning the trials and participants outcomes was also carried out.
We did not find evidence that VEI led to participants moving off benefits and into employment more rapidly. MIS however, has led to participants spending an average 3.2 fewer days on benefits in the 12 months following recruitment to the trial. The physiotherapy service had a high level of interest amongst people who were eligible but the number of eligible people was low. The OHA service, when used, was often valued and appreciated, notably by less experienced Work Coaches. On the CC trial, many Work Coaches found that the CC form helped structure conversations and allowed them to track progress better than they would have done with an Action Plan (the predecessor to a CC)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Heins, Elke & Hayley Bennett (2016): 'Best of Both Worlds'? A comparison of third sector providers in health care and welfare-to-work markets in Britain. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 39-58. DOI:10.1111/spol.12126

Abstract

"This article compares the welfare markets in primary health care and 'welfare-to-work' in the UK since the late 1990s. A longitudinal comparison of two different policy areas enables us to study the context in which marketization and the resulting shift of welfare provision takes place. We outline the general background of the market-based reforms and highlight in what way policymakers have ascribed third sector organizations (TSOs) a number of positive characteristics, particularly the ability to address concerns about well-known market failures. While consecutive governments promoted these organizations as welfare providers, case studies of two illustrative provider organizations in each policy area reveal a number of problems regarding their distinctiveness in increasingly competitive welfare markets.
We conclude that the crisp distinction made by policymakers between the third and other sectors as well as the alleged advantages of the former present a rather naïve picture of a complex reality and argue for a more critical view of third sector characteristics and performance. The third sector is not only characterized by a high degree of fuzziness at the boundaries to other sectors, but even within single organizations, which often undergo significant transformations over time. As a result, policy intentions and practical outcomes are contradictory with TSOs losing their alleged distinctiveness as players in increasingly competitive markets. Furthermore, we contend that detailed longitudinal studies of organizations are essential in the advancement of the discussion of the third sector concept as they provide conceptual insights into organizational change and behaviour." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Belot, Michele, Philipp Kircher & Paul Muller (2015): Providing advice to job seekers at low cost. An experimental study on on-line advice. (CESifo working paper 5641), München, 69 S.

Abstract

"Helping job seekers to identify suitable jobs is a key challenge for policy makers. We develop and evaluate experimentally a novel tool that provides tailored advice at low cost and thereby redesigns the process through which job seekers search for jobs. We invited 300 job seekers to our computer facilities for 12 consecutive weekly sessions. They searched for real jobs using our web interface. After 3 weeks, we introduced a manipulation of the interface for half of the sample: instead of relying on their own search criteria, we displayed relevant other occupations to them and the jobs that were available in these occupations. These suggestions were based on background information and readily available labor market data. We recorded search behavior on our site but also surveyed participants every week on their other search activities, applications and job interviews. We find that these suggestions broaden the set of jobs considered by the average participant. More importantly, we find that they are invited to significantly more job interviews. These effects are predominantly driven by job seekers who searched relatively narrowly initially and who have been unemployed for a few months." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carter, Eleanor & Adam Whitworth (2015): Creaming and parking in quasi-marketised welfare-to-work schemes. Designed out of or designed in to the UK work programme? In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 44, H. 2, S. 277-296. DOI:10.1017/S0047279414000841

Abstract

"'Creaming' and 'parking' are endemic concerns within quasi-marketised welfare-to-work (WTW) systems internationally, and the UK's flagship Work Programme for the long-term unemployed is something of an international pioneer of WTW delivery, based on outsourcing, payment by results and provider flexibility. In the Work Programme design, providers' incentives to 'cream' and 'park' differently positioned claimants are intended to be mitigated through the existence of nine payment groups (based on claimants' prior benefit type) into which different claimants are allocated and across which job outcome payments for providers differ. Evaluation evidence suggests however that 'creaming' and 'parking' practices remain common. This paper offers original quantitative insights into the extent of claimant variation within these payment groups, which, contrary to the government's intention, seem more likely to design in rather than design out 'creaming' and 'parking'. In response, a statistical approach to differential payment setting is explored and is shown to be a viable and more effective way to design a set of alternative and empirically grounded payment groups, offering greater predictive power and value-for-money than is the case in the current Work Programme design." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Considine, Mark, Siobhan O'Sullivan, Paolo R. Graziano, Matthias Knuth, Vanesa Fuertes, Katharina Zimmermann, Adam Whitworth, Patrizia Aurich, Rebecca Taylor, Rik van Berkel, Phuc Nguyen, James Rees, Elle Carter, Isabel Shutes, Avishai Benish & Ludo Struyven (2015): Contracting-out welfare services. Comparing national policy designs for unemployment assistance. (Broadening Perspectives on social policy), Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 173 S.

Abstract

Contracting-out Welfare Services focuses on the design and overhaul of welfare-to-work systems around the world in the light of the radical re-design of the welfare system; internationally based authors utilise a national/program case study, considering employment services policy and activation practices.
Content:
Mark Considine; Siobhan O'Sullivan: Introduction: Contracting out welfare services: comparing national policy designs for unemployment assistance (1-9);
Katharina Zimmermann, Patrizia Aurich, Paolo R. Graziano, Vanesa Fuertes: Local worlds of marketization - employment policies in Germany, Italy and the UK compared (11-32);
Ludo Struyven: Varieties of market competition in public employment services - a comparison of the emergence and evolution of the new system in Australia, the Netherlands and Belgium (33-53);
Mark Considine, Siobhan O'Sullivan, Phuc Nguyen: Governance, Boards of directors and the impact of contracting on not-for-profits organizations - an Australian study (55-74);
Rik van Berkel: Quasi-markets and the delivery of activation - a frontline perspective (75-90);
Isabel Shutes, Rebecca Taylor: Conditionality and the financing of employment services - implications for the social divisions of work and welfare (91-108);
James Rees, Adam Whitworth, Elle Carter: Support for all in the UK work programme? Differential payments, same old problem (109-128);
Matthias Knuth: Broken hierarchies, quasi-markets and supported networks - a governance experiment in the second tier of Germany's Public employment service (129-150);
Avishai Benish: The public accountability of privatized activation - the case of Israel (151-166).

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Mayhew, Ken (2015): UK labour market policy then and now. In: Oxford review of economic policy, Jg. 31, H. 2, S. 199-216. DOI:10.1093/oxrep/grv017

Abstract

"This article considers the evolution of UK labour market policy during the last 30 years. It does this through the lens of the 'social model'. The social model encompasses the employment relations system, the social welfare system, and the education and training system. It was changed dramatically by the Thatcher and Major governments. The succeeding Labour and Coalition governments largely embraced this new model and, in some ways, increased the pace of change. The consequences for labour market performance - employment, unemployment, productivity, and inequality - are explored." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wiggan, Jay (2015): Reading active labour market policy politically. An autonomist analysis of Britain's Work Programme and Mandatory Work Activity. In: Critical social policy, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 369-392. DOI:10.1177/0261018315588231

Abstract

"Drawing on Autonomist Marxist theory this article situates the 2010 - 15 Conservative - Liberal Coalition government's active labour market policy as the most recent phase in a state 'strategy of underdevelopment' (Cleaver, 1977) to erode the autonomy of labour power and facilitate a reconfiguration of labour and work to impose (competition for) undesirable jobs on the terms and conditions offered by capital (Peck, 2001: 349). The article contends that Mandatory Work Activity and the Work Programme facilitate a pattern of differentiated activation, where segmentation and stratification of the non-employed population (re)produces an insecure, disciplined, segmented and stratified labour power for insecure, segmented, stratified labour markets. From the perspective of capital and the state the differential job outcomes associated with these programmes are less a mark of policy failure than of policy success." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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OECD. Local Economic and Employment Development (2015): Employment and skills strategies in England, United Kingdom. (OECD reviews on local job creation), Paris, 107 S. DOI:10.1787/9789264228078-en

Abstract

"This report delivers evidence-based and practical recommendations on how to better support employment and economic development in England. It builds on sub-national data analysis and consultations with local stakeholders in Nottingham and North Nottinghamshire in the East Midlands as well as Hull and Scarborough in Yorkshire and the Humber. It provides a comparative framework to understand the role of the local level in contributing to more and better quality jobs. The report can help national and local policy makers in England and the UK build effective and sustainable partnerships at the local level, which join-up efforts and achieve stronger outcomes across employment, training, and economic development policies. Co-ordinated policies can help workers find suitable jobs, while also stimulating entrepreneurship and productivity, which increases the quality of life and prosperity within a community as well as throughout the country." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dorsett, Richard (2014): The effect of temporary in-work support on employment retention. Evidence from a field experiment. In: Labour economics, Jg. 31, H. December, S. 61-71. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2014.10.002

Abstract

"A recent experimental programme for unemployed welfare recipients in the UK found that temporary earnings supplements combined with post-employment services led to a sustained rise in employment. This paper examines whether this was due to increases in employment entry or to reductions in employment exit. Using a hazard rate model, we find a significant effect on initial employment entry but not on subsequent transitions. The results also show that the length of a completed unemployment spell has a negative effect on the hazard of exit from the next unemployment spell. While the direct effect of the programme is to shorten the initial unemployment spell, an indirect effect arises due to this lagged duration dependence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Larsen, Flemming & Sharon Wright (2014): Interpreting the marketization of employment services in Great Britain and Denmark. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 24, H. 5, S. 455-469. DOI:10.1177/0958928714543903

Abstract

"Marketization is an important component of international shifts in the governance of employment services. Despite contrasting underlying welfare systems and employment services of different scales and character, both Denmark and Great Britain were distinct from many other comparable countries in contracting out employment services in the late-1990s. By comparing the starting positions and divergent trajectories of marketization in these two very different welfare systems, we see some common traits in how it so far has been difficult to make marketization deliver on its promises. We find in both cases difficulties for the contracted-employment services to reduce bureaucracy, save money through innovation, realize user choice, prevent poor quality services or increase efficiency/effectiveness through better job outcomes. Instead we find, paradoxically, that the market could not operate without re-regulation. In the absence of the intended effects, we furthermore question why policymakers in such different socio-political contexts continued to support the marketization strategy. The explanation is found in combination with wider governance and policy shifts, which have contributed towards altering the governance mix to reposition key actors and interests in ways that would have otherwise been contested." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mike Brewer, Mike, James Browne, Haroon Chowdry & Claire Crawford (2012): The impact of a time-limited, targeted in-work benefit in the medium-term: an evaluation of In Work Credit. (ISER working paper 2012-04), Colchester, 41 S.

Abstract

"Conventional in-work benefits (IWB) are means-tested, open to all workers with sufficiently low income, and usually paid without a time-limit. This paper evaluates an IWB with an alternative design that was aimed at lone parents in the UK and piloted in one third of the country, and that featured a time-limit, and was paid conditional on previous receipt of welfare. It increased flows off welfare and into work, and these positive effects did not diminish when recipients reached the 12 month time-limit for receiving the supplement. Job retention of recipients was good, but this cannot be attributed to the IWB." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Abramovsky, Laura, Erich Battistin, Emla Fitzsimons, Alissa Goodman & Helen Simpson (2011): Providing employers with incentives to train low-skilled workers. Evidence from the UK employer training pilots. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 29, H. 1, S. 153-193. DOI:10.1086/656372

Abstract

"We use unique workplace and employee-level data to evaluate a major UK government pilot program to increase qualification-based, employer-provided training for low-qualified employees. We evaluate the program's effect using a difference-in-differences approach. Using data on eligible employers and workers we find noevidence of a statistically significant effect on the take-up of training in the first 3 years of the program. Our results suggest that the program involved a high level of deadweight and that improving the additionality of the subsequent national program is crucial if it is to make a significant contribution toward government targets to increase qualification levels." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bellis, Anne, Maria Sigala & Sara Dewson (2011): Employer engagement and Jobcentre Plus. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 742), London, 37 S.

Abstract

"Local Employment Partnerships (LEPs), introduced in 2007, aimed to increase the propensity of employers to recruit disadvantaged people into work and were part of a broader effort to connect workless individuals with vacancies, overcoming barriers to work and improving the job matching services offered by Jobcentre Plus and its partners. LEPs were originally aimed at disadvantaged jobseekers who had been out of work for six months or more or who fell into a Jobcentre Plus priority group. The policy emphasis changed with the recession to include newly unemployed Jobseeker's Allowance customers.
The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) commissioned the Institute for Employment Studies to evaluate LEPs. This evaluation has centred around two waves of qualitative interviews with a range of personnel: national Jobcentre Plus, DWP and Learning and Skills Council (LSC) staff; Jobcentre Plus district and local staff in eight areas in England, Scotland and Wales; local and national employers; customers; and training providers and other stakeholders at a district level. The main aims of the research were to explore the successful elements of LEPs, to ascertain why employers had engaged with LEPs and what they had gained from doing so, to look at the impact of LEPs on partnership working and to determine which customers had benefited from taking part. The research also examined the introduction, implementation and organisation of LEPs at national, district and local levels." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fujiwara, Daniel (2010): The Department for Work and Pensions Social Cost-Benefit Analysis framework. Methodologies for estimating and incorporating the wider social and economic impacts of work in Cost- Benefit Analysis of employment programmes. (Department for Work and Pensions. Working paper 86), London, 86 S.

Abstract

"Assisting people into work has a wide range of benefits and knock-on effects for the economy and society as a whole. Recognising these effects is key for appraisals and evaluations of employment programmes. This report presents a framework incorporating the economic and social impacts of work into cost-benefit analysis of employment programmes. The report takes forward the recommendations on developing the cost-benefit analysis framework set out in the Department for Work and Pensions Working Paper No. 40." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kahn, Lawrence M. (2010): Labor market policy. A comparative view on the costs and benefits of labor market flexibility. (IZA discussion paper 5100), Bonn, 36 S.

Abstract

"I review theories and evidence on wage-setting institutions and labor market policies in an international comparative context. These include collective bargaining, minimum wages, employment protection laws, unemployment insurance (UI), mandated parental leave, and active labor market policies (ALMPs). Since it is unlikely that an unregulated private sector would provide the income insurance these institutions do, these policies may enhance economic efficiency. However, to the extent that unemployment or resource misallocation results from such measures, these efficiency gains may be offset. Overall, Scandinavia and Central Europe follow distinctively more interventionist policies than the English speaking countries in the Northern Hemisphere. Possible explanations for such differences include vulnerability to external market forces and ethnic homogeneity. I then review evidence on the impacts of these policies and institutions. While the interventionist model appears to cause lower levels of wage inequality and high levels of job security to incumbent workers, it also in some cases leads to the relegation of new entrants (disproportionately women, youth and immigrants) as well as the less skilled to temporary jobs or unemployment. Making labor markets more flexible could bring these groups into the regular labor market to a greater extent, at the expense of higher levels of economic insecurity for incumbents and higher levels of wage inequality. The Danish model of loosening employment protections while providing relatively generous UI benefits with strict job search requirements holds out the possibility of reducing barriers for new entrants and the less skilled while maintaining some level of income insurance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kluve, Jochen (2010): The effectiveness of European active labor market programs. In: Labour economics, Jg. 17, H. 6, S. 904-918. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2010.02.004

Abstract

"Active Labor Market Programs are widely used in European countries, but despite many econometric evaluation studies analyzing particular programs no conclusive cross-country evidence exists regarding 'what program works for what target group under what (economic and institutional) circumstances?'. This paper aims at answering this question using a meta-analysis based on a data set that comprises 137 program evaluations from 19 countries. The empirical results of the meta-analysis are surprisingly clear-cut: Rather than contextual factors such as labor market institutions or the business cycle, it is almost exclusively the program type that seems to matter for program effectiveness. While direct employment programs in the public sector frequently appear detrimental, wage subsidies and 'Services and Sanctions' can be effective in increasing participants' employment probability. Training programs - the most commonly used type of active policy - show modestly positive effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Knight, Genevieve (2010): Jobseekers regime and flexible new deal, the six month offer and support for the newly unemployed evaluations. An early process study. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 624), London, 196 S.

Abstract

"This research explored the implementation and delivery of the Six Month Offer, Support for the Newly Unemployed and the first three stages of the enhanced Jobseekers Regime. Qualitative research was undertaken in nine Jobcentre Plus districts, two and five months after implementation in April 2009, to help understand the impact of these measures on Jobcentre Plus customers and staff. The research also involved a customer survey covering the first 13 weeks of a JSA claim, comparing the results of those subject to the enhanced regime with those experiencing the former JSA regime." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vegeris, Sandra, Kim Vowden, Christine Bertram, Rosemary Davidson, Fatima Husain, Karen Mackinnon & Deborah Smeaton (2010): Support for newly unemployed and six month offer evaluations. A report on qualitative research findings. (Great Britain, Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 691), London, 93 S.

Abstract

"This evaluation reports qualitative process study findings on Support for Newly Unemployed (SNU) and the Six Month Offer (6MO), extra help to claimants of Jobseeker's Allowance (JSA) during the economic recession. The evidence was gathered in Jobcentre Plus offices throughout the first year of implementation. Separate studies were undertaken with service providers, employers and customer customers in SNU and 6MO support." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Aston, Jane (2009): Evaluation of access to work. Individual budget pilot strand. (Great Britain, Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 620), London, 134 S.

Abstract

"This report presents the findings of a qualitative evaluation of the provision of employment support and Access to Work (AtW) alongside Individual Budgets. It was one of three strands of an AtW evaluation which was commissioned by the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP), and carried out by Institute for Employment Studies. Individual Budgets were piloted in 13 local authorities across England, and a separate evaluation of these has been carried out for DWP. AtW was aligned, but not fully integrated, with Individual Budgets, and so AtW funds were not received by service users as part of their Individual Budgets. Alongside some of the processes involved in obtaining an Individual Budget, additional employment-related support was being piloted by DWP and Jobcentre Plus (referred to as 'the employment option'). The employment option centred around employment marketing leaflets from Jobcentre Plus; a four-page leaflet and a more detailed booklet." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dewson, Sara, Darcy Hill, Nigel Meager & Rebecca Willison (2009): Evaluation of access to work. Core evaluation. (Great Britain, Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 619), London, 98 S.

Abstract

"The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) commissioned the Institute for Employment Studies (IES) to undertake a qualitative evaluation of Access to Work (AtW) provision. AtW is designed for people with long-term health conditions or impairments who need extra practical support to gain or remain in work. The types of support provided by AtW includes: special aids and equipment; adaptations to premises and equipment; travel to work grants; support workers; and, communicator support at interview. Any help received from AtW is in addition to the reasonable adjustments made by employers in accordance with the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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McVicar, Duncan & Jan M. Podivinsky (2009): How well has the New Deal for Young People worked in the UK regions? In: Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 56, H. 2, S. 167-195. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9485.2009.00479.x

Abstract

"The UK New Deal for Young People (NDYP) is a mandatory active labour market programme aimed at helping unemployed young people into jobs. This paper examines how the programme affected hazard rates for unemployment exits across the UK regions in its first few years. The regional focus is motivated by the belief that differences between regional labour markets, between claimants, and differences in implementation may have led to differences in programme outcomes. The paper shows that NDYP increased outflows from unemployment in all regions but that its impact was larger in some regions than in others. The paper also shows differential NDYP impacts across the regions on destination-specific hazard rates from unemployment to employment, to education/training, to inactivity and to 'other'. Possible explanations for these results are then discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Thomsen, Stephan L. (2009): Job search assistance programs in Europe. Evaluation methods and recent empirical findings. (Universität Magdeburg, Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaft. Working paper 2009/18), Magdeburg, 42 S.

Abstract

"Job search assistance programs are part of active labor market policy in many countries. The main characteristics of these activities are an intensified counseling and a job search monitoring; in addition, several countries integrate courses teaching further skills into the programs. Job search assistance programs should help to increase the employment chances and to reduce the unemployment duration of the job seekers. In this paper, recent empirical findings from evaluation studies for 9 European countries are reviewed and implications with regard to the effectiveness of the activities are derived. To make the findings of various studies evaluating the different programs comparable, the methodological issues of the empirical approaches applied to estimate the causal effects of the programs are discussed in detail. In addition, relevant characteristics of the unemployment insurance systems, the assignment process, and the content of programs are presented to derive meaningful implications. The comparison of the programs takes account of individual effects and, if available, cost benefit considerations. The results show that job search assistance programs tend to provide an effective means to reduce individual unemployment, particularly if provided as combinations of intensive counseling and short-term training courses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Beale, Ian, Claire Bloss & Andrew Thomas (2008): The longer-term impact of the New Deal for Young People. (Department for Work and Pensions. Working paper 23), London, 118 S.

Abstract

"The New Deal for Young People (NDYP) was introduced in 12 Pathfinder areas during early 1998 and rolled out nationally from April 1998. The programme is mandatory and provides support for 18 to 24 year olds who have been unemployed and claiming Jobseeker's Allowance (JSA) for six months. The NDYP is the largest government labour market programme with nearly 960,000 clients having started the programme by March 2005. There has been extensive evaluation of the immediate impact of the NDYP on individuals and the level of unemployment but relatively little research into its longer-term effect and the longer-term outcomes of participants. This paper seeks to fill this gap by addressing the following questions: What is the impact of the NDYP? Which of the NDYP's options is the best? Who performs best on the NDYP? To analyse these questions administrative databases have been used, including the Work and Pensions Longitudinal Study (WPLS) which brings together administrative benefit databases and employment databases from Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Costa Dias, Monica, Hidehiko Ichimura & Gerard J. van den Berg (2008): The matching method for treatment evaluation with selective participation and ineligibles. (IZA discussion paper 3280), Bonn, 36 S.

Abstract

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Davies, Steve (2008): Contracting out employment services to the third and private sectors. A critique. In: Critical social policy, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 136-164. DOI:10.1177/0261018307087985

Abstract

"As part of its welfare reform strategy, the government has made increasing use of the private and third sector in the provision of employment-related services. Ministers claim that this results in better service for users and better value for money for the taxpayer. This article examines these claims for third and private sector superiority in service provision and, using the government's own evaluative reports, challenges this view. The article contends that there is little evidence to support the government's case for the wholesale embrace of contracting out employment services. Based on reviewing experience of previous projects, it argues that given the same flexibilities and financing routinely offered to contractors, in-house provision would match or surpass contractor performance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dixon, Josie & Martha Warrener (2008): Pathways to work: Qualitative study of in-work support. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 478), London, 76 S.

Abstract

"In Work Support (IWS) is one part of the package of support and services offered by the Pathways to Work programme. The IWS service ranges from 'light touch' after-care contact from an IWS adviser to in-depth specialist support services covering occupational health, mentoring, job-coaching, counselling and debt advice. This study was based upon in-depth interviews conducted with customers and providers of in-work support. The study found that Pathways IWS was frequently viewed as an important part of a 'jigsaw' of support or at least provided reassurance that support would be available if and when needed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dorsett, Richard & Deborah Smeaton (2008): Mandating Intensive Activity Period for jobseekers aged 50+. Final report of the quantitative evaluation. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 500), London, 150 S.

Abstract

"This report contains findings from a quantitative evaluation of the effect of mandating the over-50s to participate in the Intensive Activity Period (IAP) phase of the New Deal 25 plus (ND25+). The results are based on a pilot study in 14 Jobcentre Plus districts. IAP provides focused assistance such as training opportunities and work placements to people entering ND25+. Prior to the pilot study, participation had been voluntary for customers aged 50+, in contrast to younger customers, for whom IAP participation had always been mandatory. Overall, customers experienced real gains from being mandated to participate in IAP. They were more likely to secure employment and this impact gradually increased over time. Mandated customers were also more likely to leave unemployment and while initially this was accompanied by a raised probability of transferring to other benefits such as Incapacity Benefit and Income Support, over the longer term this effect disappeared. Mandatory IAP was more effective for some groups than others. The impact was greatest for men, customers aged 50-55, those previously employed in manual jobs, the low qualified, customers without a partner and among those who had not previously contributed to a pension scheme. To some extent, therefore, the more disadvantaged customers gained the most from compulsory participation in the programme. As customers age, however, their ability, or willingness, to take advantage of the training or work experiences on offer declines." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fromm, Sabine & Cornelia Sproß (2008): Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik: Wie wirken Programme für erwerbsfähige Hilfeempfänger in anderen Ländern? (IAB-Kurzbericht 04/2008), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"In den meisten modernen Wohlfahrtsstaaten wurden Aktivierungspolitiken eingeführt, die den 'Hartz-IV'-Reformen hierzulande vergleichbar sind. Die Wirkungen von Programmen für erwerbsfähige Hilfeempfänger werden hier an den Beispielen Großbritannien, Dänemark, Schweden und Niederlande untersucht. Die Gewährung von Leistungen an erwerbsfähige Hilfeempfänger wird systematisch an die Pflicht zur Arbeitsuche bzw. Teilnahme an Programmen geknüpft. Der Aktivierungsprozess und die Programmtypen weisen länderübergreifend große Ähnlichkeiten auf. Hauptsächliche Zielgruppen der Programme sind Jugendliche einerseits, Langzeitarbeitslose bzw. Sozialhilfeempfänger andererseits. Der Zugang zu den Maßnahmen ist selektiv: Arbeitsmarktferne Gruppen haben geringere Chancen auf Zugang zu arbeitsmarktnahen Programmen. Die Integrationseffekte der Programme sind insgesamt eher gering. Die stärksten Effekte haben ein professionelles Fallmanagement und Lohnsubventionierung. Zwischen der politischen Bedeutung der Aktivierung und dem Wissen über die Teilnahme an Programmen und deren Wirkungen besteht bisher eine erhebliche Diskrepanz. Bessere Evaluationsforschung könnte künftig bei der Gestaltung von Aktivierungspolitiken helfen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Fromm, Sabine & Cornelia Sproß (2008): Die Aktivierung erwerbsfähiger Hilfeempfänger. Programme, Teilnehmer, Effekte im internationalen Vergleich. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 01/2008), Nürnberg, 153 S.

Abstract

"Die Einführung einer aktivierenden Sozialpolitik ist das zentrale Merkmal der Reform moderner Wohlfahrtsstaaten seit den 1990er Jahren. Ein wesentliches Element dieser Politik ist die Implementierung von Aktivierungsmaßnahmen für erwerbsfähige Hilfeempfänger, die heute in den meisten Ländern obligatorischen Charakter haben. Ziel dieser 'Aktivierenden Sozialpolitik' ist die Erwerbsintegration möglichst aller erwerbsfähigen Hilfeempfänger und ihre Unabhängigkeit von Sozialleistungen. Damit verschiebt sich im Spannungsfeld von De- und Rekommodifizierung der Arbeitskraft, durch das wohlfahrtsstaatliche Politiken stets gekennzeichnet sind, der Akzent hin zu einer verstärkten Rekommodifizierung. Darüber hinaus soll Aktivierung aber auch allgemein zur sozialen Inklusion insbesondere marginalisierter Gruppen beitragen. Bei allen weiterhin bestehenden Unterschieden ist dabei eine konvergente Entwicklung europäischer Wohlfahrtsstaaten zu beobachten. In deutlicher Diskrepanz zur politischen Bedeutung von Aktivierungsmaßnahmen steht das relativ geringe Wissen über ihre Wirkungen. Der Bericht will am Beispiel von Großbritannien, den Niederlanden, Dänemark und Schweden, die verschiedene wohlfahrtsstaatliche Typen repräsentieren, einerseits die Zielrichtung und institutionelle Ausgestaltung von Aktivierungsprogrammen für Sozialhilfeempfänger und Langzeitarbeitslose beleuchten, andererseits einen Beitrag dazu leisten, die Forschungslücke hinsichtlich der Teilnahme an Aktivierungsmaßnahmen und ihrer Effekte auf den Abgang aus Leistungsbezug und den Übergang in Beschäftigung oder anderes zu schließen. Als Datenbasis für die Bewertung der Programmeffekte dienen 256 Evaluationsstudien aus den betrachteten Ländern. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zunächst, dass bereits die Zugänge zu Aktivierungsprogrammen selektiv sind: Personen mit multiplen Vermittlungshemmnissen haben geringere Chancen auf die Teilnahme an arbeitsmarktnahen Programmen. Der Abgang aus Leistungsbezug und der Übergang in Beschäftigung werden durch die Programmteilnahme positiv beeinflusst, jedoch sind die Nettoeffekte überwiegend gering. Als besonders wichtig erweist sich ein professionelles und unterstützendes Fallmanagement mit intensiver Betreuung der Arbeitsuche. Die stärksten Wiedereingliederungseffekte haben alle Formen subventionierter Beschäftigung, vor allem im privaten Sektor. Hilfesuchende mit multiplen Vermittlungshemmnissen haben nicht nur geringere Chancen auf Zugang zu effektiven Programmen, für sie hat die Teilnahme in Hinblick auf Unabhängigkeit von Sozialleistungen bzw. Erwerbsintegration auch geringere Wirkungen als für arbeitsmarktnahe Hilfeempfänger. Untersuchungen der Bewertung von Aktivierungsmaßnahmen durch die Teilnehmer zeigen jedoch gerade für diese Gruppen überwiegend deutliche Zustimmung. Selbst wenn keine Erwerbsintegration erreicht wird, werden Effekte im Sinne von Erhöhung des Selbstvertrauens, Zunahme sozialer Kontakte, Überwindung von Isolation oder Erlernen neuer Fähigkeiten ausgewiesen. Aktivierungsmaßnahmen tragen somit dazu bei, soziale Exklusion zu verhindern bzw. zu beseitigen und können dabei Erwerbsfähigkeit herstellen oder erhöhen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Millar, Jane (2008): Arbeit lohnend machen, Tax Credits erfolgreich machen. Eine Untersuchung unter spezieller Berücksichtigung berufstätiger Alleinerziehender. In: Internationale Revue für soziale Sicherheit, Jg. 61, H. 2, S. 21-42. DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1726.2008.00308.x

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag untersucht Ursprünge, Ziele und Konzeption der britischen Tax Credits und geht der Frage nach, inwiefern Tax Credits einen neuen Ansatz in der sozialen Sicherheit darstellen. Daran anschließend geht es um die Rolle, die diese Transfers bei der Unterstützung berufstätiger allein erziehender Mütter spielen. Dazu wurden die Erfahrungen von Familien mit nur einem Elternteil herangezogen, um zu untersuchen, wie sich Tax Credits auf diese ausgewirkt haben. Anhand der Untersuchung werden die Spannungen deutlich, die infolge von Änderungen in Familie und Beschäftigung und den Tax-Credit-Vorschriften, die das Melden von Änderungen in den Lebensverhältnissen und beim Einkommen verlangen, entstehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Mitchell, Martin & Kandy Woodfield (2008): Qualitative research exploring the Pathways to Work sanctions regime. (Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 475), London, 110 S.

Abstract

"The Pathways to Work pilots were introduced in 2003 to help Incapacity Benefit (IB) recipients move towards and into paid work. Under the reforms, IB customers are liable to have a percentage of their benefit entitlement sanctioned if they fail to attend a Work Focused Interview (WFI) and are unable to account for this by showing good cause. This study sought to explore the role that sanctioning played in decisions about attendance at WFIs and subsequent engagement with the programme. This report is based on qualitative research conducted by the National Centre for Social Research, the Social Policy Research Unit at York University at the Policy Studies Institute in 2007. It is primarily based on 34 in-depth interviews with new and existing customers who had experience of the sanctioning process. The study also drew on secondary analysis of previous qualitative research conducted with Incapacity Benefit Personal Advisers (IBPAs) and IB customers as part of the wider evaluation of the Pathways to Work programme." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nice, Katharine, Annie Irvine & Roy Sainsbury (2008): Pathways to Work from incapacity benefits. A study of experience and use of the Job Preparation Premium. (Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 474), London, 134 S.

Abstract

"The Pathways to Work pilots were introduced in 2003 to help new Incapacity Benefit recipients to move towards and into paid work. The Job Preparation Premium (JPP) was introduced for existing recipients in 2005. JPP is a weekly payment of £ 20 for a maximum of 26 weeks for people who do some form of activity towards paid employment. This report is based on qualitative research conducted by the Social Policy Research Unit, the National Centre for Social Research and the Policy Studies Institute in 2007. It presents findings on JPP recipients, and Jobcentre Plus staff members, use and experiences of JPP." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Atkinson, John, Sara Dewson, Jo Casebourne & Nii Djan Tackey (2007): Evaluation of the fair cities pilots 2006. Second interim report. (Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 428), London, 158 S.

Abstract

"Fair Cities pilots have been established in Birmingham, Bradford and Brent to test an employer-led model for increasing the employment rates of ethnic minorities in disadvantaged wards and to meet employer demand for job-ready candidates. The report provides an update on progress in achieving Fair Cities targets and further insight into the experiences of the pilot teams in delivering an innovative labour market programme." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berntson, Erik & Staffan Marklund (2007): The relationship between perceived employability and subsequent health. In: Work and Stress, Jg. 31, H. 3, S. 279-292. DOI:10.1080/02678370701659215

Abstract

"Being capable of getting new employment may enable an employee to cope with turbulent situations or deteriorating job conditions. Individuals who have higher perceived employability are likely to appraise a situation at work more favourably, and consequently experience better health and well-being. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between perceived employability and subsequent health, while controlling for baseline health, background factors, and work environment exposures. The study is based on 53 items in the National Working Life Cohort in Sweden from two data collections (2004 and 2005), comprising 1918 individuals. Forced entry hierarchical regression analysis showed that, after controlling for demographics, psychological demands, control, and ergonomic exposures, perceived employability was positively associated with global health and mental well-being, but unrelated to physical complaints. When baseline health status was added, perceived employability was still a significant predictor of two out of three outcome variables. Individuals with higher perceived employability had a tendency to report better health and well-being a year later. It is concluded that how an employee perceives his or her possibilities in regard to acquiring new employment is relevant for well-being at a later stage. Perceived employability, which has been little studied before, is therefore a useful concept in health promotion, both at the individual and at the organizational level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bunt, Karen, Fiona MacAndrew & Alistair Kuechel (2007): Jobcentre Plus annual employer (market view) survey 2006-07. (Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 437), London, 164 S.

Abstract

"One of the key aims of Jobcentre Plus is to increase economic activity and encourage non-employed individuals of working age (back) into the workforce, particularly those at a disadvantage in the labour market. Engagement with employers is a key enabler of that process, and Jobcentre Plus developed a sales team including account and sector managers, and more specialist teams to work at both national and local levels in order to facilitate closer working with employers. A specific remit is to encourage greater involvement in the Department for Work and Pensions wider welfare-to-work objectives. IFF Research Ltd. was commissioned to undertake the third annual survey of employers in Great Britain to monitor changes in the recruitment market and the effectiveness of Jobcentre Plus' employer activities. This report covers this third study and makes comparisons with the 2004 and 2005 studies throughout the report. A total of 4,504 telephone interviews were conducted with establishments in the target market for Jobcentre Plus services, i.e. establishments that had recruited or tried to recruit externally in the last 12 months. The survey was conducted between 17 October 2006 and 30 November 2006." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Greenberg, David & Genevieve Knight (2007): Review of the DWP Cost Benefit Framework and how it has been applied. (Department for Work and Pensions. Working paper 40), London, 74 S.

Abstract

"DWP developed the Cost Benefit Framework (CBF) guidance in an attempt to systematically assess the relative and actual cost-effectiveness of its policies and programmes in a consistent way. Following the experience of trying to apply the cost-benefit framework for the first time, this report critically reviews the CBF guidance and how it has been implemented. The report discusses a number of steps that might be taken to improve the CBF guidance and the underlying cost benefit analyses. The report summarises the main recommendations and indicates whether the authors consider them to be of higher or lower priority." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kaps, Petra & Holger Schütz (2007): Privatisierung von Arbeitsvermittlungsdienstleistungen - Wundermittel zur Effizienzsteigerung? Eine Bestandsaufnahme deutscher und internationaler Erfahrungen. (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2007-101), Berlin, 65 S.

Abstract

"Seit 1998 - und verstärkt im Zuge der so genannten Hartz-Reformen - werden Vermittlungsdienstleistungen privater Anbieter zunehmend öffentlich über Contracting Out und Gutscheinverfahren gefördert und als Alternative zur öffentlichen Arbeitsvermittlung diskutiert. Das Papier stellt aktuelle theoretische und empirische Befunde zu diesen Privatisierungsformen vor. Zunächst werden die Funktionsvoraussetzungen einer Steuerung der Leistungserbringung durch private Dienstleister (Agenten) im Auftrag der öffentlichen Hand (Prinzipal) an so genannten Quasi-Märkten erörtert. Sodann werden Ergebnisse der Evaluation der neuen Vermittlungsinstrumente Beauftragung Dritter nach § 37 SGB III, Eingliederungsmaßnahmen nach § 421i SGB III und dem Vermittlungsgutschein vorgelegt, gefolgt von Befunden zum Kontraktmanagement von Arbeitsvermittlungsdienstleistungen in Australien, Großbritannien (Employment Zones) und den Niederlanden. Aufgrund der deutschen und internationalen Ergebnisse kommen die Autoren zu dem Schluss, dass angesichts der komplexen Funktionsvoraussetzungen und des hohen Regulierungsbedarfs die Effizienzsteigerungspotentiale der Arbeitsvermittlung durch die Beauftragung privater Dritter beschränkt bleiben. Der Ausbau der dezentralen Handlungsspielräume der öffentlichen Arbeitsvermittlung stellt eine funktionale Alternative der Effizienzmobilisierung dar, deren Möglichkeiten noch nicht ausgeschöpft werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Karagiannaki, Eleni (2007): Exploring the effects of integrated benefit systems and active labour market policies. Evidence from Jobcentre Plus in the UK. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 177-195. DOI:10.1017/S0047279406000559

Abstract

"In April 2002 Jobcentre Plus started to operate in the UK, bringing together the service of the Benefits Agency and the Employment Service. Offering a fully integrated benefit-claiming and work placement/job-seeking service for people of working age, this new organisation aims to strengthen the link between welfare and work. Due to the magnitude of the associated organisational change, the national roll out of the new organisation is being implemented gradually over a transitional period ending in 2006. During this transitional period some local offices are fully integrated while others' functions remain split between pre-existing Benefits Agency and Employment Service offices. In this article we examine how changes in the level of integration within districts over time affected performance with respect to job entries, customer service and benefit service delivery. Our analysis suggests that Jobcentre Plus has a clear positive effect on job entry outcomes for all client groups, a negative effect on business delivery, while it has neither a positive nor a negative effect on customer service outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Karagiannaki, Eleni (2007): Exploring the effects of integrated benefit systems and active labour market policies. Evidence from Jobcentre Plus in the UK. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 177-196. DOI:10.1017/S0047279406000559

Abstract

"In April 2002 Jobcentre Plus started to operate in the UK, bringing together the service of the Benefits Agency and the Employment Service. Offering a fully integrated benefit-claiming and work placement/job-seeking service for people of working age, this new organisation aims to strengthen the link between welfare and work. Due to the magnitude of the associated organisational change, the national roll out of the new organisation is being implemented gradually over a transitional period ending in 2006. During this transitional period some local offices are fully integrated while others' functions remain split between pre-existing Benefits Agency and Employment Service offices. In this article we examine how changes in the level of integration within districts over time affected performance with respect to job entries, customer service and benefit service delivery. Our analysis suggests that Jobcentre Plus has a clear positive effect on job entry outcomes for all client groups, a negative effect on business delivery, while it has neither a positive nor a negative effect on customer service outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Leschke, Janine (2007): Gender differences in unemployment insurance coverage. A comparative analysis. (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2007-106), Berlin, 57 S.

Abstract

"Da soziale Sicherungssysteme auf sogenannte Normalarbeitsverhältnisse (Vollzeit, unbefristet, abhängig) ausgerichtet sind und häufig von Bedarfsprüfungen Gebrauch machen, reproduzieren sie Geschlechterungleichheiten im Arbeitsmarkt, die auf Grund der ungleichen Verteilung von Haushalts- und Familienaufgaben zwischen Frauen und Männern zustande kommen. So sind Frauen beispielsweise weit häufiger in Teilzeit beschäftigt, sie wechseln häufiger zwischen Beschäftigung und Inaktivität und verdienen weiterhin durchschnittlich geringere Löhne als Männer. Das Papier vergleicht auf Basis der Daten des Europäischen Haushaltspanels den Deckungsgrad und die Höhe von Arbeitslosenversicherungsleistungen zwischen Frauen und Männern. Unterschiede im Zugang zu Arbeitslosenversicherungsleistungen werden unter anderem durch die folgenden Charakteristika von Arbeitslosenversicherungssystemen bestimmt: Einkommens- oder Stundenschwellenwerte, Mindestbeitragszeiten und Bedarfsprüfungen. Die Höhe der Leistungen hängt in vielen Systemen von der Höhe der vormaligen Arbeitseinkommen ab, wird aber bei Langzeitarbeitslosen häufig auch durch Bedarfsprüfungen bestimmt. Da die Arbeitslosenversicherungssysteme unterschiedlicher Länder in ihren Zielsetzungen und in ihrer Ausgestaltung variieren, werden hier vier verschiedene Systeme verglichen: das dänische, das deutsche, das spanische und das britische Arbeitslosenversicherungssystem. Es wird erwartet, dass die Unterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern im Zugang zu Arbeitslosenversicherungsleistungen in Ländern mit einem stark individualisierten Versicherungssystem (Dänemark) kleiner sind als in Ländern, die frühzeitigen und strikten Gebrauch von Bedarfsprüfungen (Vereinigtes Königreich) machen oder die auf starker Äquivalenz zwischen Beitragszeiten und vormaligem Einkommen und Leistungsempfang (Deutschland, Spanien) beruhen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Adam, Stuart, Carl Emmerson, Christine Frayne & Alissa Goodman (2006): Early quantitative evidence on the impact of the pathways to work pilots. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 354), London, 82 S.

Abstract

Seit Oktober 2003 führt das Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) Pilotprojekte zu Arbeitsmarktreformen in England, Schottand und Wales durch, die das Ziel haben, Antragsteller von Erwerbsunfähigkeitsunterstützung durch mehr Unterstützung (finanzielle und nicht-finanzielle), die dann auch mit mehr Pflichten verbunden sind, zu ermutigen, den Weg zurück in bezahlte Arbeitsverhältnisse zu beschreiten. Der Bericht legt erste quantitative Forschungsergebnisse der Evaluationsstudien zur Wirksamkeit dieser unter der Bezeichnung 'Pathways to work' durchgeführten Pilotprojekte vor. Diese umfassen drei Bündel zusätzlicher Hilfe für Neuantragsteller von Erwerbsunfähigkeitsunterstützung: zuerst eine Reihe von arbeitszentrierten Interviews (Work Focused Interviews - WFIs), die für viele Antragsteller obligatorisch sind, und mit finanziellen Konsequenzen bei Nichtteilnahme bestraft werden. Zum zweiten umfassen die Reformen eine Reihe von Programmen zur Förderung der Beschäftigungsaussichten der Antragsteller. Drittens gibt es zunehmende finanzielle Anreize dafür, eine bezahlte Arbeit anzunehmen. Die im Bericht vorgelegten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Reformen eine positive und statistisch signifikante Wirkung zeigen, insbesondere was die beschäftigungsfördernde Wirkung angeht. (IAB)

Zitatform

Gasde, Susanne (2006): Niemanden von vornherein abschreiben - die Reform der Incapacity Benefit in Großbritannien. In: Bundesarbeitsblatt H. 12, S. 16-21.

Abstract

"Die britische Arbeitsmarktpolitik gilt international als erfolgreich. Jetzt will die Labour-Regierung mit der 'Welfare Reform' die nächste Etappe ihrer 'New Deal'-Politik auf den Weg bringen: Die Wiedereingliederung der zahlreichen inaktiven Menschen im Erwerbsalter. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei zunächst die Reform der Incapacity Benefit (IB), der Arbeitsunfähigkeitsrente. Die Zahl der Empfänger ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten enorm gestiegen, nicht zuletzt deshalb, weil sich viele der Antragsteller keine Chancen mehr auf dem Arbeitsmarkt ausrechnen. Wie die Regierung versucht, diese schwierige Klientel zu reaktivieren, zeigt der Bericht über eines der Modellprojekte im britischen Colchester." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku) Der Beitrag wird ergänzt durch ein Interview mit Bill Wells, Leiter der Abteilung Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt, Department for Work and Pensions, London.

Zitatform

Konle-Seidl, Regina, Sabine Fromm & Kristina Lang (2006): Die SGB II-Reform im europäischen Kontext. In: Bundesagentur für Arbeit (Hrsg.) (2006): Jahresbericht 2005 : SGB II, Sozialgesetzbuch Zweites Buch, Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende. Zahlen, Daten, Fakten, S. 86-102.

Abstract

Durch einen Vergleich der Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Deutschland mit der Politik in Dänemark, Frankreich, Großbritannien und den Niederlande wird gezeigt, dass viele Elemente der deutschen Arbeitsmarktreform sich auch in anderen europäischen Ländern finden. Vorbild für den in Deutschland im Jahr 2005 vollzogenen Wechsel von einer aktiven zu einer aktivierenden Arbeitsmarktpolitik des 'Fördern und Fordern' ist die britische 'Work first'-Politik und das 'Welfare-to-work'-Programm der britischen Labour-Regierung seit 1997. Während Großbritannien bereits von Beginn an stärker das Fordern betonte, wurde in Dänemark Mitte der neunziger Jahre mit der 'Aktivierungslinie' stärker auf das Fördern gesetzt; seit 2003 werden jedoch auch in Dänemark die Elemente des 'Forderns' stärker betont, wobei der Schwerpunkt der Aktivierung seitdem weniger auf arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen als vielmehr auf Arbeitssuche und Arbeitsvermittlung liegt. Eines der wenigen europäischen Länder, das nach wie vor stärker auf 'Aktivierung ohne Fordern' setzt, ist Frankreich. Stattdessen setzt Frankreich auf die Leitidee des Erhalts des sozialen Zusammenhalts der Gesellschaft, der 'cohesion sociale'. Die Niederlande gehören seit den achtziger Jahren zu den Ländern mit den höchsten Ausgaben für aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Europa. Bis Mitte der 90er Jahre standen Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen im Vordergrund, mit der Änderung des Arbeitslosigkeitsgesetzes im Jahr 1995 traten 'fordernde' Elemente in der Arbeitsmarktpolitik stärker in den Vordergrund. Charakteristisch für die Niederlande ist ein Türwächtersystem für den Zugang zu allen Sozialleistungen. Im Gegensatz zu Großbritannien erfolgten in den Niederlanden und in Dänemark (bislang) keine vollständige Vereinheitlichung und auch keine Absenkung von Transferleistungen für erwerbsfähige Langzeitarbeitslose. Im Anhang werden die Informationen über die einzelnen Länder auch in Form einer Synopse präsentiert, wobei für jedes Land die Grundsätze, Zielgruppen, Reformschritte, Transferleistungen, die wichtigsten Förderinstrumente, die organisatorische Umsetzung, Erfolgskriterien und Besonderheiten angegeben werden. (IAB)

Zitatform

Mych, Michal & Howard Reed (2006): Tax and benefit reforms in a model of labour market transitions. In: Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Jg. 75, H. 3, S. 208-239.

Abstract

"In dem Beitrag stellen wir eine Methode vor, mit der die Wirkungen von finanziellen Anreizen des Steuer- und Transfersystems auf die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation anhand von Veränderungen im Beschäftigungsstatus geschätzt werden. Der Ansatz ist flexibel, wenige theoretische Annahmen erlauben es, die analysierte Population gegenüber Strukturmodellen auszuweiten. Dadurch können behinderte und nichtbehinderte Personen gemeinsam analysiert werden. Die finanziellen Anreize werden detailliert abgebildet. Mit dem Modell können Beschäftigungswirkungen von geringfügigen Änderungen der Grenzbelastungen als auch größere Reformen der britischen Arbeitsmarktpolitik - wie etwa die Einführung des Working Families' Tax Credit durch die Labour-Regierung - analysiert werden. Die Methode basiert auf Matching-Verfahren, mit denen Querschnitts-Erhebungen und Panel-Daten zusammengeführt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Tatsiramos, Konstantinos (2006): Unemployment insurance in Europe. Unemployment duration and subsequent employment stability. (IZA discussion paper 2280), Bonn, 43 S.

Abstract

"The empirical literature on unemployment insurance has focused on its direct effect on unemployment duration, while the potential indirect effect on employment stability through a more efficient matching process, as the unemployed can search for a longer period, has attracted much less attention. In the European context this is surprising as reform proposals of the unemployment insurance system aiming at reducing high European unemployment rates should consider both effects. This paper provides evidence on the effect of unemployment benefits on unemployment and employment duration in Europe, using individual data from the European Community Household Panel for eight countries. Country specific estimates based on a multivariate discrete proportional hazard model, controlling for observed and unobserved individual heterogeneity, suggest that even if receiving benefits has a direct negative effect increasing the duration of unemployment spells, there is also a positive indirect! effect of benefits on subsequent employment duration. This indirect effect is pronounced in countries with relatively generous benefit systems, and for recipients who have remained unemployed for at least six months. In terms of the magnitude of the effect, recipients remain employed on average two to four months longer than non-recipients. This represents a ten to twenty per cent increase relative to the average employment duration, compensating for the additional time spent in unemployment. These findings are in line with theories suggesting a matching effect of unemployment insurance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Great Britain, Department of Work and Pensions (2006): Work Works final evaluation report. (Department for Work and Pensions. Working paper 35), London, 52 S.

Abstract

"The Government has set an ambitious objective of raising the proportion of lone parents in work to 70 per cent by 2010. The Government has come a long way since 1997 but still has a long way to go in order to meet the target. The Government also has a target to halve child poverty by 2010 and totally eradicate it by 2020. A large proportion of children in poverty are in lone parent households. In September 2003, Gordon Brown, Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Andrew Smith, Secretary of State for Work and Pensions at the time, asked the National Employment Panel (NEP) to convene a Steering Group of business leaders to examine what more might be done, particularly by employers, to increase the numbers of lone parents who get, stay and progress in work. The NEP made a range of proposals and this report highlights the evidence from analysis of administrative data, management information and feedback from the key initiatives. Key findings: The recommendations covered several broad areas, underpinned by specific, detailed activities to be undertaken by stakeholders, including lone parents themselves. The areas of activity were:
- the need to significantly increase the number of lone parents who perceive work as a viable option and the pivotal role that Jobcentre Plus Personal Advisers (PAs) play in helping them to move from benefit into employment;
- providing affordable, quality, accessible childcare;
- employers adopting family friendly, flexible working practices;
- developing a lone parent communication strategy. NEP and employers' coalitions were invited to work with Jobcentre Plus to implement the activities.
Work Works was set up in the six metropolitan areas where the largest numbers of lone parents live (London, Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds/Bradford). The final evaluation focused on the following Work Works initiatives:
- Discovery Weeks - found to be very popular with lone parents, but costly in terms of getting lone parents into work.
- Childcare tasters - these have had a mixed response and take up has been poor. National figures for childcare tasters remain unconvincing. However, Childcare Chats proved popular, and appeared to be successful in addressing parents' knowledge and confidence about childcare. Chats could be followed by accompanied visits to providers.
- In Work Emergency Fund (IWEF) PAs felt that the IWEF has too many restrictions placed on it. Acting on this feedback, the guidance for the usage of the fund was later relaxed and take up of the scheme had increased significantly. Early evaluation1 of the initiative stated: 'When it had been accessed, the IWEF had played a crucial role in sustaining lone parents in work.' In most cases it had been used to cover transport or childcare emergencies.
- NVQ Level 3 - there was evidence of employer and lone parent demand for Level 3 training, although there was limited provision and low numbers of participants.
- The lone parent marketing video - this was popular and has since been renamed 'Is Work for Me' and reissued in both video and DVD format.
Work Works has highlighted the importance of joint working between key stakeholders (Jobcentre Plus, employers and local authorities) in helping lone parents enter or move towards work. The lessons learned about the various initiatives, and how they have been marketed have been taken forward as key parts of the NDLP Plus pilots which will continue to move the lone parent agenda forward. The Work Works initiatives have proved very valuable in many ways. Specifically they have enhanced the way Jobcentre Plus works with employers to achieve outcomes for lone parents, and have created a greater diversity of support for, and engagement with, lone parents as customers. Overall, Work Works principles are considered easily transferable to some other customer groups, specifically Incapacity Benefit (IB) customers, younger people and older people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Andersen, John & David Etherington (2005): Flexicurity, workfare or inclusion? The politics of welfare and activation in the UK and Denmark. (CARMA working paper 08), Aalborg, 39 S.

Abstract

"In this paper through a comparative analysis of welfare to work in the UK and Denmark we wish to redefine the debate and challenge dominant notions of inclusion and exclusion and illustrate how the European Employment Strategy is influenced by different national contexts. The paper sets out to provide a broad comparative framework which places greater emphasis on politics and agency and the role of localisation in the configuration of welfare changes. In the conclusion we outline some suggestions for new guidelines and evaluation criteria of the EU-employment and inclusion strategies and their national implementation. We are aware that the politics of inclusion involves other social policy instruments such as, for example neighbourhood renewal, however, it is employability and insertion into the labour market that are dominant in liberal and social democratic welfare discourses." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bruttel, Oliver (2005): Contracting-out and governance mechanisms in the public employment service. (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2005-109), Berlin, 37 S.

Abstract

"Das Contracting-out der öffentlichen Arbeitsvermittlung und des Fallmanagements für Langzeitarbeitslose ist eine der wesentlichen internationalen Entwicklungen in der Reform der öffentlichen Arbeitsverwaltung. Statt einer öffentlichen Behörde werden dabei private Anbieter vertraglich beauftragt, diese Dienstleistungen für Arbeitssuchende zu erbringen. Australien und die Niederlande sind bei dieser Auslagerung ehemals öffentlicher Dienstleistungen besonders weit gegangen. Großbritannien hat so genannte 'Employment Zones' eingerichtet, in denen private Anbieter für Langzeitarbeitslose zuständig sind und somit die Leistungen des Jobcentre Plus für diese Zielgruppe ersetzen. Ausgehend von der Prinzipal-Agent-Theorie analysiert und vergleicht der Aufsatz das Vertragsmanagement in den drei Ländern hinsichtlich des Moral Hazards. Ein effektives Governance-Konzept erfordert, dass die drei wesentlichen Steuerungsinstrumente (Anreiz-, Informations- und Kontrollmechanismen) zu einem integrierten Vertragsmanagement zusammengeführt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Harsløf, Ivan (2005): Integrative' or 'defensive' youth activation in nine European welfare states. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 8, H. 4, S. 461-481. DOI:10.1080/13676260500431792

Abstract

"Young unemployed persons are a prioritised group in active labour market programmes. Such programmes can be regarded as 'integrative', facilitating integration into the labour market for young people in accordance with their own preferences. However, such programmes can also be regarded as 'defensive', discouraging young unemployed persons from claiming transfer incomes and urging them to lower their sights when looking for jobs. The article examines the conceptions of the young participants themselves, analysing whether activation programmes are experienced in ways endorsing the integrative or the defensive perspective across different European welfare states. Survey data from these countries indicate that activation programmes for youth are at the integrative end of the spectrum. This is especially the case in the universal welfare regime countries, which are also the group of countries in which youth activation schemes are most widespread. Participant's scheme evaluations are least favourable in Scotland, in line with expectations of a liberal welfare regime approach. Most conservative welfare regime countries fall in between." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kodre, Petra, Martin Roggenkamp, Christian Roth & Elke Scheffelt (Hrsg.) (2005): Lokale Beschäftigungsbündnisse. Europäische Perspektiven in Forschung und Praxis. (Forschung aus der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung 58), Berlin: Edition Sigma, 206 S.

Abstract

"In der Arbeitsmarkt- und Beschäftigungspolitik hat sich in den neunziger Jahren insbesondere durch die Implementation lokaler Beschäftigungsbündnisse in der Europäischen Union eine neue Handlungsebene etabliert. Aufgrund ihres dezentralen Handlungskontextes und ihres partnerschaftlichen Ansatzes erschließen diese Bündnisse neue Potenziale für mehr Beschäftigung. Das Erkenntnisinteresse dieses Bandes richtet sich auf die Handlungsbedingungen, Erfolgsfaktoren und möglichen Fehlentwicklungen dezentraler Kooperation, wobei die Funktionsweise regionaler Selbstorganisation und Fragen der Effizienz lokaler Beschäftigungsbündnisse von besonderer Bedeutung sind. Die Autor/inn/en stellen nicht nur einzelne Fallbeispiele vor und präsentieren übergreifende Synthesen aus empirischen Einzelergebnissen, sondern diskutieren auch unterschiedliche theoretische Zugänge zur Thematik insbesondere aus der Netzwerk- und Governanceforschung. Ihr Ziel ist es dabei, aus einer europäischen und regionalen sowie international vergleichenden Perspektive den Austausch zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis voranzutreiben und den Blick für die Erfolgsbedingungen und die mögliche Übertragbarkeit derartiger Bündnisse zu schärfen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Mosley, Hugh, Holger Schütz, Günther Schmid, Kai-Uwe Müller, Christoph Hilbert & Frank Schmiansky (2005): Performanzvergleich und Erfolgsbedingungen der Arbeitsagenturen. Endbericht für die Hans-Böckler-Stiftung Projekt: Effizienzmobilisierung der Arbeitsverwaltung: Leistungsvergleich und Lernen von guten Praktiken (Benchmarking) (Projekt 200-211-4). Berlin, 279 S.

Abstract

"Im ersten Kapitel (Mosley und Müller) werden die Eingliederungsquoten als Performanzindikator für Maßnahmenerfolg berechnet, wobei nur solche Eingliederungen berücksichtigt werden, die einen nachhaltigen Effekt versprechen. Entsprechend der Methodologie der Performanzanalyse geht es dabei darum, die Unterschiede arbeitsmarktpolitischer Maßnahmen beim Eingliederungserfolg in den ersten Arbeitsmarkt zu analysieren, der den Agenturen auch tat. sächlich zugerechnet werden kann. Im zweiten Kapitel (Mosley und Müller) werfen wir ein Auge auf die Kosteneffizienz aktiver Maßnahmen im regionalen Vergleich. Bezieht man die Eingliederungsquoten auf die Maßnahmekosten, resultiert ein Indikator für die durchschnittlichen Eingliederungskosten pro Maßnahme bzw. für die arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen insgesamt. Das dritte Kapitel (Mosley und Müller) untersucht den Eingliederungserfolg bei Arbeitslosen auf der Basis von Übergangsraten in reguläre Beschäftigung. Das Ziel ist wiederum, den Einfluss der Agenturen auf diesen Erfolg in Abhängigkeit und unter Kontrolle der Umfeldbedingungen zu schätzen. Da sich die Geschäftsdaten zur Vermittlungstätigkeit als nicht zuverlässig erwiesen haben, muss auf eine Performanzanalyse des Vermittlungsprozesses (z. B. Marktanteil der Vermittlung) verzichtet werden. Die Arbeiten in diesem und dem folgenden Kapitel konzentrieren sich daher auf die Wirkung der Venmittlungstätigkeit. Im vierten Kapitel (Oschmiansky und Müller) wird die Sanktionspolitik der Arbeitsagenturen analysiert. Obwohl Aktivierungsmaßnahmen im Sinne verschärfter Sanktionierung gängige Politik geworden sind, ist über deren Wirkungen fast nichts bekannt. Klärungsbedarf besteht sowohl hinsichtlich veränderter Regelungen als auch hinsichtlich unterschiedlicher Praktiken der Agenturen. Im umfangreichen fünften Kapitel (Schütz) geht es um die Prozessevaluation von Arbeitsagenturen, mit anderen Worten um den Blick in den 'schwarzen Kasten' der Implementation. Nur dieses Vorgehen ermöglicht es, die Ursachen für die zurechenbaren Leistungsunterschiede zu erkennen, und nur dieses Vorgehen kann Lernprozesse stimulieren. Das sechste Kapitel (Schütz) ergänzt das fünfte Kapitel um eine international vergleichende Dimension. Es analysiert die Reformprozesse und das Controlling öffentlicher Beschäftigungsdienste in Großbritannien und den Niederlanden und vergleicht diese Erfahrungen mit Deutschland. Im siebten Kapitel (Hilbert) schließlich wird ein Modell aus einem Nachbarland unter die Lupe genommen, das beispielsweise die Hartz-Kommission als 'best practice' des Leistungsvergleichs beeindruckte. Es wird gefragt, ob die Schweizer Erfahrungen mit einem anreizkompatiblen Leistungsvergleich von Arbeitsagenturen auf Deutschland übertragbar sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schütz, Holger & Hugh Mosley (Hrsg.) (2005): Arbeitsagenturen auf dem Prüfstand. Leistungsvergleich und Reformpraxis der Arbeitsvermittlung. (Modernisierung des öffentlichen Sektors. Sonderband 24), Berlin: Edition Sigma, 351 S.

Abstract

"Angesichts einer langen Phase hoher Arbeitslosigkeit wurde und wird die Frage nach der Qualität und Wirksamkeit der deutschen Arbeitsverwaltung immer lauter gestellt; der 'Vermittlungsskandal' von 2002 führte die Kritik auf einen neuen Höhepunkt und war die Initialzündung für eine Reihe von arbeitsmarktpolitischen Reformen, die von der sog. 'Hartz-Kommission' ausgingen. Was hat sich seitdem verändert? Sind die Arbeitsagenturen auf dem richtigen Weg und bewähren sie sich - auch im internationalen Vergleich? Dieser Sammelband stellt sie aus verschiedenen Perspektiven auf den Prüfstand. In einem ersten Schritt werden Eingliederungserfolg, Kosteneffizienz sowie Sanktions- und Sperrzeitenpolitik der deutschen Arbeitsagenturen mit Hilfe quantitativer Leistungsvergleiche analysiert. Im zweiten Schritt präsentieren die Autoren qualitative Untersuchungen zu Reformen und Umsetzungspraxis der Arbeitsvermittlung, u.a. zum neuen Kundenzentrum der Bundesagentur für Arbeit. In einem dritten Schritt werden die Erfahrungen anderer Länder einbezogen; u.a. durch einen Vergleich der Reformen der Arbeitsvermittlung und des Controllings in Großbritannien, den Niederlanden und Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Inhaltsverzeichniss:
Hugh Mosley, Kai-Uwe Müller: Leistungsvergleich von Arbeitsagenturen: Eingliederungsquoten als Performanzindikator für Maßnahmeerfolg (21-55); Hugh Mosley, Kai-Uwe Müller: Die Kosteneffizienz aktiver Maßnahmen im regionalen Vergleich ( 57-72); Hugh Mosley, Kai-Uwe Müller: Performanzanalyse der Arbeitsagenturen: Eingliederungserfolg bei Arbeitslosen (73-94); Kai-Uwe Müller, Frank Oschmiansky: Die Sanktionspolitik der Arbeitsagenturen: Eine empirische Analyse zu Sperrzeiten (95-134); Holger Schütz: Vom Arbeitsamt zum Kundenzentrum - Reformveränderungen der deutschen Arbeitsvermittlung (135-178); Peter Ochs: Die Arbeitsverwaltung im Wandel - Agenturmodelle beim Übergang in die neue BA-Welt (179-219); Peter Ochs, Holger Schütz: Das BA-Kundenzentrum der Zukunft (221-240); Holger Schütz: Reformprozesse und Controlling öffentlicher Beschäftigungsdienste: Großbritannien, die Niederlande und Deutschland im Vergleich (241-269); Christoph Hilbert: Performanzmessung und Anreize in der regionalen Arbeitsvermittlung: Der Schweizer Ansatz und eine Modellrechnung für Deutschland (271-291); Holger Schütz, Hugh Mosley: Fazit: Perspektiven des Leistungsvergleichs und der Reformpraxis (293-309).

Zitatform

Great Britain, Department ofTrade and Industry (2005): Employment relations monitoring and evaluation plan 2005. (Employment relations research series 44), London, 93 S.

Abstract

Die politische Zielsetzung des Ministeriums für Handel und Industrie in Großbritannien ist es, die Voraussetzungen für einen allgemeinen Wohlstand zu schaffen. Dazu gehören ein flexibler Arbeitsmarkt mit Vollbeschäftigung und Arbeitsplätze mit hoher Produktivität und Qualifikation. Der Employment Market Analysis and Research Branch (EMAR) unterstützt die Umsetzung dieser Zielsetzung durch einen Plan zur Evaluierung und Begleitung. So soll das Ministerium in die Lage versetzt werden, auf unvorhergesehene Auswirkungen gesetzlicher Regelungen zu reagieren und zu beurteilen, welche Regelungen gut und welche weniger gut funktionieren. Die Veröffentlichung des Plans für das Jahr 2005 informiert über den Stand der Gesetzgebungsevaluierung. Er soll zur öffentlichen Transparenz politischer Entscheidungsprozesse beitragen und stellt einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Politikberatung auf dem Feld der Arbeitsbeziehungen dar. Die Evaluierung berücksichtigt zwei Dimensionen: Zum einen wird auf horizontaler Ebene jedes einzelne Element der politischen Maßnahmepakte auf seine Auswirkungen und Kosten hin untersucht, zum anderen werden auf vertikaler Ebene die Maßnahmepakte als Ganzes evaluiert. Abschließend werden beide Sichtweisen zusammengeführt. Begleitforschung und Evaluierung berücksichtigen dabei quantitative und qualitative empirische Analysen, und mit Hilfe ökonometrischer Trenduntersuchungen werden die Auswirkungen gesetzgeberischer Maßnahmen untersucht. Der Annex bietet ein Verzeichnis aller politischen Maßnahmen, listet die jeweiligen Zielvorstellungen und Kosten auf, die mit ihnen verbunden sind, und gibt einen Überblick über die empirischen Studien der Begleit- und Wirkungsforschung mit ihren jeweiligen Ergebnissen. (IAB)

Zitatform

Francesconi, Marco & Wilbert van der Klaauw (2004): The consequences of 'in-work' benefit reform in Britain. New evidence from panel data. (IZA discussion paper 1248), Bonn, 74 S.

Abstract

"In October 1999, the British government enacted the Working Families' Tax Credit, a generous tax credit aimed at encouraging work among low-income families with children. This paper uses longitudinal data collected between 1991 and 2001 to evaluate the effect of this reform on single mothers. We identify this impact by comparing changes in behavior of lone mothers to changes for single women without children. Our results show that the financial incentives of the reform had powerful effects on a wide range of lone mothers' decisions. The reform led to a substantial increase in employment rates of about 7 percentage points, which was driven by both higher rates at which lone mothers remained in the labor force and higher rates at which they entered it. Women's responses were highly heterogeneous, with larger effects for mothers with one pre-school aged child, and virtually no effect for mothers with multiple older children. The reform also led to significant reductions in single mothers' subsequent fertility and in the rate at which they married. Our findings suggest that the generous childcare tax credit component of the reform played a key role in explaining the estimated employment responses. Finally, we find relatively large behavioral effects in anticipation of the actual reform, which emphasizes the importance of allowing for such effects in future evaluation research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kirby, Simon & Rebecca Riley (2004): Compulsory work-focused interviews for inactive benefit claimants. An evaluation of the British ONE pilots. In: Labour economics, Jg. 11, H. 4, S. 415-429. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2004.01.004

Abstract

"Using administrative panel data on individuals, we evaluate the effect of compulsory work-focused interviews (CWFI) on the probability of leaving social security benefit for the two main recipient groups of out-of-work benefits outside the unemployed: lone parents and the sick or disabled. CWFI for these groups were first introduced for new benefit claimants in Britain under the ONE programme in a limited number of benefit districts, enabling us to identify the policy effect. Using a difference-in-differences procedure, we find little evidence to suggest that CWFI increases labour market participation amongst inactive benefit claimants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Knuth, Matthias & Dan Finn (2004): Hartz oder Harrods? Reformen der Arbeitsförderung im Vereinigten Königreich. (IAT-Report 2004-04), Gelsenkirchen, 12 S.

Abstract

"Die britische Jobseeker's Allowance erinnert stark an die künftige 'Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende', ist aber mit umgerechnet 359 EURO für alleinstehende Erwachsene etwas höher. Das derzeitige Leistungssystem wurde von konservativen Regierungen geschaffen und von New Labour strukturell nicht verändert. Gesetzlicher Mindestlohn ( 6,70 EURO pro Stunde) und Negativsteuer für Geringverdiener haben 'Armutsfallen' nicht vollständig beseitigen können. Von 2002 bis 2006 werden die Jobcentres schrittweise mit Teilen der Benefits Agency zum Jobcentre Plus zusammengeführt. Alle Hilfebedürftigen im Erwerbsalter haben dann eine einheitliche Anlaufstelle. Die Fusion betrifft zwei zentralstaatliche Behörden, die demselben Ressort unterstehen. Von der Einbeziehung der Kommunalverwaltungen wurde nach Modellversuchen Abstand genommen. Für diese im Vergleich zu 'Hartz IV' kleine Reform nimmt man sich fünf Jahre Zeit. Es befindet sich ein größerer Teil der Bevölkerung im Erwerbsalter im Sozialhilfebezug oder in Leistungen wegen Arbeitsunfähigkeit als in Deutschland. Diese sollen durch 'arbeitszentrierte Beratungsgespräche' in Jobcentres Plus 'aktiviert' werden. Die Arbeitslosenquote wurde von 1993 bis 2001 halbiert, der Anteil der Langzeitarbeitslosen an der Erwerbsbevölkerung im selben Zeitraum mehr als gedrittelt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Konle-Seidl, Regina (2004): Wettbewerbsmechanismen in der Arbeitsmarktpolitik. In: Bundesarbeitsblatt H. 10, S. 4-14.

Abstract

Seit der Verabschiedung des Job-AQTIV-Gesetzes vom Januar 2002 besteht für die öffentlichen Arbeitsagenturen die Möglichkeit, Dritte mit der gesamten Vermittlung von Arbeitslosen zu beauftragen. In diesem Beitrag wird die Implementierung des Kontraktmanagements, also der Beauftragung von Dritten mit der Eingliederung auf der Basis wettbewerblicher Vergabeverfahren (Personalserviceagenturen, § 37 und 421i SGB III) und das System der Bildungs- und Vermittlungsgutscheine analysiert. Im Mittelpunkt des Interesses steht dabei die Frage nach der Wirksamkeit dieser Auslagerung (contracting out). Fazit ist, 'dass das Kontraktmanagement in der deutschen Arbeitsmarktpolitik noch in den Kinderschuhen steckt'. Hauptkritikpunkte sind die oft unvollständige Ausgestaltung der Kontrakte, das Fehlen optimaler Vergütungsstrukturen und einer systematischen Erfolgskontrolle. Positiv bewertet wird der größere Freiraum der privaten Anbieter bei der Durchführung von Vermittlungsaktivitäten. Als problematisch erweist sich das Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnis des Kontraktmanagements. 'Die spannende Frage, bis zu welchem Maße ein contracting out effizient ist, und ab welchem Punkt die Transaktionskosten größer als die Effizienzgewinne werden, ist demzufolge bislang (noch) nicht zu beantworten.' Die Autorin verweist abschließend auf Erfahrungen mit der privaten Arbeitsvermittlung in den Niederlanden, Großbritannien und Australien. (IAB)

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Lissenburgh, Stephen (2004): New Deal option effects on employment entry and unemployment exit. An evaluation using propensity score matching. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 25, H. 5, S. 411-430. DOI:10.1108/01437720410554133

Abstract

"This paper uses propensity score matching techniques to evaluate the impact of new deal options on the chances of exiting unemployment for a cohort of entrants to the new deal for young people in Scotland between September 1998 and February 1999. The paper uses information from the new deal evaluation database and from a two-stage survey based on a random sample of the cohort. It finds that the employment option was the most effective of the new deal options, both in terms of increasing the likelihood of exit from unemployment by February 2001 and increasing the amount of time spent off by JSA from February 2000 to February 2001. Remaining on the Gateway was the next most effective route for clients to take with regard to reducing the amount of time spent on JSA and increasing the likelihood of JSA exit." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Maguire, Malcolm (2004): Measuring the Outcomes of Career Guidance. In: International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, Jg. 4, H. 2-3, S. 179-192.

Abstract

"Dieser Artikel betrachtet die Bedeutung kontextueller Faktoren, die sich auf die Berufliche Beratung selbst und deren Ergebnisse auswirken. Es wird dann versucht, Aspekte der Definition und der Bewertung zu identifizieren und zu klären, und dann die Kategorien von Ergebnissen zu betrachten, die von der beruflichen Beratung üblicherweise erwartet werden, und die nachgewiesen werden können. Es folgt eine Diskussion der Ergebnisse, die üblicherweise betrachtet werden, sowie der Kriterien, die mit diesen Ergebnissen verbunden werden, und es werden die verschiedenen Verfahren der Messung von Ergebnissen bewertet, die eingesetzt werden bzw. eingesetzt werden könnten. Schließlich werden Schlussfolgerungen dieser Diskussion sowohl für die Politik als auch für zukünftige Forschungsplanungen betrachtet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schmid, Günther, Markus Gangl & Peter Kupka (Hrsg.) (2004): Arbeitsmarktpolitik und Strukturwandel. Empirische Analysen. (Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung 286), Nürnberg, 280 S.

Abstract

Der Band dokumentiert die Vorträge, die im November 2003 auf dem gemeinsamen Kontaktseminar "Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Erwerbsverläufe und Strukturwandel" des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung und der Abteilung Arbeitsmarktpolitik und Beschäftigung am Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gehalten wurden. Ausgangspunkt des Tagungsprogramms war die Überzeugung, dass sich die Strukturen des Arbeitsmarktes in den letzten Jahrzehnten nachhaltig verändert haben, dass Strukturumbrüche bereits an vielen Orten und in vielfältiger Weise erfolgreich bewältigt wurden, aber dass die Arbeitsmärkte der international vernetzten Dienstleistungsgesellschaft den Arbeitnehmern auch in Zukunft ein hohes Maß an Flexibilität und Eigenverantwortung abverlangen werden. In den Beiträgen wird dementsprechend untersucht, an welchen Stellen, in welche Richtung und in welchem Ausmaß bewährte Institutionen des Arbeitsmarkts angepasst werden müssen, um Erwerbsverläufe in einem neu und anders konturierten Dienstleistungsarbeitsmarkt abzusichern und zu stützen. Grundlage und Bezugsrahmen der Überlegungen ist das Konzept der Übergangsarbeitsmärkte - verstanden als institutionelle Scharniere zur individuellen und kollektiven Bewältigung von Friktionen, Anpassungsprozessen und des Strukturwandels im Arbeitsmarkt. (IAB2)

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Speckesser, Stefan (2004): The aggregate impact of active labour market policy in Germany and the UK. Evidence from administrative data. In: G. Schmid, M. Gangl & P. Kupka (Hrsg.) (2004): Arbeitsmarktpolitik und Strukturwandel : empirische Analysen (Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, 286), S. 153-178.

Abstract

Der Beitrag vergleicht die makroökonomischen Beschäftigungseffekte der wichtigsten Maßnahmen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Deutschland - Förderung der beruflichen Weiterbildung (FbW) und Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen (ABM) - und in Großbritannien - das 'New Deal for Young Unemployed People' (NDYP). Ausgangspunkt der empirischen Analyse ist eine Erörterung der Auswirkungen aktiver Arbeitsmarktpolitik auf das matching von Arbeitslosen und offenen Stellen. Die Beschäftigungseffekte werden auf der Grundlage regionaler Arbeitsmarktdaten und unterschiedlicher ökonometrischer Modellspezifikationen (statische und dynamische Panelmodelle) geschätzt. In beiden Ländern ist der Einfluss der arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen unwesentlich: In Deutschland führen Weiterbildungsmaßnahmen zu keiner Verbesserung des matchings von Arbeitssuchenden und offenen Stellen. Für Großbritannien werden nur schwache kurzzeitige Beschäftigungseffekte ausgemacht. Der Autor konstatiert abschließend sehr geringe positive Wirkungen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik auf der Makroebene für beide Länder. (IAB)

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Finn, Dan (2003): The "employment-first" welfare state. Lessons from the new deal for young people. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 37, H. 7, S. 709-724. DOI:10.1046/j.1467-9515.2003.00367.x

Abstract

"New Labour is constructing an 'employment-first' welfare state. It plans through Jobcentre Plus to transform the passive culture of the benefit system by creating more explicit links between individual behaviour and engagement with labour market programmes. The New Deal for Young People (NDYP) has been at the forefront of these changes. This paper reports on the findings from four case studies that explored how the NDYP has changed young people's experience of the welfare state. It establishes that NDYP offers a mixture of employment assistance and 'pressure' and has made progress in developing front-line services and helping young long-term unemployed people into work. NDYP does not, however, work for all. In areas of high unemployment and for some disadvantaged groups intermediate labour markets could enhance the New Deal and make real the offer of 'employment opportunities for all'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hammer, Torild (Hrsg.) (2003): Youth unemployment and social exclusion. A comparative study. Bristol: The Policy Press, 233 S.

Abstract

"Throughout the European Union rates of unemployment among young people tend to be higher than among the general population and there is a serious risk of marginalisation and exclusion. This book presents the findings of the first comparative study of unemployed youth in Europe using a large and original data set. It addresses some of the key questions around the issue including: -How do young people cope with unemployment? -Does unemployment lead to social exclusion of young people, implying a withdrawal from society, financial deprivation and social isolation? Drawing on a research sample of over 17.000 young unemployed people in 10 European countries, the book examines how different welfare strategies and labour market policies in different countries influence the risk of social exclusion among unemployed youth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Konle-Seidl, Regina (2003): Steigerung von Effizienz und Reputation in der Arbeitsvermittlung. In: Bundesarbeitsblatt H. 1, S. 10-15.

Abstract

"Die Reputation der gesamten Arbeitsvermittlung eines Landes ist von zwei Faktoren abhängig: der Steigerung ihrer Effizienz und einem Angebot an qualitativ hochwertigen Dienstleistungen. Das sind wichtige Erkenntnisse aus Krisen der Arbeitsverwaltung anderer Länder. Auch die deutsche Arbeitsverwaltung kann anhand der Reformen anderer Länder lernen ihre Effizienz zu steigern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Van Reenen, John (2003): Active labour market policies and the British new deal for the young unemployed in context. (NBER working paper 9576), Cambridge, Mass., 41 S. DOI:10.3386/w9576

Abstract

"The British New Deal for Young People began in January 1998. After 6 months of unemployment, 18-24 year olds are mandated to enter a 'Gateway' period where they are given extensive job search assistance. If they are unable to obtain an unsubsidised job, then they can enter one of four New Deal options. One of these is a job subsidy ( employers' option'), the others involve full-time education and training, government-provided employment ( environmental task force') or voluntary work. In this paper I evaluate the New Deal in a historical and international context. The toughening of the work search criterion has evolved since the Restart initiative in 1986. Using either the age-related eligibility criteria and/or a comparison of pilot and non-pilot areas results suggest that there has been a significant increase in outflows to employment due to the New Deal. Unemployed young men are now about 20% more likely to get jobs as a result of the policy (the stock of youth employment is about 17,000 higher than it would be without the New Deal). Much of this effect is likely to be because of the take up of the employer wage subsidy, but at least a fifth of the effect is due to enhanced job search. Taken as a whole I conclude that the social benefits of the New Deal outweigh the costs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Walker, Robert & Michael Wiseman (2003): Von der Wohlfahrt zur Arbeit. Beschäftigungsanreize unter der neuen Labour-Regierung. In: Internationale Revue für soziale Sicherheit, Jg. 56, H. 1, S. 3-35.

Abstract

Es geht um das Projekt der Modernisierung der Wirtschaft und des Wohlfahrtsstaates und, in diesem Rahmen, um die Abschaffung der Kinderarmut und die Bekämpfung der sozialen Ausgrenzung durch eine Politik, die den Schritt vom Empfang von Sozialleistungen zur Beschäftigung ermutigt und dafür sorgt, dass sich Arbeit lohnt. Dabei werden drei New-Deal-Programme untersucht: Arbeitslosenleistungen, allein Erziehende und Behinderte. Der Beitrag kommt zum Ergebnis, dass reale Veränderungen mit messbaren positiven Auswirkungen eingetreten sind, die weitere Ausgestaltung und Ausdehnung des New-Deal-Modells jedoch gefährdet sind. (IAB2)

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Blundell, Richard & Costas Meghir (2002): Active labour market policy vs employment tax credits. Lessons from recent UK reforms. (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2002,01), Uppsala, 27 S.

Abstract

In dem Beitrag werden die Wirkungen zweier Programme für Niedrigqualifizierte in Großbritannien untersucht, nämlich individuelle Maßnahmen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik (New Deal-Programm) und das Konzept der negativen Einkommensteuer. (IAB)

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Dann, Sabine, Andrea Kirchmann, Alexander Spermann & Jürgen Volkert (Hrsg.) (2002): Kombi-Einkommen. Ein Weg aus der Sozialhilfe? Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 175 S.

Abstract

"Zur Überwindung von Sozialhilfefallen und Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit werden Kombi-Einkommen vorgeschlagen. Mit Kombilöhnen soll zum Ausbau des Niedriglohnsektors in Deutschland beigetragen werden. Doch welcher Beitrag ist von solchen Anreizinstrumenten für eine bessere Arbeitsmarktintegration tatsächlich zu erwarten? Der Band enthält die Beiträge einer Tagung, die vom Institut für Angewandte Wirtschaftsforschung Tübingen (IAW) im Herbst 2001 durchgeführt wurde. Für die Veranstaltung und den Tagungsband konnten Wissenschaftler gewonnen werden, die mit der Begleitforschung aller wesentlichen in Deutschland laufenden Modellversuche zu Kombi-Einkommen beauftragt sind. Im Einzelnen werden in den Beiträgen die Wirkungen des gesetzlichen Lohnabstandsgebotes, Berechnungen zu Beschäftigungs- und fiskalischen Effekten unterschiedlicher Kombi-Einkommen sowie die ersten Erfahrungen mit den verschiedenen deutschen Modellversuchen erörtert. Weitere Themenschwerpunkte sind die Aufstiegschancen aus subventionierten Beschäftigungsverhältnissen, die Bedeutung von Kombi-Einkommen für Alleinerziehende und die internationalen Erfahrungen mit vergleichbaren Ansätzen." Inhalt: Jürgen Volkert: Lohnabstandsgebot, Verpflichtung zur Arbeit und Sozialhilfefallen; Hilmar Schneider: Kombi-Einkommen. Arbeitsangebotseffekte mit und ohne Zielgruppenbegrenzung; Alfons Hollederer, Helmut Rudolph: Arbeitsanreize und Niedriglöhne. Konzeption und erste Erfahrungen des Mainzer Modells und des SGI-Modells; Sabine Dann, Andrea Kirchmann, Alexander Spermann, Jürgen Volkert: Das Einstiegsgeld - eine zielgruppenorientierte negative Einkommenssteuer. Konzeption, Umsetzung und erste Zwischenbilanz nach 15 Monaten in Baden-Württemberg; Lars Czommer, Claudia Weinkopf: Modellprojekte zur Erprobung des § 18 Absatz 5 BSHG; Waltraud Schelke: "Making Work Pay". Ziele und Wirkungen finanzieller Arbeitsanreize in den USA; Wolfgang Ochel: Finanzielle Arbeitsanreize - Konzeptionen und Ergebnisse in Großbritannien, Irland und Kanada; Bruno Kaltenborn, Hans-Peter Klös: Niedriglöhne und Kombi-Einkommen - Sackgasse oder Ausgangspunkt einer Karriere? Eine Mobilitätsuntersuchung für Westdeutschland 1984/96; Sabine Dann, Andrea Kirchmann, Alexander Spermann: Kombi-Einkommen - ein Königsweg für allein Erziehende? (IAB2)

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Dolton, Peter & Donal O'Neill (2002): The long-run effects of unemployment monitoring and work-search programs. Experimental evidence from the United Kingdom. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 20, H. 2, S. 381-403.

Abstract

"This article examines the long-run effects of the Restart unemployment program in the United Kingdom. The program, aimed at the long-term unemployed, involved a combination of tighter monitoring of benefit eligibility rules and increased job search assistance. We compare the employment behaviour of a treatment group who participated in the scheme with that of a randomly chosen control group for whom participation was delayed. While there is little evidence of a long-term benefit for women the unemployment rate among males in the treatment group was six percentage pints lower than that of the control group 5 years after the initial experiment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Roth, Christian, Dirk Maier & Alexandra Resch (2002): Jobrotation: Begrenzte Varianz im Mehrebenensystem der EU. Eine Untersuchung von vier europäischen Ländern. (Institut für Politikwissenschaft Tübingen. Occasional papers 16), Tübingen, 69 S.

Abstract

"In dem Arbeitspapier wird die Implementation von Jobrotation als neue arbeitsmarktpolitische Strategie im Rahmen der europäischen Strukturfondsförderung und der EU-Gemeinschaftsinitiative ADAPT in Deutschland, Österreich, Großbritannien und den Niederlanden untersucht . Die ausgewählten Maßnahmen repräsentieren dabei unterschiedliche Konfigurationen von Implementationsnetzwerken in den Untersuchungsländern, vor dem Hintergrund divergierender politisch-administrativer Rahmenbedingungen, variierender Interessenvermittlungsstrukturen und einer unterschiedlichen Organisation des Arbeitsmarktes. Im ersten Kapitel wird zunächst der Entstehungs-, Problem- und Verwendungskontext von Jobrotation untersucht. Neben einer Definition sowie die Vorstellung von Konzeption und unterschiedlichen Varianten von Jobrotation, wird schließlich auf erste Umsetzungsversuche in der Europäischen Union und in Dänemark eingegangen. Kapitel 2 beschäftigt sich mit Stellenwert und Funktion von Jobrotation in den Untersuchungsländern Deutschland, Österreich, Großbritannien und den Niederlanden. In einem ersten Schritt wird die Relevanz von Jobrotation für die nationale Arbeitsmarktpolitik bestimmt, des weiteren eine Beschreibung und Klassifikation ausgewählter Einzelprojekte vorgenommen und untersucht, welche arbeitsmarktpolitischen Zielsetzungen die Länder bei der Umsetzung von Jobrotationsmaßnahmen verfolgen. Im dritten Kapitel werden die Implementationsstrukturen in den Untersuchungsländern dahingehend untersucht, ob sie eine eher arbeitsmarktpolitische oder strukturpolitische Ausrichtung von Jobrotation begünstigen und welche Faktoren dafür verantwortlich sind. Inhalt von Kapitel 4 sind die Ursachen der materiellen Varianz von Jobrotation in den Untersuchungsländern, die daraus resultierenden steuerungspolitischen Implikationen im europäischen Mehrebenensystem sowie die Erfolgsbedingungen des Konzeptes." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"This overview adds to the body of knowledge on self-employment programmes by looking specifically at whether and how micro-finance can help bridge the credit gap. It presents results of 45 surveys and studies carried out in 1999 and 2000 as well as the outcome of an international conference in 2000 in Bonn. The report identifies the factors that make good self-employment promotion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hutton, John P. & Anna Ruocco (2001): Benefit levels, tax progression and employment. In: Finanzarchiv, Jg. 58, H. 2, S. 121-139.

Abstract

"This paper shows that increases in direct tax progression tend to reduce wages and increase welfare and employment, even in a model allowing for labour supply effects. The employment effect is reversed when benefit levels are low, however. The model shows the different impacts on full- and part-time workers, and on men and women. An a.g.e. (applied general equlibrium) model for the UK is also simulated, with an efficiency wage sector with training costs generating unemployment effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pinto-Duschinsky, David (2001): Welfare that works. Beyond the new deal. (Arguments 28), London: Demos, 83 S.

Abstract

"The Government's welfare to work programmes should be restructured to put employers at their heart and make a significant contribution to full employment. This report sets out a radical vision of what the welfare-to-work system could look like 10 years from now. The New Deal has been a considerable success, having substantially reduced long-term unemployment among young people. But, in order to further improve the performance of welfare to work, employers now need to become far more involved in the design and implementation of programmes. This report is the result of a year long study of 40 welfare to work programmes, mostly in the USA. Its key finding is that those programmes which are most successful in placing unemployed people into better paid jobs with career prospects are designed to meet the needs of specific employers or sectors. Existing programmes should be turned 'back to front', so that they start with employers and their recruitment needs and train jobseekers for those positions, rather than training jobseekers and then hoping to find employers who want them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Walwei, Ulrich & Heinz Werner (2001): Employment problems and active labor market policies in industrialized countries. In: D. D. Hoskins, D. Dobbernack & C. Kuptsch (Hrsg.) (2001): Social security at the dawn of the 21st century : topical issues and new approaches (International social security series, 02), S. 133-170.

Abstract

"The authors concentrate primarily on an analysis of the situation in selected countries in which unemployment has fallen from a relatively high level in past years to a low level in recent years and in which at the same time employment has risen. Four countries - Denmark, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States - offer the most striking examples. They shall begin with a survey of the development and structure of unemployment in Western industrialized countries. This will be followed by conclusions to be drawn from the experience of the countries with successful employment policies. In this context the role that active labour market policy measures can play in the reduction of unemployment will be discussed. Finally, there will be a concluding summary and an indication of conflicts of objectives which can arise in the formulation of labour market policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dolton, Peter & Yvonne Balfour (2000): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit, staatliche Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen und der "New Deal" in Großbritannien. In: Mitteilungen aus der Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 371-384.

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag gibt einen kurzen Überblick über verschiedene Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen der britischen Regierung für Jugendliche in den letzten 35 Jahren. Das 1998 eingeführte "New Deal"-Programm wird beschrieben und seine Entwicklung bis Ende 1999 nachgezeichnet. Eine Evaluation des "New Deals", basierend auf Daten aus 144 lokalen Arbeitsmarktbezirken, wird präsentiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Maßnahme einen stark beschränkten Einfluss auf das lokale Niveau von geschaffenen, ungeförderten Stellen ausübte und dass die Maßnahmeneffektivität durch Nachfragebedingungen eingeschränkt wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hoogvelt, Ankie & Alan France (2000): New Deal: The experience and views of clients in one pathfinder city (Sheffield). In: Local Economy, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. 112-127. DOI:10.1080/02690940050122677

Abstract

"An early cohort of New Deal clients (18-24 year olds) was interviewed on three separate occasions, before, during and after their experience on the New Deal Welfare to Work programme. The objective success of their participation in the programme in terms of job - and employability outcomes was evaluated against their backgrounds, views and subjective experience of the programme. The backgrounds, experience and achievements of this group are further contrasted with that of a separate group of 'disengaged' young people who had refused to go on the programme." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gray, Anne (1999): The Community Programme revisited. Lessons for the New Deal era? In: Local Economy, Jg. 14, H. 1, S. 96-109.

Abstract

"This paper examines the lessons for the New Deal era of some older strands in UK and European labour market measures the Community Programme of the 1980s and the experience of enterprises d'insertion in France, Spain and the Netherlands. It considers whether the institutional infrastructure of the New Deal is appropriate for the realisation of 'intermediate labour markets'. This raises some further questions; whether ILMs are about creating employment or merely redistributing it, and whether it would be preferable to use the 'benefit transfer principle' to produce social wealth without regard for commercial viability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Crighton, Matthew (1998): What's worked for the long-term unemployed? Learning the lessons. In: Local Economy, Jg. 12, H. 4, S. 296-308.

Abstract

"As the Labour government's New Deal gets under way, many are wondering whether it will succeed where other programmes have not. This is of course not the first UK government which has tried to deal with unemployment through ambitious supply-side programmes for the unemployed. Employment Training was launched with almost as much fanfare and the expectations of it have been made all the more conspicuous in retrospect by its failure to fulfil them. The evolution of Employment Training (ET) and then Training for Work (TfW) has followed the path of increasing effectiveness in superficial terms by limiting programmes to Chose most employable within the client group. This is a questionable objective and abandons the hardest but most essential part of any programme for die unemployed: helping the very long-term unemployed, empowering disadvantaged groups, removing barriers and dealing with social exclusion. It remains to he seen whether the New Deal will be more effective. This article looks at two relevant studies - the ERGO programme, and Models of Integration, which was partfunded by ERGO. It compares their conclusions with other sources and concludes by discussing their implications and some issues for this type of study." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Narendranathan, W. & M. B. Stewart (1993): How does the benefit effect vary as unemployment spells lengthen? In: Journal of Applied Econometrics, Jg. 8, H. 3, S. 361-381.

Abstract

"This paper investigates how the effect of income while unemployed on the probability of an individual leaving unemployment varies with the length of time that the individual has been unemployed. We examine this question in the context of a variety of alternative econometric models. We extend the proportional Hazards model with unrestricted baseline hazard to one in which there are unrestricted effects of a subset of the explanatory variables and also consider models that can be estimated as series of binary response models. The proportional hazard restrictions are recited for the same of British unemployed man analysed and in the binary sequence framework Logit and Probit models based on symmetric distributions dominate (n likelihood terms) the extreme Value form model implied by extension of the Proportional Hazards formulation. Logit models with a flexible form for the duration dependence which also incorporate unobserved heterogeneity in a flexible way are estimated. The results for all formulations indicate a rapidly declining effect of unemployment income as a spell lengthens, with no significant effect for die long-term unemployed. The preferred specifications which allow for omitted heterogeneity indicate no significant effect after about 5 months, and this result is robust to the inclusion or exclusion of previous labour-market experience variables and to the choice of mixing distribution." (author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))