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Gatskova, Kseniia, Michal Pilc & Maciej Beresewicz (2024): Feeling disadvantaged? Type of employment contract and political attitudes. In: Socio-economic review online erschienen am 07.03.2024, S. 1-25. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwae011

Abstract

"We tested the theory of relative deprivation in the context of the Polish labour market during the post-crisis period from 2009 to 2015. This period witnessed the highest incidence of temporary contracts in the European Union, providing novel evidence on the causal relationship between the type of employment contract and political attitudes. Our findings suggest that temporary workers are more supportive of income redistribution but less supportive of democracy. Additionally, a shift from permanent to temporary contracts among prime-aged employees leads to a decrease in their support for democracy. Although this effect is modest in magnitude, the article points to an important mechanism influencing shifts in political attitudes. Our findings suggest that the effect of temporary employment on political attitudes is more pronounced among socio-demographic groups less accustomed to unstable employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Oxford Academic) ((en))

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Arnholtz, Jens & Nathan Lillie (2023): Posted work as an extreme case of hierarchised mobility. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 49, H. 16, S. 4206-4223. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2207341

Abstract

"This article draws on a range of case studies to explain how worker posting can cause hierarchised labour mobility, involving nationality-based hierarchies in pay and conditions between workers in the same labour markets or work sites. This hierarchisation is most apparent on large construction sites, where companies systematically use posting for labour cost advantage, but it is also found on smaller sites and in other sectors besides construction. The article outlines three features of this low-wage posting system – worker hypermobility and dependency, transnational enforcement challenges, and multifaceted employer arbitrage strategies – that conspire to maintain posting as a form of hierarchised mobility. We argue that posting undermines many countervailing forces that typically mediate hierarchisation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Borg, Maxime (2023): Towards a Reserve Army of Highly Skilled Labour? The Politics of Solo Self-Employment in the Knowledge Economy. (SocArXiv papers), 46 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/yq2f6

Abstract

"Prevailing political economic theories on the segmentation of the labor market all rely on the assumption that workers with tertiary education possess significant bargaining power in the knowledge economy due to the strategic importance of their human capital for firms. This paper argues that this empowerment thesis is not empirically founded. The surplus of interchangeable workers equipped with general skills in the knowledge economy actually reinforces employers in the labor-capital power dynamics. This context allows employers to reduce labor costs by imposing subcontracting and flexible work arrangements on highly skilled workers. Until now, these practices were believed to be prevalent only among low-skilled workers. This paper investigates this transformation through the lens of solo self-employment. Drawing on data obtained from 22 European countries spanning from 2014 to 2021, this article presents findings suggesting that the transition to the knowledge economy incentivises employers to adopt a new division of labor predicated on the development of networks of subcontracting and flexible highly skilled workers, particularly in economies with strict employment protection legislation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kolev, Alexandre, Justina La & Thomas Manfredi (2023): Extending social protection to informal economy Workers: Lessons from the Key Indicators of Informality based on Individuals and their Household (KIIbIH). (OECD Development Centre working papers 350), Paris, 39 S. DOI:10.1787/ca19539d-en

Abstract

"This paper exploits the information available in the OECD Key Indicators of Informality based on Individuals and their Household (KIIBIH) to shed light on several elements that could help inform national strategies for the extension of social protection to workers in the informal economy. It provides an assessment of current social protection coverage of informal workers throughout a large sample of developing and emerging economies and proposes a statistical framework to examine country-specific data, upon which a strategy for extending social protection to informal workers could be articulated. While the paper does not intend to provide detailed country-level recommendations, it highlights a number of important findings and policy directions as regards the way to extend non-contributory and contributory schemes to informal workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Siöland, Linus, Emmanuel Hassan, Matthew Geraci, Michela Gasperini, Clara Viñuales, Agnieszka Markowska & Olivia Aouati (2023): Report on mobile seasonal workers and intra-EU labor mobility. Luxemburg, 51 S. DOI:10.2767/093005

Abstract

"Mobile seasonal workers play an important role in the European labor market by increasing the supply of labor in times of the year when there is more work than the domestic market can supply workers for. This allows sectors that are marked by strong seasonality – notably agriculture, hospitality and tourism – to bolster their staff with workers from another country if they are not able to allocate all their work using only domestic applicants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bech, Katarzyna, Magdalena Smyk, Lucas van der Velde & Joanna Tyrowicz (2022): Matching it up: non-standard work and job satisfaction. (GRAPE working paper / Group for Research in Applied Economics 72), Warszawa, 37 S.

Abstract

"We leverage the flexibility enactment theory to study the link between working arrangements and job satisfaction. We propose that this link is moderated by individual inclination to non-standard working arrangements. Thus, we provide novel insights on the (mis)match between preferred and actual working arrangements. We apply this approach to data from the European Working Conditions Survey and empirically characterize the extent of mismatch in working arrangements across European countries. We shed new light on several phenomena. First, the extent of mismatch is substantial and reallocating workers between jobs could substantially boost overall job satisfaction in European countries. Second, the mismatch more frequently affects women and parents. Finally, we demonstrate that the extent of mismatch differs across European countries, which hints that one-size-fits-all policies, whether they deregulate or curb non-standard arrangements, are not likely to maximize the happiness of workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Collins, Helen, Susan Barry & Piotr Dzuga (2022): "Working While Feeling Awful Is Normal": One Roma's Experience of Presenteeism. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 362-371. DOI:10.1177/0950017021998950

Abstract

"This article presents an account of a young Roma man’s lived experience of working in the agricultural sector while sick, and shines a spotlight on the impact of precarious work, low pay and eligibility, and access to sick pay, with particular emphasis on Roma, and how these factors interconnect to foster presenteeism. The repercussions of presenteeism, relayed through Piotr’s personal narrative and reflections about his work, family role, ambition and daily survival, enrich public sociology about this under explored area of migrant Roma’s working life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haapanala, Henri, Ive Marx & Zachary Parolin (2022): Robots and Unions: The Moderating Effect of Organised Labour on Technological Unemployment. (IZA discussion paper 15080), Bonn, 31 S.

Abstract

"We analyse the moderating effect of trade unions on industrial employment and unemployment in countries facing exposure to industrial robots. Applying random effects within-between regression to a pseudo-panel of observations from 28 advanced democracies over 1998-2019, we find that stronger trade unions in a country are associated with a greater decline in the industry sector employment of young and low-educated workers. We also show that the unemployment rates for low-educated workers remain constant in strongly unionised countries with increasing exposure to robots, whereas in weakly unionised countries, low-educated unemployment declines with robot exposure but from a higher starting point. Our results point to unions exacerbating the insider-outsider effects of technological change within the industrial sector, which however is not fully passed on to unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Latner, Jonathan P. (2022): Temporary employment in Europe: stagnating rates and rising risks. In: European Societies, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 383-408., 2022-04-29. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2022.2072930

Abstract

"There is a perception that temporary employment is rising in Europe but there is little evidence to support this. If one takes the position that temporary employment should be rising due to large structural changes in European labor markets, then stagnating trends represents something of a puzzle. I examine the puzzle by applying a life-course approach to understand the distribution and trends in temporary employment among prime-age workers in 31 European countries. I compare and contrast changes in the temporary employment rate in a single period of time using cross-sectional data from the European Labour Force Survey (LFS), with changes in the risk of experiencing temporary employment in multiple periods of time using longitudinal data from the European Survey of Income and Living Conditions (SILC). Results from cross-sectional data suggest that between 1996 and 2007, the temporary employment rate increased in Europe by 28%, but between 2007 and 2019, there was little change. By contrast, results from panel data suggest that between 2013 and 2019, the risk of experiencing at least one temporary employment contract rose 36%. Over time, the temporary employment rate stagnated, but the temporary employment risk rose. The contribution provides insight into the nature of employment experiences associated with insecurity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lehner, Lukas, Paul Ramskogler & Aleksandra Riedl (2022): Begging thy coworker – Labor market dualization and the slow-down of wage growth in Europe. (INET Oxford working paper 2022-04), Oxford, 50 S.

Abstract

"Does the structure of labor markets – and the possibility to employ temporary workers – affect aggregate wage growth? After the global financial crisis (GFC) a rich debate had ensued about the reasons for the delayed pick up of wage growth. However, structural labor market aspects remained strangely absent from this discussion. We contribute by incorporating labor market dualization into the standard Phillips curve model to explain wage growth in 30 European countries in the period 2004-2017. We find that the presence of workers with temporary contracts in Europe's labor markets slows down aggregate wage growth due to the competition that temporary workers exert on permanent workers. This competition effect is most pronounced in countries, where trade union density is low. Moreover, we establish that labor market dualization has been at least as important in slowing wage growth since the GFC as unemployment, i.e. the observed flattening of the Phillips curve." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Padrosa, Eva, Christophe Vanroelen, Carles Muntaner, Joan Benach & Mireia Julià (2022): Precarious employment and mental health across European welfare states: a gender perspective. In: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Jg. 95, H. 7, S. 1463-1480. DOI:10.1007/s00420-022-01839-7

Abstract

"The aim of this article was to examine the relationship between precarious employment (PE), welfare states (WS) and mental health in Europe from a gender perspective. Data were derived from the European Working Conditions Survey 2015. PE was measured through the Employment Precariousness Scale for Europe (EPRES-E), validated for comparative research in 22 European countries, and categorized into quartiles. Countries were classified into Continental, Anglo-Saxon, Scandinavian, Southern and Central-Eastern WS. Mental health was assessed through the WHO-5 Well-Being Index and dichotomized into poor and good mental health. In a sample of 22,555 formal employees, we performed gender-stratified multi-level logistic regression models. Results showed greater prevalences of PE and poor mental health among women. However, the association between them was stronger among men. Cross-country differences were observed in multi-level regressions, but the interaction effect of WS was only significant among women. More precisely, Central-Eastern WS enhanced the likelihood of poor mental health among women in high precarious employment situations (quartiles 3 and 4). These findings suggest the interaction between contextual and individual factors in the production of mental health inequalities, both within and across countries. They also call for the incorporation of gender-sensitive welfare policies if equitable and healthy labor markets are to be achieved in Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Bruckmeier, Kerstin, Diego d'Andria & Regina Konle-Seidl (2021): Social protection of atypical workers during the Covid-19 crisis. In: IAB-Forum H. 28.05.2021 Nürnberg, o. Sz., 2021-05-27.

Abstract

"The Covid-19 crisis acts like a magnifying glass under which already existing problems within countries’ social protection systems become more visible than before. It puts the spotlight on weaknesses, especially the social protection of the atypically employed and the (solo) self-employed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carver, Laura & Virginia Doellgast (2021): Dualism or solidarity? Conditions for union success in regulating precarious work. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 27, H. 4, S. 367-385. DOI:10.1177/0959680120978916

Abstract

"This article summarizes and reviews research on union responses to precarious work in Europe, based on a systematic coding of 56 case study-based articles published between 2008 and 2019. Analyses of these cases suggest two paths to labour market dualism, with the first involving institutional fragmentation and union division, and the second a combination of weak structural power and partnership-oriented union identities. The authors also identify two paths to solidarity, with the result of reduced precarity for peripheral workers: a conflict-based path and a social partnership-based path. Campaigns to organize migrant workers present distinctive institutional and structural challenges to unions, with studies involving migrants most often finding ‘failed solidarity’, in which inclusive organizing fails to reduce precarity. The article integrates these findings with past frameworks on union responses to precarious work and concludes with recommendations for future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haidar, Julieta & Miska Keune (Hrsg.) (2021): Work and Labour Relations in Global Platform Capitalism. (ILERA Publication series), Cheltenham: Elgar, 288 S. DOI:10.4337/9781802205138

Abstract

"This engaging and timely book provides an in-depth analysis of work and labour relations within global platform capitalism with a specific focus on digital platforms that organise labour processes, known as labour platforms. Well-respected contributors thoroughly examine both online and offline platforms, their distinct differences and the important roles they play for both large transnational companies and those with a smaller global reach." (Author's abstract, © Edward Elgar Publishing) ((en))

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Hernanz, Virginia & Raquel Carrasco (2021): Dependent self-employment across Europe: involuntariness, country's wealth and labor market institutions. (Working paper. Economics / uc3m, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid 2021,2), Madrid, 23 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the degree of involuntariness in the entrepreneurial activity of the dependent solo self-employed, as well as the effect of the country's wealth and labor market institutions. Using the unique information available in the 2017 European Labor Force Survey (EU-LFS) for 25 countries, we can properly identify the dependent solo-self-employed and analyze to what extent they behave in accordance with an occupational choice model when making their self-employment decision. For that, we account for the reasons why they enter into self-employment (voluntarily or involuntarily either out of necessity or requested by the former employer). The results indicate that involuntary self-employment, mostly due to being required by previous employer, significantly increases the probability of being dependent solo versus nondependent self-employed. The wealthiest countries have a lower incidence of this group of workers, mainly if they are involuntary self-employed. Moreover, labor market institutions that decrease the flexibility of paid employment tend to increase the incidence of dependent solo self-employment. These results point to this group of workers being particularly vulnerable with the degree of vulnerability significantly increasing for those self-employed with a lesser degree of occupational choice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Möhring, Katja (2021): The consequences of non-standard working and marital biographies for old age income in Europe. Contrasting the individual and the household perspective. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 55, H. 3, S. 456-484. DOI:10.1111/spol.12720

Abstract

"The article addresses the question of how individuals with non-standard work or family histories fare under different national pension systems in terms of their individual and household income in old age. It provides a comprehensive overview of the relationship of life course with later life individual and household income, and thereby goes beyond previous research that either focuses on one or the other. Life history data for 12 European countries of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) are used to examine old age individual and household income of individuals (a) with non-standard working histories (e.g., non-standard employment or unemployment), (b) with family instabilities (e.g., divorce or single parenthood). The results show that non-employment and low-status employment are old age income risks for both genders. Having children represents a burden for household income and for women's individual income only if associated with employment interruptions. Cross-national variation is stronger for the relationship of old age income with the employment history than with the fertility history. Especially Beveridge-plus countries that provide unconditional basic pension schemes mitigate previous life course inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Padrosa, Eva, Mireia Bolíbar, Mireia Julià & Joan Benach (2021): Drivers of Youth Labour Market Integration Across European Regions. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 154, H. 3, S. 893-915. DOI:10.1007/s11205-020-02539-w

Abstract

"Comparing precarious employment (PE) across countries is essential to deepen the understanding of the phenomenon and to learn from country-specific experiences. However, this is hampered by the lack of internationally meaningful measures of PE. We aim to address this point by assessing the measurement invariance (MI) of the Employment Precariousness Scale for Europe (EPRES-E), an adaptation of the EPRES construct in the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS). EPRES-E consists of 13 proxy-indicators sorted into six dimensions: temporariness, disempowerment, vulnerability, wages, exercise of rights, unpredictable working times. Drawing on EWCS-2015, MI of the second-order factor model was tested in a sample of 31,340 formal employees by means of (a) multi-group confirmatory factor analyses, and (b) the substantive exploration of EPRES-E mean scores in each country. The results demonstrate that threshold invariance holds for the first-order structure (dimensions) of 22 countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK), but only metric invariance is attained by the second-order structure. The latter is supported by the exploration of mean scores, where we found that different score patterns in each dimension lead to similar overall EPRES-E scores, suggesting that PE is configured by different sources within the six dimensions in each country according to their broader socio-political trajectories. We conclude that, although EPRES-E can be used for comparative purposes in 22 European countries, the scores of each dimension must be reported alongside the overall EPRES-E score." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Schmidt, Judith (2021): Kalkulierte Mobilität. Ökonomische und biographische Perspektiven auf Saisonarbeit. (Arbeit und Alltag 20), Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 281 S.

Abstract

"Saisonarbeit ist eine bedeutende Variable der meisten volkswirtschaftlichen Kreisläufe westlicher Industrienationen. Die Ausübung temporärer Arbeit ermöglicht unter anderem ein Nahrungssystem, an das sich die beteiligten Staaten längst gewöhnt haben: Wir alle erwarten, jederzeit frisches Obst und Gemüse kaufen zu können. Dieses Angebot stellen vor allem saisonal eingesetzte Arbeitskräfte aus dem Ausland sicher. Wie gestaltet sich die Zusammenarbeit dieser Arbeitskräfte mit den arbeitgebenden Landwirten? In einem Forschungsfeld, das sich zwischen Rumänien und Rheinland-Pfalz erstreckt, beleuchtet Judith Schmidt die ökonomischen Perspektiven und Lebensgeschichten beider Akteursgruppen. Deutlich wird, dass frische Nahrung nur durch ein enges Beziehungsgeflecht von wechselseitigen Abhängigkeiten auf unseren Tischen landet." (Autorenreferat, © 2021 - Campus Verlag)

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Seo, Hyojin (2021): 'Dual' labour market? Patterns of segmentation in European labour markets and the varieties of precariousness. In: Transfer, Jg. 27, H. 4, S. 485-503. DOI:10.1177/10242589211061070

Abstract

"Der vorliegende Artikel will empirisch untersuchen, in welcher Weise die europäischen Arbeitsmärkte segmentiert sind und wer zu den Outsidern gehört. Der Artikel will das bisher übliche dichotome Modell der Segmentierung des Arbeitsmarktes überwinden, das bisher oft ausschließlich auf der Analyse von Arbeitsbeziehungen beruht. Die vorliegende Studie definiert vielmehr prekäre Verhältnisse auf dem Arbeitsmarkt anhand einer multidimensionalen Betrachtung, die auch Aspekte wie Einkommen, berufliche Perspektiven und subjektive Unsicherheit einbezieht. Mit der Methode der latenten Klassenanalyse werden Daten aus der Europäischen Erhebung über die Arbeitsbedingungen 2015 verwendet, um die traditionelle Definition des Outsider-Status zu erweitern. Es lassen sich vier Arbeitsmarktsegmente definieren: Insider und drei unterschiedliche Typen von Outsidern: typische Outsider, perspektivlose Insider und subjektive Outsider. Betrachtet man hier den länderübergreifenden Aspekt, so lassen sich Unterschiede im Hinblick auf die Segmentierungsmuster und besonders in der Frage finden, wer die Outsider sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Untersuchung verschiedener Aspekte prekärer Arbeitsverhältnisse erforderlich ist, um die Komplexität postindustrieller Arbeitsmärkte erfassen zu können, und dass es unterschiedliche Outsider-Typologien in Europa zu beschreiben gilt, die für den Aufbau einer Gesellschaft mit stärkerem Zusammenhalt geschützt werden sollten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Trappmann, Vera, Alexandra Seehaus, Adam Mrozowicki & Agata Krasowska (2021): The Moral Boundary Drawing of Class: Social Inequality and Young Precarious Workers in Poland and Germany. In: Sociology, Jg. 55, H. 3, S. 451-468. DOI:10.1177/0038038520985791

Abstract

"This article explores the relational and moral aspects of the perception of class structure and class identifications by young people in objectively vulnerable labour market conditions in Poland and Germany. Drawing on 123 biographical interviews with young people in both countries, it demonstrates that young precarious Poles and Germans tend to identify themselves against the ‘middle class’ – understood variously in the two countries – and attribute the sources of economic wealth and social status in their societies to individual merits and entrepreneurship. Positioning oneself in the broad middle and limited identification with the precariat is explained by the youth transition phase, country-specific devaluation of class discourses and the effects of individualisation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Westerman, Johan, Ryszard Szulkin & Michael Tåhlin (2021): Skill structure and labor market integration of immigrants in Europe. (SocArXiv papers), 39 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/a9jqw

Abstract

"Across European countries, immigrants are disadvantaged in labor market attainment relative to natives: foreign-born individuals are less likely to be employed and more likely to be unemployed. Previous research indicates that immigrants’ employment chances are better when the share of low-skill jobs in the labor market is large. Upgrading of the job structure, which has taken place in many countries over recent decades, might therefore have hurt immigrants’ employment prospects. However, an exclusive focus on skill demand neglects another important development in the skill structure of advanced economies: educational expansion. The rapid rise in skill supply has tended to outpace the decline in the low-skill job share with increasing over-education as a consequence, potentially leading to crowding-out of immigrant workers from employment. Based on data from the European Union Labour Force Surveys (EU-LFS) 2004-2016, we perform analyses that jointly consider the demand and supply sides of labor markets. Our results indicate that the size of the low-skill job sector is positively related to immigrants’ employment if and only if those employed in the low-skill sector have low qualifications. In economies with high rates of over-education, where many well-educated natives occupy low-skill jobs, the labor market prospects of immigrants deteriorate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Xavier Jara, H. & Alberto Tumino (2021): Atypical work and unemployment protection in Europe. In: Journal of Common Market Studies, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 535-555. DOI:10.1111/jcms.13099

Abstract

"This paper evaluates the degree of income protection the tax-benefit system provides to atypical workers in the event of unemployment. Our approach relies on simulating transitions from employment to unemployment for the entire workforce in EU member states to compare household financial circumstances before and after the transition. Our results show that coverage rates of unemployment insurance are low among atypical workers, who are also more exposed to the risk of poverty, both while in work and in unemployment. Low work intensity employees are characterized by high net replacement rates. However, this is due to the major role played by market incomes of other household members. Finally, we show that in countries where self-employed workers are not eligible for unemployment insurance benefits, extending the eligibility to this group of workers would increase their replacement rates and make them less likely to fall into poverty in the event of unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Bonoli, Guiliano & Flavia Fossati (2020): More than noise? Explaining instances of minority preference in correspondence studies of recruitment. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 46, H. 9, S. 1886-1902. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1502658

Abstract

"Correspondence studies of labour market discrimination find that minorities, which in general suffer disadvantage, are sometimes preferred in a choice against members of the majority. This outcome has been observed in several studies of ethnic or nationality-based discrimination, but also in studies focusing on other characteristics, such as unemployment and being overweight. However, it is generally not explained and dismissed as noise. In this paper we challenge this understanding, and, using meta-analytical techniques, we show that instances of minority preference are not randomly distributed. We also show that they are more frequent for groups which overall suffer stronger discrimination and for high skilled professionals. We reason that this result may be explained with the fact that groups that suffer discrimination have fewer alternatives in the labour market and this makes them more attractive for jobs of sub-standard quality and for jobs in which turnover costs are high (e.g. high skilled professionals). We conclude by arguing that since tests in which the minority candidate is preferred are not randomly distributed, future research should study the determinants of minority preference in a more systematic manner." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Goncharuk, Tetiana (2020): "Der deutsche Staat gibt vor, dass wir nicht existieren“: Die Arbeits- und Rechtssituation von ukrainischen Care-Migrantinnen in Deutschland. In: Migration und Soziale Arbeit, Jg. 42, H. 3, S. 243-250. DOI:10.3262/MIG2003243

Abstract

"Der Pflegebedarf für ältere Menschen in Deutschland steigt jährlich. Trotzdem gibt es zahlreiche strukturelle Probleme bei der Organisation der häuslichen Altenpflege, die vom Staat ignoriert werden. All dies führt zur Etablierung eines alternativen Versorgungssystems bzw. Arbeitsmarktes mit prekären Arbeitsbedingungen, das Care-Arbeiterinnen aus Osteuropa und insbesondere aus der Ukraine betrifft." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hepp, Rolf, David Kergel & Robert Riesinger (Hrsg.) (2020): Precarized society. Social Transformation of the welfare state. (Prekarisierung und soziale Entkopplung - transdisziplinäre Studien), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 274 S.

Abstract

"This book provides international and transdisciplinary perspectives on Hyperprecarity and Social Structural Transformations in European Societies, USA and Russia enforced through other special transformation processes such as digitalisation, migration and demographic change. It has been observed that precarity and social insecurity do not refer any longer only to certain groups of the society such as unemployed people or to those ones who are ‘traditionally’ more in need of social benefit etc. but it accompanies and affects greater parts of the society, particularly those sections of the middleclass who conceive their social identity merely via their work ethics. Consequentially new forms of social exclusion are being producing taxing the traditional social cohesion in European societies due to the demand of new forms of flexibility and mobility from the working people. This process can be termed with the notion 'Hyperprecarisation'. This book contains contributions from scientists all over Europe, Russia and the USA, who are members of the SUPI network “Social Uncertainty, Prequarity, Inequality”." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hünefeld, Lena, Susanne Gerstenberg & Joachim Hüffmeier (2020): Job satisfaction and mental health of temporary agency workers in Europe. A systematic review and research agenda. In: Work and Stress, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 82-110. DOI:10.1080/02678373.2019.1567619

Abstract

"The current systematic literature review aimed to analyse the associations between temporary agency work (TAW), job satisfaction, and mental health in Europe, as well as to outline a future research agenda. Twenty-eight scientific articles were identified by searching different data bases (i.e. PSYNDEX, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science) for the time span from January 2000 to December 2016. Our review reveals first that TAW is not consistently negatively related to job satisfaction. However, job insecurity and working conditions are important mediators in the relation of TAW and lowered job satisfaction. Second, TAW is not consistently related to all investigated types of mental health impairments. However, when focusing on specific outcomes and comparing temporary agency workers to permanent employees, we still find consistent evidence regarding higher levels of depression and fatigue among temporary agency workers. Inconsistent associations between TAW, job satisfaction and mental health can partly be attributed to unfavourable methodological aspects of the included primary studies. To address these aspects, future research should consider applying a standard measurement of TAW, including a minimum of meaningful confounding variables, improving the operationalisation of outcome variables and the study design." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Millán, Ana, José María Millán & Leonel Caçador-Rodrigues (2020): Disclosing 'masked employees' in Europe: job control, job demands and job outcomes of 'dependent self-employed workers'. In: Small business economics, Jg. 55, H. 2, S. 461-474. DOI:10.1007/s11187-019-00245-7

Abstract

"In this study, we examine whether job control, job demands and job outcomes of 'dependent self-employed workers', i.e. the workers in this particular grey zone between employment and self-employment, are more similar to those of the self-employed or paid employed. To this end, we use microdata drawn from the 2010 wave of the European Working Conditions Survey for 34 European countries. First, we develop and validate a psychometrically sound multidimensional scale for these 3 key constructs by conducting both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Then, multilevel (hierarchical) linear regressions are used to test the validity of our hypotheses. Our results suggest that these hybrid work relationships are endowed with the least favourable attributes of both groups: lower job control than self-employed workers, higher job demands than paid employees and, overall, worse job outcomes than both." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Scheuring, Sonja (2020): The Effect of Fixed-Term Employment on Well-Being: Disentangling the Micro-Mechanisms and the Moderating Role of Social Cohesion. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 152, H. 1, S. 91-115. DOI:10.1007/s11205-020-02421-9

Abstract

"This paper examines the impact of fixed-term employment on well-being from a cross-national comparative perspective by testing (1) the effect heterogeneity across European countries, (2) to which extent Jahoda's Latent Deprivation Model provides a sufficient micro-level explanation for the underlying mechanisms and (3) whether the macro-level factor of social cohesion weakens the micro-level impacts. We investigate the effects in both an upwards (permanent employment) and a downwards (unemployment) comparative control group design. Due to the mediating role of social contacts on the micro-level, we assume social cohesion on the country-level to moderate the main effects: A high degree of societal affiliation should substitute the function of social contacts in the work environment of individuals. Using microdata from the European Social Survey (ESS) 2012 for 23 countries and applying multilevel estimation procedures, we find that there is a remarkable variation in the effects across countries. Even though in each country fixed-term employees have a lower subjective well-being compared to permanent ones, the point estimates vary from .17 to 1.19 units. When comparing fixed-term employees to unemployed individuals, the coefficients even range from − .27 to 1.25 units. More specifically, a negative effect indicates that having a fixed-term contract is worse than unemployment in some countries. Moreover, pooled linear regression models reveal that Jahoda's Latent Deprivation Model explains about three-quarters of the micro-level effect sizes for both directions. Eventually, social cohesion on the country-level diminishes the individual-level well-being differences between fixed-term employees and permanent individuals but not between fixed-term employees and the unemployed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Avlijaš, Sonja (2019): The dynamism of the new economy: Non-standard employment and access to social security in EU-28. (LEQS – LSE 'Europe in Question' Discussion Paper Series 141), London, 76 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the prevalence of non-standard workers in EU-28, rules for accessing social security, and these workers' risk of not being able to access it. It focuses on temporary and part-time workers, and the self-employed, and offers a particularly detailed analysis of their access to unemployment benefits. It focuses on eligibility, adequacy (net income replacement rates) and identifies those workers which are at the greatest risk of either not receiving benefits or receiving low benefits. It offers a special overview of foreign non-standard workers, who may be particularly vulnerable due to the absence of citizenship in the host country. The paper also analyses access to maternity and sickness benefits for these three groups of workers, as well as their access to pensions. Its key contribution is in bringing together the different dimensions of disadvantage that non-standard workers face vis-à-vis access to social protection. This allows us to comprehensively assess the adaptation of national social security systems across EU-28 to the changing world of work over the past 10 years. The paper shows that there is a lot of variation between the Member States, both in the structure of their social security systems, as well as the prevalence of non-standard work. Most notably, the paper concludes that: i) access to unemployment benefits is the most challenging component of welfare state provision for people in non-standard employment; ii) policy reforms vis-à-vis access to social benefits have improved the status of non-standard workers in several countries, while they have worsened it in others, particularly in Bulgaria, Ireland and Latvia; iii) some Eastern European countries can offer lessons to other Member States due to their experiences with labour market challenges during transition and the subsequent adaptations of their social security systems to greater labour market flexibility. The paper also implies that a country's policy towards nonstandard work" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bentolila, Samuel, Juan J. Dolado & Juan F. Jimeno (2019): Dual labour markets revisited. (CESifo working paper 7479), München, 41 S.

Abstract

"This paper provides an overview of recent research on dual labour markets. Theoretical and empirical contributions on the labour-market effects of dual employment protection legislation are revisited, as well as factors behind its resilience and policies geared towards correcting its negative consequences. The topics covered include the stepping-stone or dead-end nature of temporary contracts, their effects on employment, unemployment, churn, training, productivity growth, wages, and labour market inflows and outflows. The paper reviews both theoretical advances and relevant policy discussions, in particular in several countries that had very poor employment performance during the recent global economic and financial crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chung, Heejung (2019): Dualization and subjective employment insecurity : explaining the subjective employment insecurity divide between permanent and temporary workers across 23 European countries. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 40, H. 3, S. 700-729. DOI:10.1177/0143831X16656411

Abstract

"Dualization theory posits that certain institutions cause dualization in the labour market, yet how institutions deepen the subjective insecurity divide between insiders and outsiders has not been examined. This article examines this question using data from 23 European countries in 2008/2009. Results show that the subjective employment insecurity divide between permanent and temporary workers varies significantly across different countries. Corporatist countries, with stronger unions, have larger subjective insecurity divides between permanent and temporary workers. However, this is because permanent workers feel more secure in these countries rather than because temporary workers are more exposed to feelings of insecurity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dimova, Dilyana (2019): The structural determinants of the labor share in Europe. (IMF working paper 2019,67), Washington, DC, 41 S.

Abstract

"The labor share in Europe has been on a downward trend. This paper finds that the decline is concentrated in manufacture and among low- to mid-skilled workers. The shifting nature of employment away from full-time jobs and a rollback of employment protection, unemployment benefits and unemployment benefits have been the main contributors. Technology and globalization hurt sectors where jobs are routinizable but helped others that require specialized skills. High-skilled professionals gained labor share driven by productivity aided by flexible work environments, while low- and mid-skilled workers lost labor share owing to globalization and the erosion of labor market safety nets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Trlifajová, Lucie & Jakob Hurrle (2019): Work must pay: Does it? Precarious employment and employment motivation for low-income households. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 376-395. DOI:10.1177/0958928718805870

Abstract

"One of the core dilemmas of current welfare politics is the question of how to ensure social protection while providing incentives to seek employment at the same time. A way to address this dilemma is to base policies and policy models on the principle notion that 'work must pay'; in other words, income from employment should be higher than the social support of the unemployed. However, how accurately do these approaches and models represent the reality of benefit recipients, particularly in the context of increased employment precariousness? In this article, we use the cases of two disadvantaged regions in Czech Republic in order to contrast the presumptions of 'making work pay' policies with the everyday experience of welfare recipients. As we show, their situations are strongly shaped by current changes in the labour market, particularly the precarious character of accessible employment and high levels of indebtedness. The modelling of financial employment incentives and the public policies based on these calculations often do not correspond with the reality of welfare recipients that are often cycling in and out of precarious forms of employment. However, the authors' main claim is that the very idea of the 'work must pay' approach focuses on the wrong question. A truly functioning financial incentive would need to focus not solely on the difference in income between those who work and those who do not work, but rather should analyse what type of arrangements allow working households to rise permanently above the poverty line." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kalleberg, Arne L. & Stephen P. Vallas (Hrsg.) (2018): Precarious work. (Research in the sociology of work 31), Bingley: Emerald, 466 S.

Abstract

"This volume presents original theory and research on precarious work in various parts of the world, identifying its social, political and economic origins, its manifestations in the USA, Europe, Asia, and the Global South, and its consequences for personal and family life.
In the past quarter century, the nature of paid employment has undergone a dramatic change due to globalization, rapid technological change, the decline of the power of workers in favor of employers, and the spread of neoliberalism. Jobs have become far more insecure and uncertain, with workers bearing the risks of employment as opposed to employers or the government. This trend towards precarious work has engulfed virtually all advanced capitalist nations, but unevenly so, while countries in the Global South continue to experience precarious conditions of work.
This title examines theories of precarious work; cross-national variations in its features; racial and gender differences in exposure to precarious work; and the policy alternatives that might protect workers from undue risk. The chapters utilize a variety of methods, both quantitative statistical analyses and careful qualitative case studies. This volume will be a valuable resource that constitutes required reading for scholars, activists, labor leaders, and policy makers concerned with the future of work under contemporary capitalism." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Rhein, Thomas & Ulrich Walwei (2018): Forms of employment in European comparison. In: IAB-Forum H. 09.05.2018, o. Sz.

Abstract

"Germany does not stand alone in having experienced changes in the landscape of work. However, these changes differ in comparison to other countries - both in relation to the relative importance of different forms of employment, and in terms of their development over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Taylor, Stephanie & Susan Luckman (Hrsg.) (2018): The new normal of working lives. Critical studies in contemporary work and employment. (Dynamics of virtual work), Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 356 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-66038-7

Abstract

"This critical, international and interdisciplinary edited collection investigates the new normal of work and employment, presenting research on the experience of the workers themselves. The collection explores the formation of contemporary worker subjects, and the privilege or disadvantage in play around gender, class, age and national location within the global workforce.
Organised around the three areas of: creative working, digital working lives, and transitions and transformations, its fifteen chapters examine in detail the emerging norms of work and work activities in a range of occupations and locations. It also investigates the coping strategies adopted by workers to manage novel difficulties and life circumstances, and their understandings of the possibilities, trajectories, mobilities, identities and potential rewards of their work situations." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Inhalt: Stephanie Taylor, Susan Luckman Collection Introduction: The 'New Normal' of Working Lives (1-15);
Part I Creative Working ;
Susan Luckman, Jane Andrew: Online Selling and the Growth of Home-Based Craft Micro-enterprise: The 'New Normal' of Women's Self-(under)Employment (19-39);
Ana Alacovska: Hope Labour Revisited: Post-socialist Creative Workers and Their Methods of Hope (41-63);
Karen Cross: From Visual Discipline to Love-Work: The Feminising of Photographic Expertise in the Age of Social Media (65-85);
Frédérick Harry Pitts: Creative Labour, Before and After 'Going Freelance': Contextual Factors and Coalition-Building Practices (87-107);
Frédérik Lesage: Searching, Sorting, and Managing Glut: Media Software Inscription Strategies for 'Being Creative' (109-126);
Part II Digital Working Lives ;
Katariina Mäkinen: Negotiating the Intimate and the Professional in Mom Blogging (129-146);
Daniel Ashton, Karen Patel: Vlogging Careers: Everyday Expertise, Collaboration and Authenticity (147-169);
Johanna Koroma, Matti Vartiainen: From Presence to Multipresence: Mobile Knowledge Workers' Densified Hours (171-200);
Iva Josefssonn: Affectual Demands and the Creative Worker: Experiencing Selves and Emotions in the Creative Organisation (201-217);
Silvia Ivaldi, Ivana Pais, Giuseppe Scaratti: Coworking(s) in the Plural: Coworking Spaces and New Ways of Managing (219-241);
Part III Transitions and Transformations ;
Kori Allan: 'Investment in Me': Uncertain Futures and Debt in the Intern Economy (245-263);
Hanna-Mari Ikonen: Letting Them Get Close: Entrepreneurial Work and the New Normal (265-283);
Elin Vadelius: Self-Employment in Elderly Care: A Way to Self-Fulfilment or Self-Exploitation for Professionals? (285-308);
Ingrid Biese, Marta Choroszewicz: Creating Alternative Solutions for Work: Expertences of Women Managers and Lawyers in Poland and the USA (309-325);
Stephanie Taylor: Beyond Work? New Expectations and Aspirations (327-345).

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Balz, Anne (2017): Cross-national variations in the security gap: perceived job insecurity among temporary and permanent employees and employment protection legislation. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 33, H. 5, S. 675-692. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcx067

Abstract

"It is often shown that temporary employees generally perceive their job insecurity to be higher than permanent employees. However, substantial variations in this perceived job security gap exist between countries. This article engages with this knowledge and adds to it by focusing on these country variations and asking what role the strength of employment protection legislation (EPL) has both on the size of the job security gap and in explaining country differences. The developed hypotheses suggest that the two components of EPL-job security provisions, indicating the 'protection gap' between permanent and temporary employees as well as specific regulations on the use of temporary contract will increase the job security gap. These hypotheses are tested using data from the European Social Survey for 2004 and 2010 and data on employment regulations from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Compared to existing studies, this article offers a more detailed look at the operationalization of job security provisions and regulations on temporary employment proposing an alternative measurement which is more closely related to the theoretical arguments. By using this more elaborate operationalization, the multilevel model shows that the gap in perceived job security between temporary and permanent employees systematically increases with respect to the two components of EPL." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Been, Jim & Olaf van Vliet (2017): Early retirement across Europe. Does non-standard employment increase participation of older workers? In: Kyklos, Jg. 70, H. 2, S. 163-188. DOI:10.1111/kykl.12134

Abstract

"In many European countries, the labor market participation of older workers is considerably lower than the labor market participation of prime-age workers. This study examines the variation in labor market withdrawal of older workers across 13 European countries over the period 1995-2008. We seek to contribute to the international comparative macro literature by analyzing the effects of non-standard employment. Accounting for a number of labor market institutions, the empirical analysis leads to the conclusion that part- time employment - and in particular voluntary part-time employment - is negatively related to labor market withdrawal of older men. As such, the results indicate that part-time employment functions as 'bridge employment' between full-time employment and retirement. Additionally, we ?nd that part-time employment at older ages does not decrease the average actual hours worked. Taken together, our results show that in countries with a high prevalence of part-time employment among older workers, the labor supply of older workers is higher both at the extensive and the intensive margin." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Pilc, Michal (2017): The temporary employed in Poland. Beneficiaries or victims of the liberal labour market? In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 38, H. 3, S. 400-424. DOI:10.1177/0143831X15574113

Abstract

"Poland has had the highest incidence of temporary employment among the EU countries since 2009. However, due to a lack of proper data, only a few empirical studies have been devoted to analyse the consequences of temporary employment for future career and economic prospects on the Polish labour market. In this study the data from the Social Diagnosis panel study for the years 2009 - 2013 are used in order to analyse these consequences. The results reveal that although the chances for the temporary employed of finding a permanent job increase and the risk of being unemployed decreases over time, the negative consequences of temporary employment for income and its perceived stability do not seem to diminish." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sharma, Siddharth & Hernan Winkler (2017): The labor market effects of financial crises. The role of temporary contracts in Central and Western Europe. (Policy research working paper 8085), Washington, DC, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines how the 2008 - 09 financial crisis affected labor markets in Central and Western Europe, and how this impact depended on employment protections laws. Using a differences-in-differences approach that compares industries with varying degrees of inherent dependence on external financing, the analysis finds that the crisis had significant negative impacts on employment, particularly on temporary, less skilled, and younger workers. These impacts on the level and composition of employment were significantly stronger in countries with stronger legal protection of permanent workers from dismissal. This finding suggests that, given regulatory inflexibility in adjusting the permanent workforce, firms responded to tightening financial constraints by disproportionately laying off temporary workers (who tend to be younger and less skilled than permanent workers)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Storrie, Donald (2017): Aspects of non-standard employment in Europe. Dublin, 36 S.

Abstract

"This report examines developments in non-standard employment over the last decade. It looks at trends in the main categories of non-standard employment - temporary, temporary agency and part-time work and self-employment - based mainly on data from the European Union Labour Force Survey. It discusses some aspects of the labour market situation of workers in these categories including wages and the extent to which they would prefer a standard employment status. The report includes a specific focus on work mediated by digital platforms, which is the most innovative of the new forms of employment that have emerged in the past decade. Digital platform work is thought to have considerable potential for growth but also to present challenges related to working conditions and social protection. Social protection issues surrounding other new forms of employment, as identified in earlier Eurofound research, are also highlighted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bazillier, Rémi, Cristina Boboc & Oana Calavrezo (2016): Measuring employment vulnerability in Europe. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 155, H. 2, S. 265-280. DOI:10.1111/j.1564-913X.2014.00019.x

Abstract

"Two of the most notable trends in labour markets in Europe are the rise in the number of atypical job contracts (e.g. fixed-term contracts and temporary work) and the increase in job turnover. The concept of 'employment vulnerability' can be used to describe these trends, which weaken the employer - employee relationship. In this article, the authors measure this employment vulnerability, for individual European countries, by creating two indices - an 'employer-related vulnerability index' and a 'job-related vulnerability index' - which are then aggregated to form an overall employment vulnerability index." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Benassi, Chiara & Tim Vlandas (2016): Union inclusiveness and temporary agency workers. The role of power resources and union ideology. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 22, H. 1, S. 5-22. DOI:10.1177/0959680115589485

Abstract

"This article investigates the determinants of union inclusiveness towards agency workers in Western Europe, using an index which combines unionization rates with dimensions of collective agreements covering agency workers. Using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis, we identify two combinations of conditions leading to inclusiveness: the 'Northern path' includes high union density, high bargaining coverage and high union authority, and is consistent with the power resources approach. The 'Southern path' combines high union authority, high bargaining coverage, statutory regulations of agency work and working-class orientation, showing that ideology rather than institutional incentives shapes union strategies towards the marginal workforce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Böhnke, Petra, Ann-Christin Renneberg & Isabel Valdés Cifuentes (2016): Atypische Beschäftigung und Gesundheit in Europa. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 69, H. 2, S. 113-120. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2016-2-113

Abstract

"Die Flexibilisierung der Erwerbsarbeit führt in den meisten Ländern Europas zu einer Zunahme atypischer Beschäftigung. Damit können Anerkennungsverluste, geringe Entlohnung und eine schlechte Einbindung in soziale Sicherungssysteme einhergehen, die gesundheitliche Belastungen hervorrufen. Der Artikel basiert auf der Annahme, dass der Zusammenhang zwischen atypischen Beschäftigungsformen und Gesundheit länderspezifisch variiert und durch institutionelle Merkmale wie dem Verhältnis von sozialer Sicherheit und Flexibilität des Arbeitsmarktes beeinflusst wird. Die empirischen Analysen werden mit Daten des European Working Conditions Survey 2010 und Makroindikatoren von Eurostat durchgeführt. In den meisten Ländern geht insbesondere Leiharbeit mit einer schlechten Gesundheit einher. Insgesamt zeigen sich nur schwache institutionelle Ländereffekte, die den Zusammenhang zwischen Beschäftigung und Gesundheit moderieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Gutiérrez-Barbarrusa, Tomás (2016): The growth of precarious employment in Europe. Concepts, indicators and the effects of the global economic crisis. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 155, H. 4, S. 477-508. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12049

Abstract

"Since the 1970s, the reorganization of production and neoliberal 'flexibilization' have made employment increasingly precarious in the developed economies. Examining the concept of precarious employment, the author focuses on two of its dimensions - insecurity and poverty - which he uses to construct a 'precariousness index'. Based on Eurostat data for 1995 - 2015, he then tracks the growth of precarious employment across the EU-15 and assesses the impact of the 2008 global economic crisis in this respect. While precarious employment generally increased after the crisis, this trend was driven more by poverty in the most deregulated labour markets and more by insecurity in the southern European countries." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Horemans, Jeroen (2016): Polarisation of non-standard employment in Europe. Exploring a missing piece of the inequality puzzle. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 125, H. 1, S. 171-189. DOI:10.1007/s11205-014-0834-0

Abstract

"The rise in non-standard employment inspired many scholars to study the social consequences of these new employment forms. Most research focusses on individuals working non-standard. With the increase in dual earnership, however, we need a household perspective. This study therefore develops the notion of household non-standard employment and applies a polarisation index to examine the distribution of non-standard work over dual earner couples. This polarisation index compares the actual rate of household non-standard employment with a counterfactual rate when non-standard employment would be randomly distributed over households. Drawing on EU-SILC 2011, we define non-standard workers as individuals who worked during the previous year, but not full-year full-time. The results indicate that the levels of polarisation vary considerably across countries. Because especially women do not work full-time, polarisation is highly negative since it is less likely to find clustering of non-standard work within households. This pattern is dominant in Continental European countries, but also observable in Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon countries. On the other hand, in Eastern and Southern European countries, non-standard employment is concentrated in some households, mainly because of the inability of its members to work full-year. Common characteristics of household members known to be associated with non-standard employment, like age and education, explain little of the levels of non-standard employment polarisation." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Horemans, Jeroen, Ive Marx & Brian Nolan (2016): Hanging in, but only just. Part-time employment and in-work poverty throughout the crisis. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 5, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/s40174-016-0053-6

Abstract

"The crisis has deepened pre-existing concerns regarding low-wage and non-standard employment. Countries where unemployment increased most strongly during the crisis period also saw part-time employment increasing, particularly involuntary part-time work. With involuntary part-time workers, as a particular group of underemployed, facing especially high poverty rates, this was accompanied by an increase, on average, in the poverty risk associated with working part-time. However, this was not reflected in a marked increase in the overall in-work poverty rate because full-time work remains dominant and its poverty risk did not change markedly. The household context is of the essence when considering policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kiersztyn, Anna (2016): Fixed-term employment and occupational position in Poland. The heterogeneity of temporary jobs. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 6, S. 881-894. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcw044

Abstract

"Occupational heterogeneity in non-standard employment is an important and policy-relevant topic of investigation, and one which has not received sufficient attention. The main thesis of this article is that the function of fixed-term contracts, which in turn affects the situation and career prospects of employees, is dependent on occupation. Using data from European Survey of Income and Living Conditions, 2005 - 2008, I investigate the heterogeneities among fixed-term employees in various occupational categories in Poland, by analysing differences in (i) the demographic and socio-economic composition of temporary workers, (ii) the size of the wage penalty for fixed-term employment, and (iii) the chances of transition from fixed-term into open-ended employment. The results suggest that in managerial and professional occupations temporary contracts are more likely to be used during trial periods for newly hired workers and may serve as stepping stones to stable jobs, as reflected by the higher rates of mobility into open-ended employment. Temporary jobs in low-status service and manual occupations appear to result mainly from employers' attempts to facilitate worker dismissal rather than their need to verify the skills of new employees, and are more likely to become a dead end for workers. However, although fixed-term workers in higher-status occupations seem to be better off than their counterparts in services, trade, and manual labour, the evidence does not support the claim that the former resemble the so-called 'boundaryless' employees, who suffer no negative consequences of their fixed-term status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kretsos, Lefteris & Ilias Livanos (2016): The extent and determinants of precarious employment in Europe. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 25-43. DOI:10.1108/IJM-12-2014-0243

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent and determinants of the so-called precarious employment across Europe and using different measures and based on individual's self-assessment.
Design/methodology/approach: Data on over two million workers across Europe (EU-15) from the European Union Labour Force Survey are utilised and a Heckman selection approach is adopted.
Findings: About one tenth of the total European workforce is in employment relationships that could be related to precariousness. The sources of precariousness are mainly involuntary part-time and temporary work. Less prominent as a source of precariousness is job insecurity related to fear of job loss. Vulnerable groups are found to have a higher risk of precariousness while significant country variations indicate that precariousness cannot be examined in isolation of the national context. Finally, signals of previous employment inability, such as lack of past working experience, as well as the state of labour market significantly increase the risk of precarious work.
Originality/value: The present study utilises a large-scale survey in order to investigate the incidence of precarious employment in a harmonised way and produce results that are comparable across EU-15 countries." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Mandl, Irene (2016): New forms of employment. Developing the potential of strategic employee sharing. (Eurofound research paper), Dublin, 31 S. DOI:10.2806/937385

Abstract

"Although standard employment is still dominant in European labour markets, an increasing range of new employment forms is emerging that differ in their implications for working conditions. This study explores strategic employee sharing, an employment form for companies that have specific HR needs that do not justify a permanent full-time position, but are often recurring, by hiring one or several workers who work on assignments, and whose skills and time are shared among a group of companies. These companies have joint responsibility and liability towards the shared workers who are ensured 'equal pay, equal treatment' with core staff. Yet in spite of the win - win potential of this employment form for both companies and workers, it is not widely known and only marginally used. This report explores the preconditions for a further spread of strategic employee sharing as well as its impact on employers and employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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McGrath, John (2016): Atypical employment and the role of European PES. An exploratory paper. Brüssel, 36 S. DOI:10.2767/245526

Abstract

"This paper focuses on how national PES can facilitate labour market transitions for those people in new atypical forms of work (such as jobs in the 'gig' economy). Based on the responses of national PES the paper looks at the availability of training, course curricula, client profiles, skill needs identification and the use of technology in both the promotion and delivery of training. PES responses indicate that the necessary adaptations to the traditional PES model have not yet been introduced by most PES. The paper concludes with good practices to facilitate adaptation to the new world of work. They include more flexible availability of training; more broad-based course curricula; a more heterogeneous client profile; the identification of skills needs and the use of technology to deliver flexible training remotely." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Olsthoorn, Martin (2016): Institution-driven inequalities in the risk of temporary employment. Job or skill based? the relative deregulation of temporary employment and its relation to inequalities in the risk of temporary employment. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 517-531. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv089

Abstract

"This article aims to explain the observation that patterns in inequalities in the risk of temporary employment differ between institutional environments. Following up on previous research, it is proposed that the transaction costs associated with different job contents influence employers' decisions with regard to which employees to hire on a temporary contract, which is again conditional on the institutional environments. Using multilevel logistic regression to estimate cross-level interactions between the protection of permanent employment (EPLp) and temporary employment (EPLt) and skill and job variables from the European Social Survey, it is shown that the relative deregulation of temporary employment increases the strength of skill specificity and educational attainment as drivers of inequalities in type of contract. Additionally, analyses of the predicted probabilities of temporary employment for employees with different levels of skill specificity in varying EPLp/EPLt regimes show these effects to be non-trivial. These results argue in favour of using theories from an economic sociology when studying employer behaviour, and urge policymakers to mind the balance in EPLp and EPLt when aiming to facilitate labour market adjustment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Porte, Caroline de la & Patrick Emmenegger (2016): The Court of Justice of the European Union and fixed-term workers. Still fixed, but at least equal. (European Trade Union Institute. Working paper 2016,01), Brüssel, 31 S.

Abstract

"This Working Paper focuses on the impact of the directive on fixed-term work and the EU's Court of Justice (CJEU) case law concerning fixed-term work from 2007 and 2013. By doing so, this working paper develops an analytical framework to analyse the Europeanisation of labour law with an eye on the literature on labour-market dualisation.
The findings of this publication show that the fixed-term work directive addresses and affirms the equal treatment of workers, while the position of the CJEU is rather restrictive (especially in cases of clear abuse of fixed-term contract and abusive recourse). The Court indirectly supports the politics of labour dualisation, whereby member states can continue to use fixed-term contracts to increase the labour supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Prosser, Thomas (2016): Dualization or liberalization? Investigating precarious work in eight European countries. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 30, H. 6, S. 949-965. DOI:10.1177/0950017015609036

Abstract

"A recent upsurge in the incidence of precarious work in Europe necessitates fresh examination of the origins of this trend. On the basis of field research in eight European countries and with reference to theories of liberalization and dualization, the factors that drive precarious work in discrete European labour markets are thus investigated. It is discovered that, while a structural-demographic factor such as non-compliance with labour law is a notable progenitor of precarious work, the deregulatory strategies of public authorities are particularly significant drivers. In conclusion it is asserted that although the theory of dualization helps explain developments in conservative-corporatist countries, in Anglophone and Mediterranean countries liberalization theory is generally more apposite. Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries emerge as a hybrid case." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Green, Anne & Ilias Livanos (2015): Involuntary non-standard employment in Europe. In: European Urban and Regional Studies, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 175-192. DOI:10.1177/0969776415622257

Abstract

"In some countries in Europe the economic crisis starting in 2008 was marked not only by a rise in unemployment, but also by increases in individuals in part-time and temporary working, so emphasising the need to examine employment composition as well as non-employment. The promotion of non-standard forms of employment - such as part-time and temporary working - has been part of Europe's employment agenda, but directives have also focused on raising the quality of such work. Using European Union Labour Force Survey data, an indicator of involuntary non-standard (part-time and temporary) employment (INE) is constructed, depicting a negative working condition. Descriptive analyses show important differences between countries in the incidence of INE, which is highest in Spain, Portugal and Poland, and also in the composition of INE. By contrast, INE tends to be lower in countries with Anglo-Saxon and Nordic welfare state models. Econometric analyses reveal that young workers, older workers, women, non-nationals, those with low education and those who were unemployed a year ago are at greatest risk of INE." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hipp, Lena, Janine Bernhardt & Jutta Allmendinger (2015): Institutions and the prevalence of nonstandard employment. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 351-377. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwv002

Abstract

"How can we explain differences in nonstandard employment across countries? This article provides an overview of the multifaceted relationships between national-level institutions and the three dominant forms of nonstandard employment, that is, temporary, part-time and solo self-employment. The article highlights the great heterogeneity that exists among the different forms of nonstandard work, both within and between countries. Neither welfare regime approaches nor dualization and precarization theories sufficiently capture the ongoing diversification of employment relationships across countries. However, the institution-specific analyses reviewed here are also not without challenges: high-quality macro- and microlevel data are scarce; institutions interact in complex ways with their environment and exert distinct effects on different groups of workers; moreover, the demographic composition of the workforce and the role of cultural characteristics make it difficult for researchers to correctly specify such macro-to-micro links in their empirical work. In addition to outlining several avenues for future research, the article informs ongoing debates on the relevance of nonstandard work for the study of social inequality and research in comparative political analysis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kureková, Lucia Mýtna & Zuzana Zilincíková (2015): Low-skilled jobs and student jobs. Employers' preferences in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. (IZA discussion paper 9145), Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"Massification of tertiary education, growing share of student workers on labour market and consequently increased competition for low-skilled jobs gave rise to the theory of crowding out of the less educated workers. This paper contributes to better understanding of temporary skills-qualifications mismatch typical for student workers by analysing the preferences of employers in low-skilled jobs and student jobs. We take labour market demand perspective and carry out exploratory analysis of job offers posted online in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The results show that the student labour market is quite diverse as student job offers can be found in low-skilled, but also medium-skilled positions. We also find that although student vacancies require, on average, fewer skills than non-student positions, there is strong correlation between formal sophistication of a job vacancy and the required minimum educational level, as well as required skills for both student and non-student positions. It appears that low-educated workers and student workers do not compete for the limited number of positions, but rather fill employers' demands for different types of hard (e.g. language skills) and soft (e.g. flexibility, adaptability) skills. These results support the complementarity view of the coexistence of student employment and low-skilled employment rather than the crowding out theory." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mandl, Irene (2015): Neue Beschäftigungsformen in Europa. In: Wiso. Wirtschafts- und sozialpolitische Zeitschrift des ISW, Jg. 38, H. 3, S. 123-136.

Abstract

"Auf den europäischen Arbeitsmärkten lässt sich eine steigende Heterogenität von Beschäftigungsformen beobachten. Diese unterscheiden sich von den traditionellen Modellen durch eine veränderte Beziehung zwischen Arbeitergeber und Arbeitnehmerinnen und/oder durch veränderte Arbeitsorganisation und -prozesse und haben unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitsbedingungen der Arbeitnehmerinnen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Raess, Damian & Brian Burgoon (2015): Flexiblework and immigration in Europe. In: BJIR, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 94-111. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12022

Abstract

"Immigration has risen substantially in many European economies, with farreaching if still uncertain implications for labour markets and industrial relations. This article investigates such implications, focusing on employment flexibility, involving both 'external flexibility' (fixed-term or temporary agency and/or involuntary part-time work) and 'internal flexibility' (overtime and/or balancing-time accounts). The article identifies reasons why immigration should generally increase the incidence of such flexibility, and why external flexibility should rise more than internal flexibility. The article supports these claims using a dataset of establishments in 16 European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Smirnykh, Larisa & Andreas Wörgötter (2015): Non-standard contracts, flexibility and employment adjustment. Empirical evidence from Russian establishment data. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1253), Paris, 34 S. DOI:10.1787/5jrw7j0mdlnt-en

Abstract

"This paper examines the use of two forms of non-standard work contracts in Russia with data from an enterprise survey for the years 2009 to 2011. Non-standard work contracts are less costly and more flexible for employers. Internal adjustment in form of wage cuts or unpaid leave is not covered by the Labour Code and earlier practices to impose such measures are less tolerated. Therefore more firms use non-standard work contracts for external flexibility. Statistical analysis shows that companies using non-standard work contracts have similar unobserved characteristics and consider fixed-term contracts and agency work as complements. The main concern for policy is the growing danger of duality following the asymmetric distribution of adjustment costs for workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Valdés Cifuentes, Isabel & Petra Böhnke (2015): Unsichere Beschäftigung und sozialer Zusammenhalt in Europa. In: S. Lessenich (Hrsg.) (2015): Routinen der Krise - Krise der Routinen : Verhandlungen des 37. Kongresses der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie in Trier 2014 (Verhandlungen der Kongresse der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie, Bd. 37), S. 683-693.

Abstract

"Zunehmende Deregulierung und Flexibilisierung auf Europas Arbeitsmärkten führen zu einem Anstieg atypischer Beschäftigungsverhältnisse wie Teilzeit, Befristung, Leiharbeit und geringfügige Beschäftigung. Diese Art der Arbeitsmarktanbindung geht häufig mit einem Planungs-, Anerkennungs- und Sicherheitsverlust einher, der sich auf andere Lebensbereiche wie soziale Beziehungen und die Qualität des sozialen Lebens auswirken kann. Der Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern prekäre Beschäftigung mit der subjektiven Wahrnehmung sozialer Integration in Europa in Verbindung steht und fragt dabei insbesondere nach der Rolle institutioneller Kontexte wie wohlfahrtsstaatliche Maßnahmen und die Ausgestaltung der Arbeitsmarktpolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Koch, Max & Martin Fritz (Hrsg.) (2013): Non-standard employment in Europe. Paradigms, prevalence and policy responses. (Work and welfare in Europe), Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 246 S.

Abstract

"'Non-standard' employment is becoming more common. Fewer people are working full-time and/or have permanent employment contracts; more are working part-time, have fixed-term contracts or are self-employed. Many scholars have pointed to the negative consequences of this development, including 'precarious' forms of employment and in-work poverty. This volume provides a thorough theoretical and empirical analysis of these processes by understanding the 'destandardization' of employment in Europe and the associated modifications in socio-economic regulation both at national and EU level. The book provides country studies of the UK, Spain, Germany, Poland, Croatia, and the Nordic countries and offers comparative European analyses of part-time and fixed-term employment in relation to in-work poverty, exclusion and anomie. Emphasis is on 'best practice' in the governance of non-standard employment. Is there evidence for a new and socially inclusive European employment standard?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lehmann, Hartmut & Anzelika Zaiceva (2013): Informal employment in Russia. Definitions, incidence, determinants and labour market segmentation. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1098), Paris, 46 S. DOI:10.1787/5k3v1tqzmzg7-en

Abstract

"This paper takes stock of informal employment in Russia analysing its incidence and determinants. Using the regular 2003-11 waves and an informality supplement of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) it develops several measures of informal employment and demonstrates that the incidence varies widely across the different definitions. We also show that the determinants of informal employment are roughly stable across the different measures: workers who are males, relatively young, unskilled and employed in construction and trade and related services have a higher likelihood to have an informal job. We also take a look at the issue of labour market segmentation along the informal-formal divide by estimating an informal-formal wage gap at the means and across the entire wage distributions. We find only weak evidence for labour market segmentation in Russia when estimating an informal-formal wage gap for salaried workers at the mean. The results of quantile regressions show a wage penalty in the lower half of the distribution and no gap in the upper half for informal employees. In contrast, informal self-employed and entrepreneurs have conditional mean wages that are higher than the mean wages for the formally employed. Across the entire wage distribution, however, we find a negative wage gap in the lowest quartile and a strongly positive wage gap in the highest quartile, pointing to a segmented informal sector with a lower free entry tier and an upper rationed tier. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the Russian Federation (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/russia)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Matsaganis, Manos, Nirina Rabemiafara & Terry Ward (2013): Young people and temporary employment in Europe. Dublin, 43 S.

Abstract

"Young people in Europe have been particularly affected by the recession: by mid-2013, the unemployment rate among people aged 24 and under was over 23%. A large proportion of workers in this age group are employed on temporary rather than permanent contracts (42% compared to just 10% of workers aged 25 - 64). While temporary or fixed-term contracts can be a stepping stone in the transition from education into work, they can also trap young people in insecure jobs. This report from the European Restructuring Monitor is based on data from correspondents in 28 EU Member States and Norway. It examines the reasons for the growth in temporary employment contracts across the EU and explores the situation regarding access to social protection for young people on such contracts. It reviews the measures put in place in various countries to regulate the use of these contracts - often with a view to encouraging the transition to standard contracts - and finally presents the opinions of the social partners on the issue." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Smirnykh, Larisa & Andreas Wörgötter (2013): Why do Russian firms use fixed-term and agency work contracts? (OECD Economics Department working papers 1014), Paris, 34 S. DOI:10.1787/5k4dlf1ctsbv-en

Abstract

"This study looks into the use of fixed term contracts and agency work in Russia during and shortly after the crisis 2009-10 with the help of an enterprise survey. The results of variance analysis show that the use of fixed-term or agency work contracts is not uniform across sectors, size and skill requirements. Probit analysis reveals that the use of fixed term contracts also increases the likelihood of using agency work, but not the other way around. The increase of temporary and agency work contracts increases the turnover on the labour market and contributes to an increase in dualisation, but may also help to prevent a larger increase in unemployment during crisis periods." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Voss, Eckhard & Katrin Vitols (2013): Leiharbeit in Europa. Zwischen Flexibilität und Sicherheit. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 66, H. 8, S. 580-587. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2013-8-580

Abstract

"Aufgrund gewerkschaftlicher Kampagnen, aber auch infolge des Handlungsdrucks durch die EU-Leiharbeitsrichtlinie und ihres Equal-Pay-Grundsatzes, sind Probleme wie die Einkommensungerechtigkeit und die fehlende Beschäftigungssicherheit in der Leiharbeit wieder in den Fokus beschäftigungs- und verteilungspolitischer Debatten gerückt. Der Beitrag untersucht, ausgehend von Erfahrungen in anderen europäischen Ländern, inwieweit es dort besser als in Deutschland gelungen ist, Leiharbeit weitergehender zu regulieren. Dabei wird deutlich, dass es in anderen EU-Ländern tarifpolitische Regelungen gibt, die erfolgreich darauf zielen, durch die Förderung der Weiterbildung Leiharbeitsbeschäftigte in den Arbeitsmarkt zu integrieren und auch Nachteile in der sozialen Sicherung zumindest abzumildern. Angesichts derartiger Erfahrungen kommen die Autoren zu dem Schluss, dass Deutschland auf ein verlorenes Jahrzehnt hinsichtlich der Einkommensungerechtigkeit in der Leiharbeit zurückblickt und dass die Sozialpartner ihre Gestaltungsfunktion noch zu wenig wahrgenommen haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Allmendinger, Jutta, Johannes Giesecke, Lena Hipp, Kathrin Leuze & Stefan Stuth (2012): Mehr Jobs oder nur mehr schlechte Jobs? Die Entwicklung atypischer Beschäftigung in Europa. (WZBrief Arbeit 13), Berlin, 7 S.

Abstract

"- Die Zunahme atypischer Beschäftigung in Europa geht nicht überall auf Kosten von Vollzeitjobs.
- Atypische Beschäftigung variiert stark zwischen den Ländern und Bevölkerungsgruppen.
- In Deutschland arbeiten vor allem junge und geringqualifizierte Menschen in atypischen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Beham, Barbara, Patrick Präg & Sonja Drobnic (2012): Who's got the balance? A study of satisfaction with the work-family balance among part-time service sector employees in five western European countries. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 23, H. 18, S. 3725-3741. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2012.654808

Abstract

"Working part-time is frequently considered a viable strategy for employees to better combine work and non-work responsibilities. The present study examines differences in satisfaction with work-family balance (SWFB) among professional and non-professional part-time service sector employees in five western European countries. Part-time employees were found to be more SWFB than full-time employees even after taking varying demands and resources into account. However, there are important differences among the part-timers. Employees in marginal part-time employment with considerably reduced working hours were the most satisfied. Professionals were found to profit less from reduced working hours and experienced lower levels of SWFB than non-professionals. No significant differences in SWFB were found between male and female part-time workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Comi, Simona & Mara Grasseni (2012): Are temporary workers discriminated against? Evidence from Europe. In: The Manchester School, Jg. 80, H. 1, S. 28-50. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9957.2011.02231.x

Abstract

"We analyse the wage gap between temporary and permanent jobs in nine European countries using a semiparametric approach and evaluate the wage gap across the entire wage distribution. We show that in some countries the fixed-term wage gap decreases as higher quantiles are considered, and that having a fixed-term contract penalizes more workers located at the bottom of the earnings distribution. We find also that workers with the same characteristics as temporary workers would receive higher wages if they worked on permanent contracts in almost all the countries considered, and that this finding is stable across the entire wage distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dräger, Vanessa & Paul Marx (2012): Do firms demand temporary workers when they face workload fluctuation? Cross-country firm-level evidence on the conditioning effect of employment protection. (IZA discussion paper 6894), Bonn, 28 S.

Abstract

"Although the negative economic effects of temporary employment are widely discussed, cross-country research on firms' demand for temporary employment is rare. National studies indicate that workload fluctuations are one major motive for firms to employ temporary workers. By studying a novel data set of 18,500 firms from 20 countries, we show that workload fluctuations increase the probability of hiring temporary workers by eight percentage points in rigid labour markets, but no such effect is observed in flexible labour markets. This conditioning effect of employment protection is in line with a recently developed search-and-matching model. Our results are robust to subgroups, subsamples and alternative estimation strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hohnen, Pernille (2012): Capacities and vulnerabilities in precarious work. The perspective of employees in European low wage work. Synthesis report on employees' experiences and work trajectories for Workpackage 7 of the walqing project. Wien, 174 S.

Abstract

"The report discusses work and life quality in new and growing jobs from an individual perspective. The empirical data on which the analysis is based consists of 22 country reports investigating elderly care, cleaning, catering, waste collection and construction in 11 different countries (4-5 countries per sector, see the matrix table below). Each country report is based on 20-25 individual semi-structured interviews with employees working in the selected sector and business functions.
The report consists of this introduction, five chapters, each focusing on one sector, and a conclusion. The chapters follow the same structure by starting with a brief introduction of the main characteristics of work in the sector. The remaining part of each chapter is organized into four sections. The first concentrates on workers' perceptions of the main quality of work and life issues. Then follows a section on agency, career trajectories and career options. The next section examines vulnerability in work and processes of vulnerabilization in the sector. Finally, the last section discusses workers' aspirations and capacities to aspire, followed by a summary and conclusion. The last concluding chapter discusses cross-sector findings in terms of the impact of new and growing jobs on individual lives, and highlights some trends in the present labour market and their possible implications for vulnerability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jahn, Elke, Regina T. Riphahn & Claus Schnabel (2012): Flexible forms of employment. Boon and bane. (LASER discussion papers 62), Erlangen, 11 S.

Abstract

"In recent decades, economic policy makers across Europe have sought to increase labour market flexibility by promoting the use of temporary employment. Four articles in a Feature forthcoming in the Economic Journal (which is based on a IAB/LASER workshop) provide new results on how fixed-term and agency work contracts affect firm productivity and how the segments of two-tier labour markets interact. This paper points to a possible trade-off between efficiency and equity when deregulating labour markets. Taken together, the evidence presented in this Feature suggests that flexible forms of employment can be both a boon and a bane for labour markets and for society as a whole." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kahn, Lawrence M. (2012): Temporary jobs and job search effort in Europe. In: Labour economics, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 113-128. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2011.09.001

Abstract

"Using longitudinal data on individuals from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) for eleven countries during 1995 - 2001, I investigate temporary job contract duration and job search effort. The countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. I construct a search model for workers in temporary jobs which predicts that shorter duration raises search intensity. Calibration of the model to the ECHP data implies that at least 75% of the increase in search intensity over the life of a 2+ year temporary contract occurs in the last six months of the contract. I then estimate regression models for search effort that control for human capital, pay, local unemployment, and individual and time fixed effects. I find that workers on temporary jobs indeed search harder than those on permanent jobs. Moreover, search intensity increases as temporary job duration falls, and roughly 84% of this increase occurs on average in the shortest duration jobs. These results are robust to disaggregation by gender and by country. These empirical results are noteworthy, since it is not necessary to assume myopia or hyperbolic discounting in order to explain them, although the data clearly also do not rule out such explanations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Karabchuk, Tatiana (2012): Temporary employment in Russia: why mostly men? In: European Journal of Comparative Economics, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 279-303.

Abstract

"The paper deals with temporary employment in the Russian labour market. The main focus is the gender difference regarding determinants of temporary employment. Unlike most European countries, where women are more likely to have temporary work, in Russia men predominantly have this status, comparable to the situation in many developing countries. This paper seeks to understand why this is the case. The household survey of NOBUS (held in 2003 by State Statistical Centre with World Bank participation) is used to answer this question: the results suggest that gender differences in temporary employment do exist, and that the main factors that explain these differences are education, and marital status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lancker, Wim Van (2012): The European world of temporary employment. In: European Societies, Jg. 14, H. 1, S. 83-111. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2011.638082

Abstract

"Departing from growing concerns about in-work poverty and the proliferation of flexible employment, we investigate the association between temporary employment and poverty in a European comparative perspective. In doing so, we focus specifically on possible gender dimensions, because some are concerned that the impact of flexible employment on income security will be different for men and women and that gender inequality will increase. By means of a logistic multilevel model, we analyse recent EU-SILC data for 24 European countries. The results show that the temporarily employed have a higher poverty risk vis-à-vis permanent workers, mainly caused by lower wages. However, the risk factors to become working poor are similar. The poorly educated, young workers and those living in a single earner household with dependent children have an increased probability to live in poverty, whether they are employed on temporary or permanent basis. Differences between European welfare regimes demonstrate that policy constellations influence the magnitude of these risk factors. Counter-intuitively, temporary working women have a lower poverty risk than their male counterparts. They are better protected because they are more often secondary earners in a dual earning household, while men are more often primary earners. This article advances knowledge on the linkages between temporary employment, economic insecurity and gender differences in European welfare states." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Liebensteiner, Mario (2012): Estimating the income gain of seasonal labour migration. (WIFO working papers 430), Wien, 38 S.

Abstract

"In recent years, a new trend of seasonal labour migration from Armenia to Russia has emerged. Based on a novel household survey, this paper analyses how successful seasonal migrants are in increasing their incomes. Applying matching operators allows addressing endogenous self-selection to migration. We identify negative selection based on education, employment and pre-migration income. This is reflected by a premium for low skills in Russia relative to Armenia, luring seasonal migrants into low-skill jobs, mainly in the construction sector. The income gain for a migrant is estimated at $ 480 relative to the approximately $ 50 that the same individual would have earned in Armenia. The results are robust to various matching techniques and specifications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Morris, Jeremy (2012): Unruly entrepreneurs: Russian worker responses to insecure formal employment. In: Global Labour Journal, Jg. 3, H. 2, S. 217-236.

Abstract

"The article adds to research on in-work poverty, 'precarious' work and informal economic activity. It provides ethnographic data on mobility between formal and informal work in Russia; industrial 'normative' employment is seen as precarious due to on-the-job insecurity (Standing 2011). Insecurity is understood through the prism of low-wages, lack of control over work processes, but above all the imperative on workers to become flexible, self-regulating subjects of the reformed neoliberal Russia. The discourse of self-governmentality is contrasted by informants to interpretations of more benign production regimes under socialism (Burawoy 1992). Exit strategies from, and discourses of resistance to, the new strictures of waged employment are then examined. These are sustained by access to an embedded blue-collar identity, and the social networks that support and reinforce such ties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schmeißer, Claudia, Stefan Stuth, Clara Behrend, Robert Budras, Lena Hipp, Kathrin Leuze & Johannes Giesecke (2012): Atypische Beschäftigung in Europa 1996-2009. (WZB discussion paper P / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsgruppe der Präsidentin 2012-001), Berlin, 174 S.

Abstract

"Um die Wirkung atypischer Beschäftigungsverhältnisse auf Struktur und Ausmaß sozialer Ungleichheit abschätzen zu können, zeichnet das Discussion Paper für 20 europäische Länder nach, wie sich atypische Beschäftigung im Vergleich zu regulären Beschäftigungsverhältnissen sowie Arbeitslosigkeit und Inaktivität entwickelt hat. Der Beobachtungszeitraum erstreckt sich von 1996 bis einschließlich 2009. Mit befristeten Beschäftigungsverhältnissen, Soloselbstständigkeit sowie substanzieller und marginaler Teilzeitarbeit werden vier Arten atypischer Beschäftigung unterschieden. Weil Arbeitsmarktrisiken ungleich zwischen verschiedenen Gruppen verteilt sind, betrachten wir die Beschäftigungsentwicklung getrennt nach Geschlecht, Alter und Bildung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schmid, Günther (2012): Von der Arbeitslosen- zur Arbeitsversicherung. In: Leviathan, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 248-270. DOI:10.5771/0340-0425-2012-2-248

Abstract

"Die Differenzierung in der Arbeitswelt hat zu einer Zunahme hoch riskanter atypischer Beschäftigung geführt, darunter Arbeit in Teilzeit, Befristung und Soloselbstständigkeit. Die damit verbundenen Risiken sind jedoch weitgehend ungesichert, und die Kosten werden häufig auf die betroffenen Beschäftigten abgewälzt, ohne diese an den etwaigen Erträgen zu beteiligen. Dieser Beitrag bietet konzentriertes Anschauungsmaterial über die Ausbreitung atypischer Beschäftigung in Deutschland und Europa. Er analysiert Gründe und Folgen dieser Beschäftigungsformen und schlägt die Weiterentwicklung der Idee einer Arbeitsversicherung vor. Die entsprechende Neuordnung des Arbeitsmarkts zielt auf faire und effiziente Risikoteilung zwischen Arbeit und Kapital sowie auf mehr Selbstbestimmung der Arbeit im Lebensverlauf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Baranowska, Anna, Michael Gebel & Irena E. Kotowska (2011): The role of fixed-term contracts at labour market entry in Poland. Stepping stones, screening devices, traps or search subsidies? In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 25, H. 4, S. 777-793. DOI:10.1177/0950017011419705

Abstract

"Poland has become an interesting outlier in Europe in terms of employment flexibility, with an extremely high incidence of fixed-term contracts, particularly at labour market entry. In this article, detailed retrospective data from the Polish School Leavers Survey are used to analyse the dynamics of entry and exit from fixed-term contracts. The results show that neither firm-based vocational training nor diplomas from more selective tertiary education institutions provide graduates better access to secure entry positions. Regarding exit dynamics, transition patterns from fixed-term contracts into unemployment suggest that the timing of exits often coincides with the date of becoming eligible to collect unemployment benefits. The results also imply that, in Poland, fixed-term contracts might serve employers by helping them to identify the best workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brenke, Karl (2011): Anhaltender Strukturwandel zur Teilzeitbeschäftigung. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 78, H. 42, S. 3-12.

Abstract

"Die Bedeutung der Teilzeitbeschäftigung ist stark gewachsen - in Deutschland wie generell in Europa. In Deutschland hat sie in überdurchschnittlichem Maße zugelegt und ist derzeit stärker verbreitet als im EU-Durchschnitt. Offenbar handelt es sich um einen grundlegenden Strukturwandel, denn die Teilzeitarbeit hat unbeeinflusst von konjunkturellen Entwicklungen zugenommen. Wenngleich nach wie vor insbesondere einfache Tätigkeiten in Teilzeit ausgeübt werden, haben immer mehr Erwerbstätige mit einer mittleren oder hohen Qualifikation verkürzte Arbeitszeiten. Teilzeitarbeit hat sich auf immer mehr Berufsfelder und Tätigkeiten ausgebreitet. Für einen Strukturwandel spricht auch, dass sie besonders kräftig unter den Männern zugelegt hat. Dennoch sind verkürzte Arbeitszeiten nach wie vor eindeutig die Domäne von Frauen - und zwar europaweit. Obwohl sich die Teilzeitquoten von Männern und Frauen in Deutschland einander angenähert haben, ist der Unterschied immer noch deutlich größer als in den meisten anderen europäischen Staaten. Große Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern zeigen sich in Deutschland wie generell in der EU hinsichtlich der Gründe für eine Teilzeitbeschäftigung: Bei Frauen sind es vor allem familiäre Motive, bei Männern dagegen eher die berufliche Qualifizierung und insbesondere der Mangel an Vollzeitstellen. Bei nicht wenigen Frauen ist ebenfalls ein unzureichendes Arbeitsplatzangebot ein Grund, sich mit einer Teilzeitstelle zu bescheiden. Trotz der in den letzten Jahren verbesserten Arbeitsmarktlage in Deutschland hat sich die Zahl derjenigen Erwerbstätigen, für die ein Teilzeitjob nur eine Notlösung darstellt, bei reichlich zwei Millionen eingependelt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hazans, Mihails (2011): Informal workers across Europe. Evidence from 30 countries. (IZA discussion paper 5871), Bonn, 44 S.

Abstract

"The European Social Survey data are used to analyze informal employment at the main job in 30 countries. Overall, informality decreases from South to West to East to North. However, dependent work without contract is more prevalent in Eastern Europe than in the West, except for Ireland, the UK and Austria. Between 2004 and 2009, no cases found when unemployment and dependent informality rates in a country went up together, suggesting that work without contract is pro-cyclical in Europe. Dependent informality rate is inversely related to skills (measured by either schooling or occupation). The low-educated, the young (especially students), the elderly, and persons with disabilities are more likely to work informally, other things equal. In Southern and Western Europe, immigrants from CEE and FSU feature the highest dependent informality rate, whilst in Eastern Europe this group is second after minorities without immigrant background. In Eastern, Southern and part of Western Europe, immigrants not covered by EU free mobility provisions are more likely to work without contracts than otherwise similar natives. We provide evidence that exclusion and discrimination play important role in pushing employees into informality, whilst this seems not to be the case for informal self-employed. Both on average and after controlling for a rich set of individual characteristics, informal employees in all parts of Europe are having the largest financial difficulties among all categories of employed population (yet they fare much better than the unemployed and discouraged), whilst informal self-employed are at least as well off as formal employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schmid, Günther (2011): Non-standard employment in Europe. Its development and consequences for the European Employment Strategy. In: German Policy Studies, Jg. 7, H. 1, S. 171-210.

Abstract

"The last decades have seen an erosion of the traditionally defined 'standard employment relationship' through part-time work, fixed-term contracts, temp-agency work and self-employment. Whereas many welcome this development as a blessing for flexible labour markets, others are highly critical hinting to disastrous intended or unintended side-effects such as low or volatile income, dead-end jobs instead of stepping stones, high job insecurity, and poverty in old-age. The European Commission tried to bridge these two opposing views by conceptualising 'flexicurity' as the objective of the European Employment Strategy, aimed at 'balancing' flexibility and security. Although this oxymoron became common parlance in the meantime, the concept is still quit ambiguous, leading often to cheap talk or being captured by various political interests. Furthermore, one of its main goals, the growth of employment by further increasing labour force participation under the condition of reducing unemployment and labour market segmentation has not been achieved and is now even far out of sight due to the recent economic crisis. The aim of this essay, therefore, is to test the actual and potential role of non-standard employment in view of the 'flexicurity' concept through systematic descriptive work and conceptual reflections: first by comparing the development of non-standard employment in 24 EU member states from 1998 to 2008; second by relating this development to the dynamics of labour force participation; third by exploring the main (structural, institutional and behavioural) determinants of this development; and fourth by discussing - in the light of the Post-Lisbon process - the policy consequences aimed at ensuring a complementary relationship between flexibility and security rather than trading-off one against the other." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Eichhorst, Werner, Paul Marx & Eric Thode (2010): Atypische Beschäftigung und Niedriglohnarbeit. Benchmarking Deutschland: Befristete und geringfügige Tätigkeiten, Zeitarbeit und Niedriglohnbeschäftigung. Gütersloh, 53 S.

Abstract

"Die Diskussion über die Schaffung neuer, zusätzlicher Arbeitsplätze durch institutionelle Reformen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt dreht sich im Kern in zahlreichen europäischen Staaten um die Rolle 'atypischer' Beschäftigungsverhältnisse. Diese orientieren sich nicht an unbefristeter Vollzeitarbeit (dem sogenannten Normalarbeitsverhältnis), die in der Regel tarifvertraglich geregelt ist und den vollen Schutz der sozialen Sicherungssysteme in Deutschland gewährt. Auf der einen Seite bieten atypische Arbeitsverhältnisse tatsächlich zusätzliche Erwerbschancen insbesondere im Dienstleistungssektor, auf der anderen Seite zeichnen sie sich oft durch Abweichungen vom jeweiligen tarif-, unternehmens- oder betriebsüblichen Standard hinsichtlich Arbeitszeiten, Entlohnung oder Bestandssicherheit aus. Die Notwendigkeit der Re-Regulierung atypischer Beschäftigungsformen steht deshalb auf dem Prüfstand und wird je nach Perspektive - beschäftigungspolitische vs. sozialpolitische Orientierung - unterschiedlich bewertet. Auf der Grundlage der empirischen Beobachtungen ist ein differenziertes Urteil über die Bedeutung atypischer Beschäftigung und von deren Chancen und Risiken möglich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Glorius, Birgit (2010): Die neuen Sachsengänger: Pendelmigration polnischer Erntehelfer nach Deutschland. In: Migration und Soziale Arbeit, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 110-117. DOI:10.3262/MIG1002110

Abstract

Die Verfasserin stellt zunächst die Entwicklung des polnisch-deutschen Arbeitsmigrationssystems dar. Sie beschreibt den rechtlichen Rahmen zur Rekrutierung und zum Aufenthalt ausländischer Saisonarbeitnehmer und unterstreicht die Bedeutung ausländischer Saisonarbeitnehmer für die deutsche Landwirtschaft. Eine Fallstudie polnischer Erntehelfer im sächsischen Obstland zeigt exemplarisch die Funktionsweise des saisonalen Arbeitsmigrationssystems. Durch die Rekrutierung der transformationsbedingt freigesetzten Arbeitskräfte werden die Sozialkassen der Entsendeländer entlastet und die individuellen Lebensbedingungen verbessert. Soziale und institutionelle Netzwerke haben eine große Bedeutung für den Rekrutierungsprozess der Saisonarbeitnehmer. Die meisten Befragten nehmen eine Saisonarbeit aus ökonomischen Gründen auf. (IAB)

Zitatform

Kahn, Lawrence M. (2010): Employment protection reforms, employment and the incidence of temporary jobs in Europe: 1995-2001. In: Labour economics, Jg. 17, H. 1, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2009.05.001

Abstract

"Using European Community Household Panel data for nine countries for 1996-2001, I investigate the impact of reforms of employment protection systems on employment and on temporary jobs for wage and salary workers. Individual fixed effects models are estimated, with the inclusion of country-specific trends in the dependent variable, addressing the possibly changing labor force composition and the possible endogeneity of the reforms. A basic finding that is robust to all specifications and to the disaggregation of the sample by country is that policies making it easier to create temporary jobs raise the likelihood that wage and salary workers will be in temporary jobs. However, there is no evidence that such reforms raise employment, and in some countries, they appear to lower employment. Thus, these reforms appear rather to encourage a substitution of temporary for permanent work. Reforms of permanent employment protection mandates have small and insignificant effects on employment and temporary jobs on average. Moreover, when I disaggregate by country, such reforms appear more often to lower overall employment and to lower the share of employment in permanent jobs. These are likely to reflect short run impacts of such reforms, which make it easier for firms to discharge substandard workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kerkhofs, Marcel, Amelia Román & Peter Ester (2010): Flexibility profiles of European companies. European Company Survey 2009. Dublin, 45 S.

Abstract

"This report analyses European corporate practices in terms of working time flexibility as revealed by the European Company Survey 2009 (ECS 2009). Flexibility in working time is a central aspect of ongoing debates regarding boosting employment in the EU. Enabling employees to better balance their working time and domestic responsibilities is seen as a key way of encouraging more citizens to enter and remain in the workforce. At the same time, greater working time flexibility on the part of companies - and hence, employees - can enable European enterprises to be more responsive to market demands, so boosting the Union's competitiveness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Metz-Göckel, Sigrid, Senganata Münst & Dobrochna Kalwa (2010): Migration als Ressource: Zur Pendelmigration polnischer Frauen in Privathaushalte der Bundesrepublik. Opladen: Budrich, 366 S.

Abstract

"Die Arbeitsmigrantinnen pendeln in unterschiedlichen Rhythmen zwischen ihrem Heimatort in Polen und den Arbeitsplätzen in Deutschland. Hier arbeiten sie ungeschützt in prekären Beschäftigungsverhältnissen in Privathaushalten und organisieren weiterhin ihren Haushalt in Polen. In den meisten Fällen nutzen sie ein informelles Netzwerk für die Arbeits- und Wohnungsakquise, sehr viel seltener informelle Vermittlungsagenturen. Die Grundlage bilden Interviews mit 20 Pendlerinnen im Ruhrgebiet und 20 Pendlerinnen in Polen. Die interviewten Frauen sind vorwiegend in der Altenbetreuung und Reinigung beschäftigt. Im Alter, Bildungsstand, Berufserfahrungs- und Migrationserfahrung sind sie sehr heterogen. Die größte Gruppe bilden ältere Frauen mit Kindern. Welche Motive ihrem Pendeln zugrunde liegen, und welche Auswirkungen dies auf die Geschlechterbeziehungen in Deutschland sowie auf die Familien bzw. Haushalte in Polen hat, wird aus einer intersektionalen Perspektive analysiert." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Ortiz, Luis (2010): Not the right job, but a secure one: over-education and temporary employment in France, Italy and Spain. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 24, H. 1, S. 47-64. DOI:10.1177/0950017009353657

Abstract

"Recent educational expansion in many OECD countries has renewed interest in over-education. The educational system has often been highlighted as the main source of over-education, whereas the role of the labour market has been neglected. Using European Community Household Panel data on three countries with similar systems of education but different levels of temporary employment, the association between job security and over-education is explored here. The results show that in quite segmented labour markets, where a permanent contract is an especially valuable asset, human capital might be traded off for job security. Over-education thus becomes paradoxically likelier among permanent workers than among temporary ones." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schmid, Günther (2010): Non-standard employment and labour force participation. A comparative view of the recent development in Europe. (IZA discussion paper 5087), Bonn, 55 S.

Abstract

"This paper presents - in a new way of examination and portrayal - the extent and changes of nonstandard employment relationships (part-time work, fixed-term contracts, and selfemployment) in 24 EU member states at two points of time, in 1998 and 2008, on the basis of the European Labour Force Survey. Apart from a detailed statistical description by gender, skills and branches, theoretical considerations explaining the development are also examined and tested in a preliminary way. Finally, the most important results and their challenges to the future labour market policy are emphasised again and discussed. The central outcome is neither the complaint of the eroding 'standard employment relationship' nor of its potential 'precariousness'; it is rather the requirement of increasing variability in employment relations due to rising employment participation of women (work-life-balance), mature aged workers, and persons with restricted work capacities. However, parallel to this development social risks are also spreading over the life course, especially the risk of great income volatility through multiple or long periods of unemployment, changing working times, obsolete skills or restricted work capacities due to ill health. In order to reduce or to avoid new social inequalities, future labour market reforms have to acknowledge this development by establishing new forms of social security or by constituting a more flexible standard employment relationship through adaptations in labour and social law. The contribution ends by providing some suggestions to such reforms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

Der Bericht gibt einen Überblick über die wirtschaftliche Situation der Leiharbeitsbranche weltweit. Auf der Grundlage von Daten aus dem Jahr 2009 wird die Verbreitung und der Umsatz von Leiharbeitsunternehmen sowie die Anzahl und Struktur der Leiharbeitnehmer dargestellt. Dabei wird auf die Alterstruktur, die Bildungsstruktur und die sektorale Verteilung von Leiharbeitnehmern eingegangen sowie auf ihre Motive und ihre Zufriedenheit mit der Arbeit. Außerdem wird thematisiert, warum Unternehmen Leiharbeit einsetzen und welche wirtschaftliche Bedeutung von Leiharbeit zukommt. Weitweit gibt es 72.000 Leiharbeitsunternehmen mit 741.000 Beschäftigten, die insgesamt im Jahr 2009 einen Umsatz von rund 203 Milliarden Euro erwirtschafteten. Japan und die USA liegen dabei mit jeweils über 20 Prozent des Gesamtumsatzes an der Spitze; auf Europa entfallen rund 40 Prozent des Umsatzes. Infolge der weltweiten Wirtschaftskrise hat auch die Leiharbeitsbranche einen Einbruch erlitten, sie hat sich jedoch mit dem Aufschwung wieder deutlich erholt. Die Bedeutung von Leiharbeit wird darin gesehen, dass sie die Flexibilität und Durchlässigkeit von Arbeitsmärkten erhöht: Es werden neue Arbeitsplätze geschaffen, und Leiharbeit kann für Arbeitslose ein Sprungbrett in den Arbeitsmarkt darstellen. Somit wird Leiharbeit als ein Mittel zur Bekämpfung von Arbeitslosigkeit und Schwarzarbeit betrachtet. (IAB)

Zitatform

Barbieri, Paolo (2009): Flexible employment and inequality in Europe. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 25, H. 6, S. 621-628. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcp020

Abstract

Der Beitrag entwirft eine Typologie der Flexibilität bezogen auf den Arbeitsmarkt (numerische Flexibilität, funktionale Flexibilität, zeitliche Flexibilität und Einkommensflexibilität) und gibt einen Literaturüberblick über unterschiedliche Ungleichheitsszenarien in Europa als Auswirkung von Flexibilität. Danach werden in kontinentaleuropäischen Ländern wie Deutschland und Frankreich hohe Einkommensunterschiede wie in Großbritannien oder Irland gesellschaftlich nicht akzeptiert, wohl aber eine sehr viel größere Ungleichheit bei der Jobsicherheit. Mittelmeerländer wie Italien und Griechenland wiederum akzeptieren Einkommensunterschiede in einer Höhe wie in Deutschland oder Frankreich nicht, wohl aber noch größere Unterschiede bei der Jobsicherheit. Jobsicherheit bzw. Jobunsicherheit als Folge von Inklusion bzw. Exklusion auf dem Arbeitsmarkt wiederum korreliert eng mit dem Niveau der beruflichen Qualifikation. Während in den meisten europäischen Ländern die Arbeitsplätze für gut ausgebildete männliche Arbeitnehmer in der Mitte ihres Berufslebens sicher sind, droht Frauen und neu in den Arbeitsmarkt eintretenden Arbeitnehmern die Gefahr prekärer Beschäftigung mit dem Risiko gesellschaftlicher Exklusion. (IAB)

Zitatform

Boost, Claudia & Herbert S. Buscher (2009): Zeitarbeit in Deutschland und Europa. In: Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. 74-80.

Abstract

"Die Zeitarbeitsbranche ist eine der schnellstwachsenden Branchen in Deutschland. Diese Entwicklung beeinflusst den gesamten deutschen Arbeitsmarkt nachhaltig. Die besondere Ausgestaltung dieser Beschäftigungsform macht sie sowohl für Arbeitgeber als auch für Arbeitnehmer aus verschiedenen Gründen attraktiv. Trotz allem genießt die Branche nicht durchgängig einen guten Ruf. Die Beschäftigungsform zählt zu den prekären, unsicheren Arbeitsverhältnissen und gilt im Vergleich zu regulären Beschäftigungsverhältnissen vielfach als Brückenfunktion in eine reguläre Beschäftigung. Auf Basis der Arbeitnehmerüberlassungsstatistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit sowie des Soziooekonomischen Panels 2007 werden Stand und Ausprägung wichtiger Merkmale der Zeitarbeit dargestellt und regional sowie international verglichen. Noch machen die Beschäftigten der Zeitarbeit nur einen marginalen Anteil an allen Erwerbstätigen aus. Die zukünftige Entwicklung der Branche hängt von unterschiedlichen Faktoren ab und könnte in gegensätzliche Richtungen gehen. Der Flexibilisierungsgrad des klassischen Arbeitsmarkts sowie die Anpassung der Zeitarbeitsbranche an den Beschäftigungsmarkt beeinflussen die Zukunft der Zeitarbeit. Andere europäische Länder zeigen bereits heute einerseits Sättigungsgrenzen und andererseits mögliche Ausbreitungsspektren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Scherer, Stefanie (2009): The social consequences of insecure jobs. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 93, H. 3, S. 527-547. DOI:10.1007/s11205-008-9431-4

Abstract

"Forms of insecure employment have been increasing all over Europe in recent decades. These developments have been welcomed by those who argued that these types of flexible employment would not only foster employment but could also help women, in particular, to positively combine work and family life. This vision was questioned by others who argued that flexible employment could have negative consequences for both occupational prospects and private and family life since it is often associated with greater insecurity and poorer working conditions. Relatively little research has been dedicated to the 'social consequences' of insecure employment and its specific implications for work-life reconciliation issues. This paper contributes to this topic by linking research that addresses work-life conflict to the wider body of work dealing with job insecurity. It investigates the consequences of certain employment contracts on private and family life, taking into account information on current family life, future family plans and general well-being. It provides a series of test relating to the extent to which negative consequences in these areas might be attributable to the type of employment contract and how these vary between European countries. Analysis using ESS data from 2004 for western European countries confirms that insecure employment is accompanied by more problematic 'social and family' situations. These negative consequences are partly shaped by the specific context provided by the country in question." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Tangian, Andranik (2009): Decent work. Indexing European working conditions and imposing workplace tax. In: Transfer, Jg. 15. No. 3/4, S. 527-556.

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag wird auf der Grundlage der Daten der vierten Europäischen Erhebung über Arbeitsbedingungen (2005) eine Reihe von Indizes für Arbeitsbedingungen erstellt, die zu dreierlei Zwecken dienen: Erstens wird ein Benchmarking der Länder und sozialen Gruppen vorgenommen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Qualifizierungs- und beruflichen Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten gering und die Einkommen bescheiden sind. Für Arbeitnehmer in atypischen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen sind die Arbeitsbedingungen weniger gut als für diejenigen, die eine unbefristete Vollzeitbeschäftigung haben. Dies zeigt, dass Europa noch weit entfernt ist von der Schaffung 'besserer Arbeitsplätze', die von der Lissabon Agenda unterstützt wird. Zweitens wird das von der Europäischen Kommission vorgeschlagene Flexicurity-Konzept analysiert. Unsere Studie widerlegt die Behauptung, dass die europäischen Arbeitnehmer weniger interessiert seien, bei dem gleichen Arbeitgeber zu bleiben, aber mehr Flexibilität benötigen, die mit einer 'Mobilität nach oben' und lebenslangem Lernen kombiniert werden sollte. Darüber hinaus mangelt es in Europa an Ausbildungsmöglichkeiten, und die Arbeitnehmer sind unterschwellig eher widerwillig, zu lernen. Die Grundlage für die Förderung der Flexicurity, wie sie von der Kommission befürwortet wird, erscheint somit fraglich. Drittens wird eine 'Arbeitsplatzsteuer' für schlechte Arbeitsbedingungen vorgeschlagen. Ebenso wie 'grüne Steuern' würde die Arbeitsplatzsteuer die Arbeitgeber ermutigen, die Arbeitsbedingungen zu verbessern. Die Indexierung individueller Arbeitsbedingungen unter Bezugnahme auf eine Checkliste, wie in diesem Beitrag beschrieben, könnte als Prototyp für die Messung der 'sozialen Belastung' dienen, um den Betrag der Arbeitsplatzsteuer zu bestimmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Baranowska, Anna & Michael Gebel (2008): Temporary employment in Central- and Eastern Europe. Individual risk patterns and institutional context. (Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung. Arbeitspapiere 106), Mannheim, 30 S.

Abstract

"This article uses data from the European Union Labour Force Survey (EULFS) 2004 for a comparative analysis of individual and contextual determinants of temporary employment contracts in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Descriptive analyses reveal that temporary contracts are more often involuntary by nature and associated with relatively lower occupational status than permanent contracts in CEE countries compared to Western European average. Individual-level logistic regressions show that the general determinants of temporary employment are rather similar in both parts of Europe, but vary in their strength between countries. To evaluate the impact of macro-level influences on these cross-country differences in temporary employment risks, we focus on the risk of young people as one group of potential labour market outsiders. In general, young persons have a higher temporary employment risk, but their relative risk varies between countries. We use multi-level models implemented in a two-step estimation procedure and try to explain this cross-country variation with the intervening role of institutional influences under control of macro-structural conditions. Comparing CEE countries and Western European countries shows that neither employment protection of regular contracts nor its interaction with the level of employment protection of temporary contracts affects the young people's risk. Instead, we find a positive association between collective bargaining coverage as a measure of insider-outsider cleavages and the relative temporary employment risk of young persons." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bellmann, Lutz, Christian Hohendanner & Alexander Kühl (2008): Leiharbeit und Befristungen international: Vorfahrt für ungebremstes Wachstum? In: IAB-Forum H. 1, S. 32-37.

Abstract

Der Beitrag untersucht die Verbreitung der Erwerbsformen Leiharbeit und Befristungen in Europa im internationalen Vergleich und analysiert die Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Ausmaß von Leiharbeit und Befristungen und dem länderspezifischen Kündigungsschutz für Festangestellte. Das Fazit der Autoren lautet, dass Befristungen und Leiharbeit in Europa unterschiedlich verbreitet, definiert sowie durch Gesetze und Tarifverträge reguliert sind. Im internationalen Vergleich zeigen sich Hinweise für einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Kündigungsschutz für Festangestellte und der Verbreitung befristeter Arbeitsverträge: Je strikter die Regeln gestaltet sind, umso höher ist tendenziell der Anteil an befristeten Arbeitsverhältnissen. Zwischen Leiharbeit und dem gesetzlichen Kündigungsschutz besteht hingegen aus Sicht der Autoren keine klare Beziehung. Entscheidend sind vielmehr die traditionelle Etablierung des Leiharbeitssektor und die allgemeine Akzeptanz dieser Beschäftigungsform. Die im internationalen Vergleich 'relativ liberal' gestalteten Regeln für den Leiharbeitssektor in Deutschland legen nach Meinung der Autoren nahe, dass Leiharbeit auch in Zukunft eine wichtige Rolle in der betrieblichen Personalpolitik spielen wird. (IAB)

Zitatform

Coe, Neil M., Jennifer Johns & Kevin Ward (2008): Flexibility in action: The temporary staffing industry in the Czech Republic and Poland. In: Environment and Planning. A, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Jg. 40, H. 6, S. 1391-1415. DOI:10.1068/a39165

Abstract

"Since the 1990s the largest transnational temporary staffing agencies have progressively expanded the geographical extent of their operations. Moving beyond the established Dutch, French, UK, and US markets in which the majority are headquartered, and encouraged by supportive supranational and national reregulation, they have entered a number of countries in Southeast Asia, Southern Europe, and Latin America. Moreover, in the run-up to, and since, the accession of ten new member states to the EU on 1 May 2004, the leading transnational agencies have turned their attentions to establishing and expanding operations in Central and Eastern Europe. This paper offers an initial assessment of the state of temporary staffing and its regulation in two leading markets in the region, the Czech Republic and Poland. It explores how temporary staffing markets are being forged through the interactions between regulators, transnational agencies, local agencies, trade bodies, and inward investors. Both countries legalized temporary staffing in 2004, having begun the legalization process prior to accession. Rather than these developments heralding the start of a period of sustained growth, however, our research suggests that there are still significant constraints on expansion in markets where the pressure to neoliberalize labour markets intersects with postsocialist expectations, norms, and economic structures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Debels, Annelies (2008): Transitions out of temporary jobs: Consequences for employment and poverty across Europe. In: R. J. A. Muffels (Hrsg.) (2008): Flexibility and employment security in Europe : labour markets in transition, S. 51-77.

Abstract

Die Verfasserin setzt sich zunächst auf theoretischer Ebene mit zeitlich befristeten Arbeitsverhältnissen auseinander, macht das mit Zeitarbeit verbundene Armutsrisiko sichtbar und geht auf die unterschiedlichen Ausprägungen von Zeitarbeit in Europa ein. Im Folgenden werden Ergebnisse einer empirischen Analyse vorgelegt, die auf den Wellen 1995 bis 2001 des European Community Household Panel (ECHP) beruht und das mit Zeitarbeit verbundene Armutsrisiko unterstreicht. Insgesamt bestätigt die Untersuchung die Janusköpfigkeit der Zeitarbeit: für einige Beschäftigte führt sie in die Arbeitslosigkeit, für andere in unbefristete Beschäftigung: (IAB)

Zitatform

Eichhorst, Werner & Verena Tobsch (2008): Familienunterstützende Dienstleistungen. Internationale Benchmarking-Studie. (IZA research report 17), Bonn, 47 S.

Abstract

Das Gutachten untersucht die Entwicklung familienunterstützender Dienstleistungen in der Europäischen Union, vor allem in Schweden, Dänemark, Belgien und Frankreich, und zieht Schlussfolgerungen für die Gestaltung der Rahmenbedingungen in Deutschland. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Entwicklung eines Marktes für Dienstleistungen außerhalb bzw. in Ergänzung der öffentlich bereitgestellten Infrastruktur für Kinderbetreuung oder Kranken- und Altenpflege. Unter familienunterstützenden Dienstleistungen sind dabei all diejenigen Tätigkeiten zu verstehen, die von Nicht-Haushaltsmitgliedern gegen Entgelt in privaten Haushalten erbracht werden und die prinzipiell auch von den Nutzern selbst unentgeltlich erbracht werden könnten bzw. traditionell in Eigenarbeit erbracht werden. Die Studie zeigt, dass im Vergleich zu den anderen Ländern in Deutschland - neben der Schattenwirtschaft - das Modell der Minijobs in Privathaushalten vorherrscht, also die direkte Beschäftigung beim Nutzer. Im Ländervergleich besteht in Deutschland nach wie vor Nachholbedarf bei der Entwicklung des Marktes für familienunterstützende Dienstleistungen. Fortschritte lassen sich nach Meinung der Autoren nur über kostenseitige Entlastungen sowie ein einfach zu nutzendes Gutschein- oder Scheckmodell erzielen. Organisatorisch kann dies mit privaten Firmen oder Dienstleistungsagenturen verbunden werden. Familienunterstützende Dienstleistungen bieten sich hier auch als Baustein einer Aktivierungsstrategie für Transferbezieher an. (IAB)