Zitatform

Carlson, Matthew W. & Jason D. Hans (2020): Maximizing benefits and minimizing impacts: Dual-earner couples' perceived division of household labor decision-making process. In: Journal of family studies, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 208-225. DOI:10.1080/13229400.2017.1367712

Abstract

"Researchers have thoroughly documented the various factors that influence couples' division of household labor. Although numerous approaches have been taken to explain these factors that influence the division of household labor, perceptions of the decision-making process of dividing household labor within a marriage is seldom considered and is therefore the focus of this study. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 20 heterosexual, dual-earner couples. Data were analyzed with grounded theory methodology. Findings included that couples viewed themselves as first attempting to divide household labor in ways that they perceived as being the most beneficial for them as a couple. When issues arose with a particular task or arrangement, or with the division of labor more generally, they made adjustments intended to minimize the negative impact of those issues. Findings are contextualized within the major theories surrounding quantitative data on household labor (i.e. time availability, relative resources, and gender ideology perspectives). Implications for family researchers, educators, and practitioners are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Corekcioglu, Gozde, Marco Francesconi & Astrid Kunze (2020): Do Generous Parental Leave Policies Help Top Female Earners? In: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Jg. 36, H. 4, S. 2020. DOI:10.1093/oxrep/graa047

Abstract

"Generous government-mandated parental leave is generally viewed as an effective policy to support women's careers around childbirth. But does it help women to reach top positions in the upper pay echelon of their firms? Using longitudinal employer–employee matched data for the entire Norwegian population, we address this question exploiting a series of reforms that expanded paid leave from 30 weeks in 1989 to 52 weeks in 1993. The representation of women in top positions has only moderately increased over time, and career profiles of female top earners within firms are significantly different from those of their male counterparts. The reforms did not affect, and possibly decreased, the probability for women to be at the top over their life cycle. We discuss some implications of this result to put into perspective the design of new family-friendly policy interventions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Drasch, Katrin, Susanne Götz & Katharina Diener (2020): Die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen. In: A. Rauch (Hrsg.) & S. Tophoven (Hrsg.) (2020): Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt, Stuttgart, Kohlhammer S. 110-129.

Abstract

"Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, inwieweit die im Grundgesetz verankerte Gleichberechtigung der Geschlechter auf dem Arbeitsmarkt faktisch tatsächlich verwirklicht wurde. Die Zahlen zur Frauen- und Müttererwerbstätigkeit legen dar, dass mittlerweile mehr Frauen als noch vor zwei Jahrzehnten in den Arbeitsmarkt integriert sind. Im Vergleich zu den Männern ist ihre Teilhabe am Arbeitsleben aber immer noch geringer, da Frauen und insbesondere Mütter häufiger in Teilzeit beschäftigt sind und ihre Erwerbstätigkeit aufgrund von Familienphasen unterbrechen. Warum Frauen ihre Erwerbstätigkeit stärker an Familienaufgaben anpassen, dafür gibt es verschiedene Erklärungsansätze: Es zeigt sich u.a., dass die unterschiedliche Teilhabe am Arbeitsmarkt mit der ungleichen Arbeitsteilung im Privaten zusammenhängt, was wiederum mit den zugeschriebenen Geschlechtermodellen und mit der Ausgestaltung des Wohlfahrtsstaates verbunden ist. Bezogen auf familienbedingte Erwerbsunterbrechungen von Müttern konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese von Faktoren auf verschiedenen Ebenen gesteuert werden. Neben institutionell-rechtlichen und kulturellen Faktoren spielen individuell-soziodemografische und firmenspezifisch-berufliche Faktoren eine Rolle, wie lange eine Erwerbsunterbrechung ausfällt. Die Dauer ist von zentraler Relevanz, da sie wiederum auch längerfristige negative Auswirkungen für Frauen bzw. Mütter haben kann, z.B. in Form von schlechteren Karrierechancen und einer niedrigeren Rente im Alter." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Falkenberg, Helena, Petra Lindfors, Tarani Chandola & Jenny Head (2020): Do gender and socioeconomic status matter when combining work and family: Could control at work and at home help? Results from the Whitehall II study. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 29-54. DOI:10.1177/0143831X16682307

Abstract

"Work and family are sources of both satisfaction and conflicting demands. A challenge is to identify individuals at risk for conflict and factors that potentially reduce conflict. This study investigated how gender and socioeconomic status (SES) were associated with work - family interference (WFI) and family - work interference (FWI) and how control at work and at home related to WFI and FWI. Data from 1991 - 1993 and 1997 - 1999 of the Whitehall II study of British civil servants, including 3484 (827 women and 2657 men) employees in three SES-levels, were analysed. Women reported a higher risk for WFI and FWI. High SES employees reported higher WFI. Less control at home increased risks for WFI and FWI as did low control at work but only for WFI. This suggests that high SES women are especially at risk for conflict and that aspects from the spheres of both work and home should be considered in further research and practice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Flèche, Sarah, Anthony Lepinteur & Nattavudh Powdthavee (2020): Gender norms, fairness and relative working hours within households. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 65. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101866

Abstract

"Using data in the United States, UK and Germany, we show that women whose working hours exceed those of their male partners report lower life satisfaction on average. By contrast, men do not report lower life satisfaction from working more hours than their female partners. An analysis of possible mechanisms shows that in couples where the woman works more hours than the man, women do not spend significantly less time doing household chores. Women with egalitarian ideologies are likely to perceive this unequal division of labour as unfair, ultimately reducing their life satisfaction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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García-Faroldi, Livia (2020): Mothers’ Autonomy or Social Constraints? Coherence and Inconsistency Between Attitudes and Employment Trajectories in Different Welfare Regimes. In: Social Politics, Jg. 27, H. 1, S. 97-127. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxy030

Abstract

"This paper examines the coherence between mothers’ work–family attitudes and behaviors using data from the Czech Republic, Germany, Great Britain, Norway, and Spain from ISSP (1994, 2002, and 2012). Findings show that mothers’ attitudes are more constrained than Hakim’s preference theory suggests: (i) Between one- and two-thirds of mothers experience inconsistency between preferences and employment. (ii) Norwegian and Czech mothers’ agency has increased in this period, while in Germany and Spain results are mixed. (iii) The options of British mothers with preschool children have worsened. (iv) Norway currently has the greatest coherence between preferences and employment trajectories." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gerst, Benedikt & Christian Grund (2020): Gender-Specific Duration of Parental Leave and Current Earnings. (IZA discussion paper 13216), 27 S.

Abstract

"Although male employees are increasingly making use of parental leave, gender differences in both usage and duration of parental leave are still prevalent. In this contribution, we explore the role of gender for the relation between the incidence/duration of parental leave and earnings after returning to a job. We use data on middle managers in the German chemical industry and show that parental leave pay gaps are much more severe for males than they are for females." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ginja, Rita, Jenny Jans & Arizo Karimi (2020): Parental leave benefits, household labor supply and children's long-run outcomes. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 38, H. 1, S. 261-320. DOI:10.1086/704615

Abstract

"We study how parental leave benefit levels affect household labor supply, family income, and child outcomes, exploiting the Speed Premium (SP) in the Swedish leave system. The SP grants mothers higher benefits for a subsequent child without re-establishing eligibility through market work, if two births occur within a pre-specified interval. We use the spacing eligibility cutoffs in a Regression Discontinuity framework and find that the SP improves educational outcomes of the older child, but not of the younger. Impacts are likely driven by increased maternal time and the quality of maternal time relative to the counterfactual mode of care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grewenig, Elisabeth, Philipp Lergetporer & Katharina Werner (2020): Gender Norms and Labor-Supply Expectations: Experimental Evidence from Adolescents. (Discussion paper / Rationality & Competition, CCR TRR 190 259), München ; Berlin, 75 S.

Abstract

"Gender gaps in labor-market outcomes often emerge with the arrival of the first child. We investigate a causal link between gender norms and labor-supply expectations within a survey experiment among 2,000 German adolescents. Using a hypothetical scenario, we document that the majority of girls expects to work 20 hours or less per week when having a young child, and expects from their partner to work 30 hours or more. Randomized treatments that highlight the existing traditional norm towards mothers significantly reduce girls' self-expected labor supply and thereby increase the expected gender difference in labor supply between their partners and themselves (the expected within-family gender gap). Treatment effects persist in a follow-up survey two weeks later, and extend to incentivized outcomes. In a second experiment, we highlight another, more gender-egalitarian, norm towards shared household responsibilities and show that this attenuates the expected within-family gender gap. Our results suggest that social norms play an important role in shaping gender gaps in labor-market outcomes around child birth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Guner, Nezih, Yuliya Kulikova & Arnau Valladares-Esteban (2020): Does the added worker effect matter? (IZA discussion paper 12923), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"The added worker effect (AWE) measures the entry of individuals into the labor force due to their partners’ job loss. We propose a new method to calculate the AWE, which allows us to estimate its effect on any labor market outcome. We show that the AWE reduces the fraction of households with two non-employed members. The AWE also accounts for why women’s employment is less cyclical and more symmetric compared to men. In recessions, while some women lose their employment, others enter the labor market and find jobs. This keeps the female employment relatively stable." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kim, Younga & Ester Rizzi (2020): Who does not intend to retire? Mothers' opportunity costs and compensation at later ages in Europe. In: Ageing and society, Jg. 40, H. 10, S. 2128-2154. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X19000503

Abstract

"Research investigating the association between women's work - family trajectories and their retirement intentions is limited. Studies considering how different institutional conditions affect this association are even more limited. To fill this gap, we use the first three waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, 2004 - 2009, and apply two-level random effects models with country-level fixed effects to a sample of mothers aged 50 - 64 years. Our dependent variable is the intention to retire as early as possible. We found that the following two different mechanisms are associated with mothers' early retirement intentions: (a) strategies to compensate for opportunity costs and (b) work attachment. When all other factors are equal, mothers with a work career characterised by interruptions and part-time work intend to work longer than other mothers, indicating the need to compensate for lower lifelong earnings at older ages. Some compensatory strategies are also observed among mothers who are classified as 'never married', 'divorced' or 'widowed', who wish to continue their careers. In other cases, evidence supporting work attachment mechanisms is found; for instance, working when the youngest child is younger than six years predicts the intention to delay retirement. These results change according to the welfare regime, underlining the importance of family policies and pension benefits to counterbalance the effect of opportunity costs on mothers' earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mandel, Hadas, Amit Lazarus & Maayan Shaby (2020): Economic Exchange or Gender Identities? Housework Division and Wives' Economic Dependency in Different Contexts. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 36, H. 6, S. 831-851. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaa023

Abstract

"This paper explores cross-country variation in the relationship between division of housework and wives' relative economic contribution. Using ISSP 2012 data from 19 countries, we examined the effect of two contextual factors: women's employment rates, which we link to economic exchange theories; and gender ideology context, which we link to cultural theories. In line with economic-based theories, economic exchange between housework and paid work occurs in all countries—but only in households which follow normative gender roles. However, and consistent with the cultural-based theory of 'doing gender', wives undertake more housework than their spouses in all countries—even if they are the main or sole breadwinners. This universal gendered division of housework is significantly more salient in more conservative countries; as the context turns more conservative, the gender gap becomes more pronounced, and the relationship between paid and unpaid work further removed from the economic logic. In gender egalitarian societies, in contrast, women have more power in negotiating housework responsibilities in non-normative gender role households. In contrast to gender ideology, the cross-country variations in women's employment did not follow the expectations that derive from the economic exchange theory." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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McMunn, Anne, Lauren Bird, Elizabeth Webb & Amanda Sacker (2020): Gender divisions of paid and unpaid work in contemporary UK couples. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 155-173. DOI:10.1177/0950017019862153

Abstract

"This article uses data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study to describe how contemporary British couples divide a range of work types. Our findings support the hypothesis, suggested by previous authors, that a shared egalitarian ideology is required for gender equality in divisions of work. In response to bargaining theories, the article also hypothesises that differentials in educational attainment within couples are more strongly associated with gender divisions of work when a couple's gender ideology is in conflict. Interaction analysis does not support this hypothesis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Solaz, Anne, Marika Jalovaara, Michaela Kreyenfeld, Silvia Meggiolaro, Dimitri Mortelmans & Inge Pasteels (2020): Unemployment and separation: Evidence from five European countries. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 145-176. DOI:10.20377/jfr-368

Abstract

"Seit der 1970er Jahren zeichnen sich viele europäische Länder durch hohe Trennungsraten wie auch hohe Arbeitslosenquoten aus. Bislang ist jedoch unklar, in welchem Zusammenhang ökonomische Entwicklungen und die Stabilität von Partnerschaften stehen. Dieser Beitrag befasst sich damit, wie Arbeitslosigkeit, gemessen auf der Mikro- und Makroebene, das Trennungsrisiko in fünf europäischen Ländern in der Zeit vor der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise beeinflusst hat. Auf Basis umfassender Längsschnittdaten aus Belgien, Finnland, Frankreich, Deutschland und Italien zeigen die empirischen Analysen, in der diskrete Zeitmodelle verwendet werden, dass Arbeitslosigkeit in allen Ländern das Trennungsrisiko prinzipiell erhöht. Während sich vor allem auf der Mikroebene zeigt, dass die individuelle Arbeitslosigkeitserfahrung des Mannes einen positiven Einfluss auf das Trennungsrisiko ausübt, ergeben sich jedoch keine statistisch signifikanten Zusammenhänge auf der Makroebene. Der Einfluss der Arbeitslosigkeit der Frau ist weniger stark ausgeprägt als jene des Mannes und variiert deutlich zwischen den Ländern. In Deutschland und Italien, wo bis vor kurzem Familie und Erwerbstätigkeit wenig vereinbar waren, gibt es keinen statistisch signifikanten Zusammenhang von weiblicher Arbeitslosigkeit und Trennungsraten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Sydra, Joanna (2020): Spousal relative income and male psychological distress. In: Personality and social psychology bulletin, Jg. 46, H. 6, S. 976-992. DOI:10.1177/0146167219883611

Abstract

"Using Panel Study of Income Dynamics 2001-2015 dataset (6,035 households, 19,688 observations), this study takes a new approach to investigating the relationship between wife's relative income and husband's psychological distress, and finds it to be significantly U-shaped. Controlling for total household income, predicted male psychological distress reaches a minimum at a point where wives make 40% of total household income and proceeds to increase, to reach highest level when men are entirely economically dependent on their wives. These results reflect the stress associated with being the sole breadwinner, and more significantly, with gender norm deviance due to husbands being outearned by their wives. Interestingly, the relationship between wife's relative income and husband's psychological distress is not found among couples where wives outearned husbands at the beginning of their marriage pointing to importance of marital selection. Finally, patterns reported by wives are not as pronouncedly U-shaped as those reported by husbands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Allinger, Hanjo (2019): Ehegattensplitting sinnvoll reformieren. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 99, H. 7, S. 494-496. DOI:10.1007/s10273-019-2480-2

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Aunkofer, Stefanie, Christine Wimbauer, Benjamin Neumann, Michael Meuser & Katja Sabisch (2019): Väter in Elternzeit. Deutungen, Aushandlungen und Bewertungen von Familien- und Erwerbsarbeit im Paar. In: Berliner Journal für Soziologie, Jg. 29, H. 1/2, S. 93-125. DOI:10.1007/s11609-019-00391-5

Abstract

"Der Anteil von Vätern, die Elternzeit beanspruchen, ist mittlerweile auf über ein Drittel angestiegen. Der Beitrag analysiert Deutungen väterlicher Elternzeitnahme anhand narrativer Interviews mit Paaren, in denen der Vater Elternzeit beansprucht(e). Um Aufschluss über die - zwischen den Partner*innen konsensuellen oder nicht konsensuellen - Deutungen der Elternzeit, Bewertungen von Familien- und Erwerbsarbeit und der paarinternen Arbeitsteilung zu erlangen, fokussiert der Artikel aus einer wissenssoziologisch-sozialkonstruktivistischen Perspektive die (inter-)subjektiven Deutungen und Aushandlungen (im Sinne des 'negotiated order approach') der Elternzeitnahme zwischen den Partner*innen. Es lassen sich folgende Deutungen identifizieren: ökonomisch rationale Begründungsmuster; zeitliche Orientierungsrahmen: die Schaffung persönlicher oder gemeinsamer Freiräume für sich, für das Paar, für die Familie oder für soziale Beziehungen; die Ermöglichung beruflicher Neuorientierungen; die legitime Wahrnehmung eines (mittlerweile) existierenden rechtlichen Anspruches; kurze Elternzeitnahme als Anpassung an wahrgenommene betriebliche Erfordernisse; sowie Elternzeit als (versuchte) Sichtbarmachung von Fürsorgearbeit. Deutlich wird zudem, dass trotz der steigenden Elternzeitnahme von Vätern vielfältige geschlechtliche Ungleichheiten in den Paararrangements bestehen bleiben." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Beznoska, Martin, Tobias Hentze, Susanna Kochskämper & Maximilian Stockhausen (2019): Die Besteuerung von Ehepaaren in Deutschland. Ökonomische Effekte verschiedener Reformvorschläge. (IW-Analysen 133), Köln, 71 S.

Abstract

"Die Antwort auf die Frage nach einer effizienten und gerechten Ehegattenbesteuerung lässt sich aus steuersystematischer Sicht nicht allgemeingültig formulieren, sondern hängt in erster Linie von den zugrunde liegenden Annahmen und Normen ab. Auffällig ist, dass der Gesetzgeber widersprüchliche Regelungen im Steuer- und im Sozialrecht vorsieht. Das im Jahr 2008 geänderte Unterhaltsrecht legt nahe, dass Zweitverdiener in einer Ehe in eine Pfadabhängigkeit geraten können, wenn sie der Logik des Ehegattensplittings folgend während der Ehe nicht oder nur geringfügig erwerbstätig sind. Die ökonomischen Auswirkungen verschiedener Reformmodelle lassen sich mittels Simulationsrechnungen bestimmen. Eine Beschränkung der derzeitigen Regelung beispielsweise durch ein Ehegattenrealsplitting oder eine Individualbesteuerung mit übertragbarem Grundfreibetrag würde faktisch den Splittingeffekt begrenzen und daher vor allem Ehepaare schlechterstellen, bei denen ein Partner nicht oder in Teilzeit arbeitet. Die Arbeitsanreize für Zweitverdiener in der Ehe, also vor allem Frauen, könnten durch die Umstellung auf alternative Besteuerungsformen ohne begleitende steuerliche Entlastung nur graduell gesteigert werden. Für durchgreifende Verbesserungen wären weitere Maßnahmen zum Beispiel beim Angebot an Kita-Plätzen, bei Minijobs und der kostenfreien Mitversicherung in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung erforderlich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bloome, Deirdre, Derek Burk & Leslie McCall (2019): Economic Self-Reliance and Gender Inequality between U.S. Men and Women. 1970-2010. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 124, H. 5, S. 1413-1467. DOI:10.1086/702278

Abstract

"Women have become increasingly economically self-reliant, depending more on paid employment for their positions in the income distribution than in the past. We know little about what happened to men, however, because most prior research restricts changes in self-reliance to be 'zero-sum,' with women's changes necessitating opposite and proportionate changes among men. This article introduces a measure that allows asymmetric changes and also incorporates multiple population subgroups and income sources beyond couples' labor earnings. Using Current Population Survey data, the authors find that women's self-reliance increased dramatically, as expected, but men's declined only slightly. The authors decompose these trends into changes in family structure and redistribution, which increased and decreased self-reliance, respectively, for men and women, though more for women. Labor market shifts, by contrast, were asymmetric and opposing, reducing men's self-reliance much less than they increased women's. The authors' approach opens opportunities for new insight into both gender inequality and the income attainment process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Boll, Christina & Andreas Lagemann (2019): Public childcare and maternal employment. New evidence for Germany. In: Labour, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 212-239. DOI:10.1111/labr.12143

Abstract

"This study explores the linkage between five policy indicators of public childcare provision for below threes and maternal employment in terms of employment propensity and (conditional) working hours based on German microcensus data 2006 - 14. Our two-way fixed effects estimations with individual and macro-level confounders as well as year- and state-fixed effects show that raising the coverage rate by 1 percentage point and the existence of a legal childcare claim from the age of one relates to an increase of weekly working hours by 0.5 per cent and 3.1 per cent, respectively. Regarding the employment propensity, correlations with policy indicators are rather weak." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Brinton, Mary C. & Eunsil Oh (2019): Babies, work, or both? Highly educated women's employment and fertility in East Asia. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 125, H. 1, S. 105-140. DOI:10.1086/704369

Abstract

"Highly educated women's likelihood of combining childrearing with continuous employment over the life course has increased among recent U.S. cohorts. This trend is less evident in many postindustrial countries characterized by very low fertility. Among such countries, Japan and Korea have exceptionally low proportions of women who remain employed after having children, despite aggressive government policies designed to encourage this. We draw on over 160 in-depth interviews with highly educated Japanese and Korean men and women of childbearing age to uncover the central incompatibilities between married women's employment and childrearing. Individuals' narratives reveal how labor market structure and workplace norms contribute to a highly gendered household division of labor, leading many married women to either forsake employment or to consider having only one child." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Buera, Francisco J., Joseph P. Kaboski & Min Qiang Zhao (2019): The rise of services. The role of skills, scale, and female labor supply. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 157-187. DOI:10.1086/702926

Abstract

"This paper provides a quantitative analysis of the growth in the service share in the United States. We model households that make decisions on home and market production of services that vary in their skill intensity at any point in time and vary in their optimal scale over time. We also allow for skill- and sector-biased technology progress. The benchmark model fully accounts for the rise in the service share, with the rising scale of services, rising demand for skill-intensive output, and skill-biased technical change all playing dominant roles. Furthermore, the model with multiperson households confirms that the essential findings of our benchmark model are robust to demographic considerations. It can explain two-thirds of the increase in female labor supply, which also plays a role in services growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cao, Yuan (2019): Fertility and labor supply: evidence from the One-Child Policy in China. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 51, H. 9, S. 889-910. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2018.1502868

Abstract

"This study provides new evidence on on the causal effect of fertility on maternal labor supply in rural China, using the fact that in some parts of rural China couples are allowed to have a second child if their firstborn is female. Estimates show that a second child reduces maternal labor force participation by 4.6 percentage points, labor supply intensity (hours worked conditional on employment) by 1.4 h per week and monthly income by 54.5 Chinese Yuan (18.7 percent). Further, the labor supply of mothers whose husbands are rural-to-urban migrants is the most sensitive to having an additional child, likely because they have more difficulty balancing farming and childcare. Conversely, labor supply is not reduced by fertility for mothers living in three-generation families, most likely because grandparents can provide both time and money to help with childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cavapozzi, Danilo, Simona Fiore & Giacomo Pasini (2019): Family dissolution and labour supply decisions over the life cycle. In: A. Börsch-Supan, J. Bristle, K. Andersen-Ranberg, A. Brugiavini, F. Jusot, H. Litwin & G. Weber (Hrsg.) (2019): Health and socio-economic status over the life course : First results from SHARE Waves 6 and 7, S. 149-155. DOI:10.1515/9783110617245-015

Abstract

"Our study findings suggest strong gender differences in the effect of household dissolution on employment probability. Whereas household dissolution has a negligible effect on men's employment behaviour, the employment probability of women increases by 4.4 per cent during the year of a household split and by 8.6 per cent during the year of divorce. The effect is driven by women with children. Although both household split and divorce shape women labour supply also after their occurrence, we found an anticipated effect on employment choices only for divorce. This pattern might be driven by the choice of women to undertake job search activities only after they stop living as a couple with their former partners. Finally, we consistently find lower magnitudes when looking at household splits compared with divorce, for both men and women.
The policy implication of these findings is that once within-family income support disappears because a family dissolves, those more at risk - women out of the labour force with dependent children - should be given assistance to manage their work and family responsibilities. Access to childcare services and flexible work arrangements may help smooth the consequences of family dissolution." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Conroy, Tessa (2019): The kids are alright: working women, schedule flexibility and childcare. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 261-271. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2018.1462478

Abstract

"This paper tests the effects of children and childcare on women's employment and entrepreneurial outcomes at the county level for the United States. Given that policies and economic development strategies are often implemented across local and regional jurisdictions, this regional study contributes to the literature by considering access to childcare in relation to locally aggregated female labour market outcomes by sector. The results, which address potential endogeneity, indicate that young children and childcare affect female employment differently depending on the sector. The results are consistent with women choosing the public sector and self-employment over the private sector to accommodate the demands of childrearing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cortés, Patricia & Jessica Pan (2019): When time binds: Substitutes for household production, returns to working long hours, and the skilled gender wage gap. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 351-398. DOI:10.1086/700185

Abstract

"We provide evidence that constraints that prevent highly-skilled women from working long hours hinder gender pay equality. We show that relaxing one such constraint by increasing the supply of substitutes for household production - proxied by intercity variation in predicted low-skilled immigration - increases the relative earnings of women in occupations that disproportionately reward overwork. Lowskilled immigration inflows induce young women to enter occupations with higher returns to overwork and shift women toward higher quantiles of the male wage distribution. The share of women in the top decile remains unaffected, suggesting that other barriers prevent women from reaching the very top." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Foster, Gigi & Leslie S. Stratton (2019): What women want (their men to do): Housework and Satisfaction in Australian Households. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 23-47. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2019.1609692

Abstract

"The time allocated to household chores is substantial, with the burden falling disproportionately upon women. Social norms about how much housework men and women should do are likely to influence couples' housework allocation decisions and satisfaction. Using Australian data spanning 2001 - 14, this study employs a two-stage estimation procedure to examine how deviations from housework norms relate to couples' satisfaction. The study finds that satisfaction is negatively affected by predicted housework time and that women's satisfaction, but not men's, is robustly affected by their partners' residual housework time. When he exceeds housework norms, she is happier with housework allocations, but less happy in broader dimensions. The study suggests several reasons for the results, including that housework is more salient in women's lives than in men's, that housework generally is not a preferred activity, and that some degree of gender-norm conformity in regard to housework can positively affect women's life satisfaction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Friese, Marianne (2019): Weibliche Arbeit und ihr Beitrag zur Transformation des ökonomischen, sozialen und kulturellen Kapitals. Eine intersektionelle Analyse sozialer Ungleichheit. In: Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik - online H. 36, S. 1-15.

Abstract

"In der Sozial- und Theoriegeschichte der Berufsbildung hat das komplexe Bedingungsgefüge von Geschlecht und sozialer Ungleichheit eine lange Tradition. Diese wurzelt in der Transformation von der Agrar- zur Industriegesellschaft und damit verbundenen theoretischen Ansätzen der Industriepädagogik. Sie setzt sich fort in der Konstituierung von Ausbildungs- und Berufsstrukturen sowie damit entstehenden berufspädagogischen Konzepten seit Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. Eng verbunden mit der Entwicklung von Berufsprinzipen ist der soziale Wandel von Familienstrukturen und lebensweltlichen Bezügen. In diesem Prozess hat sich weibliche Arbeit einerseits als entscheidender Motor der Modernisierung erwiesen. Zugleich wurden andererseits systematische Hemmnisse der Modernisierung von Berufsstrukturen und Alltagswelten erzeugt. Diese beruhen wesentlich auf sozialen Ungleichheiten, die sich auf Basis einer doppelten Differenz aufgrund von Genderstrukturen sowie Klassenstrukturen manifestieren.
Der folgende Beitrag nimmt eine historische Analyse des Beitrags weiblicher Arbeit zur Transformation des ökonomischen, sozialen und kulturellen Kapitals im Zuge der Industriegesellschaft vor. Der Fokus liegt auf der Analyse weiblicher Arbeit an der Schnittstelle von Lebenswelt und Berufsarbeit. Theoretische Bezüge rekurrieren auf sozialwissenschaftlichen Kapitaltheorien von Pierre Bourdieu (1983) sowie auf wirtschafts- und sozialhistorischen Studien zur Konstitution der Arbeiterklasse in der Industriegesellschaft des 18./19. Jahrhunderts in England (Thompson 1968), in Deutschland am Beispiel der Region Leipzig (Zwahr 1978) und in der Region Bremen am Beispiel der Konstitution des weiblichen Dienstbotenproletariats (Friese 1991). Die in der Studie zum weiblichen Dienstbotenproletariat von Friese zugrunde gelegte methodische Analyse sozialer Ungleichheit aufgrund von Klassen- und Geschlechtszugehörigkeit wird durch eine in der feministischen Forschung Ende der 1990er Jahren etablierte intersektionelle Analyse der wechselseitigen Verschränkung verschiedener Ungleichheitsstrukturen (Knapp 2005) erweitert und im theoretischen Rahmen der Transformation des ökonomischen, sozialen und kulturellen Kapitals rekonstruiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Giménez-Nadal, J. Ignacio, Lucia Mangiavacchi & Luca Piccoli (2019): Keeping inequality at home: The genesis of gender roles in housework. In: Labour economics, Jg. 58, H. June, S. 52-68. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.03.006

Abstract

"This article studies how gender role attitudes are transmitted from parents to their children by examining the intrahousehold division of housework time. The Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) is used to analyse the time devoted by parents to housework during their children's late childhood or adolescence and that of the same children once they marry. The results suggest that a greater proportion of housework performed by mothers during childhood is related to a persistence in gender inequality in their children's future families. These gender norms are perpetuated directly to sons through a lower amount of housework performed and indirectly to daughters through the choice of a partner that replicates her father role model. An analysis of the possible transmission mechanisms proposed by the literature suggests a prominent role of the parental role model, according to which children tend to reproduce the situation they experienced during childhood. These findings shed light on the persistence of parental behaviour across generations, underlining the key role of fathers, and contribute to the debate about how gender inequality is transmitted over time." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Grunow, Daniela (2019): Comparative analyses of housework and its relation to paid work. Institutional contexts and individual agency. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 71, H. Sonderheft 59, S. 247-284. DOI:10.1007/s11577-019-00601-1

Abstract

"Obwohl sich die geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsteilung seit den 1960er-Jahren gewandelt hat, verrichten Frauen noch immer einen weitaus größeren Anteil an unbezahlter Hausarbeit als Männer, während Männer weiterhin mehr Erwerbsarbeit verrichten. Dieser Befund gilt für ein breites Spektrum an Ländern. In dem vorliegenden Artikel werden zunächst die zugrundeliegenden Makrotrends der veränderten Beiträge von Frauen und Männern zu Erwerbsarbeit, Routinehaushaltstätigkeiten und Kinderbetreuung in den letzten 70 Jahren beschrieben. Danach wird auf Basis der seit dem Jahr 2000 publizierten vergleichenden Forschungsergebnisse die Rolle institutioneller Kontexte und individueller Agency, d. h. individueller Handlungsspielräume, bei der Verrichtung von Hausarbeit in den Blick genommen. Auf der Makroebene werden in diesem Artikel drei Hauptforschungslinien zur Arbeitsteilung von Männern und Frauen identifiziert: die Rolle von Arbeits- und Familienpolitik, von Wohlfahrtsstaaten und von Geschlechteregalität (Gender Empowerment Measure, GEM; Gender Development Index, GII; und Gender Inequality Index, GDI). Auf der Mikroebene werden die Rolle ökonomischer Abhängigkeiten, ökonomische Verhandlungstheorien, zeitliche Verfügbarkeit, Doing Gender und Devianzneutralisierung untersucht. Aktuell richtet sich die Forschung zudem verstärkt auf Wechselwirkungen zwischen diesen Mikro- und Makrofaktoren. Der Forschungsstand zeigt, dass Frauen ökonomische und nichtökonomische Formen von Agency besser in nationalen Kontexten realisieren können, in denen ein hohes Maß an Geschlechteregalität besteht und in denen es eine unterstützende Arbeits- und Familienpolitik gibt. Beide Randbedingungen sind v. a. in den skandinavischen Ländern zu finden." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Hederos, Karin & Anders Stenberg (2019): Gender identity and relative income within households. Evidence from Sweden. (Swedish Institute for Social Research. Working paper 2019,03), Stockholm, 39 S.

Abstract

"Bertrand et al. (2015) show that in the U.S. , the distribution of the wife's share of household income drops sharply at the point where the wife starts to earn more than her husband. They attribute the drop to a gender identity norm prescribing that a wife's income should not exceed her husband's income. We document a similar sharp drop in Swedish administrative register data . However, we also show that there is a large spike in the distribution of the wife's share of household income at the point where spouses earn exactly the same. The wives in the equal-earning couples do not have higher earnings potential than their husbands, suggesting that the spike is not generated by couples seeking to avoid that the wife earns more than her husband. Excluding the equal-earning couples, the drop is small and mostly statistically insignificant. We conclude that, if anything, we find only weak evidence that Swedish couples comply with a norm against w ives earning more than their husbands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Huebener, Mathias, Astrid Pape & C. Katharina Spieß (2019): Gebührenbefreiung des letzten Kita-Jahres: Mütter weiten ihre Arbeitszeit nur kurzfristig aus. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 86, H. 48, S. 869-878. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2019-48-1

Abstract

"Die Mehrheit der Bundesländer hat sich dafür entschieden, im Rahmen des 'Gute-KiTa-Gesetzes' Eltern in größerem Umfang als bisher bei den Gebühren für Kindertageseinrichtungen zu entlasten. Darüber, wie sich die Abschaffung von Kita-Gebühren auf den Betreuungsumfang von Kindern und das Erwerbsverhalten der Eltern auswirkt, liegen bisher allerdings kaum empirisch belastbare Befunde vor. Dieser Bericht untersucht daher, ob frühere Kita-Gebührenabschaffungen der Jahre 2006 bis 2011 dazu geführt haben, dass mehr Mütter erwerbstätig sind oder ihre Arbeitszeit ausweiten. Die Berechnungen, die unter anderem auf Daten des Mikrozensus basieren, ergeben weder für Mütter noch für Väter eine höhere Erwerbstätigenquote infolge einer Gebührenbefreiung des letzten Kita-Jahres. Allerdings ist das Erwerbsvolumen der Mütter kurzfristig um gut 0,8 Stunden pro Woche oder knapp vier Prozent gestiegen. Zum Ende der Grundschulzeit sind die Unterschiede zu Eltern, deren Kinder nicht kostenfrei eine Kita besuchen konnten, jedoch nicht mehr nachweisbar. Wenn es also darum geht, unter Kosten-Nutzen-Abwägungen ein geeignetes Instrument zu finden, um mehr Müttern eine Erwerbstätigkeit oder Ausweitung ihrer Arbeitszeit zu ermöglichen, sind generelle Gebührenbefreiungen auch aufgrund hoher Mitnahmeeffekte als ineffizient zu bewerten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Huppatz, Kate, Kate Sang & Jemina Napier (2019): 'If you put pressure on yourself to produce then that's your responsibility': Mothers' experiences of maternity leave and flexible work in the neoliberal university. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 26, H. 6, S. 772-788. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12314

Abstract

"Women remain underrepresented in senior positions within universities and report barriers to career progression. Drawing on the concepts of Foucault and Bourdieu, with an emphasis on technologies of the self, this article aims to understand mothers' academic career experiences. Interviews were conducted with 35 non-STEMM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics and medicine) academics in Scotland and Australia, to reveal the gender dimensions of parents' academic careers, in neoliberal university contexts. The data suggest that there are tensions between organizational policies, such as maternity leave and flexible work, and the contemporary demands of academic labour. New managerial discourses which individualize and make use of moral systems are particularly effectual in driving women to take up marketized research activity and compromise leave entitlements." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Köppen, Katja & Heike Trappe (2019): The gendered division of labor and its perceived fairness. Implications for childbearing in Germany. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 40, S. 1413-1440. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.48

Abstract

"Background: Recently it has been claimed that gender equality and gender equity in the family tend to increase fertility. The strength of this association, however, depends on prevailing gender relations and the level of social support of employment and family within a society.
Objective: We wish to improve our understanding of the relationship between gender equality, gender equity, and fertility by investigating the impact of the actual division of paid and unpaid labor on first- and second-birth fertility in Germany while including in our analyses a repeatedly measured indicator of gender equity that captures the subjective perception of fairness of this division.
Methods: Using nine waves of the German Family Panel (pairfam), we apply discrete-time logistic regression models to cohorts of young women and men in coresidential unions to determine whether a birth occurs in a given year while using measures of gender equality and gender equity as lagged time-varying covariates.
Results: We find that an arrangement in which the woman is in charge of routine housework and the division of paid and unpaid work is perceived as fair is positively associated with family formation. The perception of a fair division of work is no prerequisite for continued childbearing. Yet women's responsibility for domestic work facilitates family extension.
Contribution: This paper extends the literature on the relationship between gender equality, gender equity, and family outcomes by using prospective panel data to capture attitudinal and behavioral changes over the life course more fully than has previously been done." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Le, Nga, Wim Groot, Sonila M. Tomini & Florian Tomini (2019): Effects of health insurance on labour supply. A systematic review. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 40, H. 4, S. 717-767. DOI:10.1108/IJM-02-2018-0038

Abstract

"Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review of empirical evidence on the labour market effects of health insurance from the supply side.
Design/methodology/approach
The study covers the largest peer-reviewed and working paper databases for labour economics and health studies. These include Web of Science, Google Scholar, Pubmed and the most popular economics working paper sources such as NBER, ECONSTOR, IDEAS, IZA, SSRN, World Bank Working Paper Series. The authors follow the PRISMA 2009 protocol for systematic reviews.
Findings
The collection includes 63 studies. The outcomes of interest are the number of hours worked, the probability of employment, self-employment and the level of economic formalisation. The authors find that the current literature is vastly concentrated on the USA. Spousal coverage in the USA is associated with reduced labour supply of secondary earners. The effect of Medicaid in the USA on the labour supply of its recipients is ambiguous. The employment-coverage link is an important determinant of the labour supply of people with health problems and self-employment decisions. Universal coverage may create either an incentive or a disincentive to work depending on the design of the system. Finally, evidence on the relationship between health insurance and the level of economic formalisation in developing countries is fragmented and limited.
Practical implications
This study reviews the existing literature on the labour market effects of health insurance from the supply side. The authors find a large knowledge gap in emerging economies where health coverage is expanding. The authors also highlight important literature gaps that need to be filled in different themes of the topic.
Originality/value
This is the first systematic review on the topic which is becoming increasingly relevant for policy makers in developing countries where health coverage is expanding." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Manchester, Colleen Flaherty, Lisa M. Leslie & Patricia C. Dahm (2019): Bringing home the bacon: The relationships among breadwinner role, performance, and pay. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 46-85. DOI:10.1111/irel.12225

Abstract

"We evaluate the relationships among breadwinner role, performance, and pay. Differences in pay are present despite limited differences in performance. We find a pay premium for primary-breadwinner employees across gender, yet a pay penalty for secondary-breadwinners employees only for women, suggesting an asymmetric relationship among breadwinner role, gender, and pay." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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McGinn, Kathleen L., Mayra Ruiz Castro & Elizabeth Long Lingo (2019): Learning from mum: Cross-national evidence linking maternal employment and adult children's outcomes. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 374-400. DOI:10.1177/0950017018760167

Abstract

"Analyses relying on two international surveys from over 100,000 men and women across 29 countries explore the relationship between maternal employment and adult daughters' and sons' employment and domestic outcomes. In the employment sphere, adult daughters, but not sons, of employed mothers are more likely to be employed and, if employed, are more likely to hold supervisory responsibility, work more hours and earn higher incomes than their peers whose mothers were not employed. In the domestic sphere, sons raised by employed mothers spend more time caring for family members and daughters spend less time on housework. Analyses provide evidence for two mechanisms: gender attitudes and social learning. Finally, findings show contextual influences at the family and societal levels: family-of-origin social class moderates effects of maternal employment and childhood exposure to female employment within society can substitute for the influence of maternal employment on daughters and reinforce its influence on sons." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mikkel, Barslund & Schomaker Lea (2019): Grandparental childcare and parent's labour supply. Evidence from Europe. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 68, H. 4, S. 371-391. DOI:10.3790/sfo.68.4.371

Abstract

"Wir untersuchen die Auswirkungen der Kinderbetreuung von Großeltern auf das Arbeitskräfteangebot der Eltern in zwölf europäischen Ländern die in SHARE vertreten sind im Zeitraum 2004 - 2015. Ein instrumentalvariabler Ansatz wird verwendet, um mit der Endogenität umzugehen. Der Zugang zu Großeltern, die sich um kleine Kinder kümmern, erhöht die Bereitschaft von Müttern zur Arbeit um 13 Prozentpunkte. Für Väter lassen sich keine Effekte feststellen. Das Ausmaß der Auswirkungen von großelterlicher Kinderbetreuung unterscheidet sich von Land zu Land, ist jedoch für die meisten untersuchten Länder von Bedeutung. Der Effekt ist für Kinder im Vorschulalter am größten, wird jedoch bei Frauen mit Kindern in der Altersgruppe von 8 bis 10 Jahren immer noch auf 8 Prozentpunkte geschätzt. Es gibt Hinweise darauf, dass Mütter mit niedrigem Bildungsstand größere Auswirkungen haben, allerdings ist der Unterschied gering. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die anhaltende Politik zur Verlängerung des Erwerbslebens von Arbeitnehmern in der Altersgruppe von 55 bis 64 Jahren die Bindung von Müttern am Arbeitsmarkt beeinträchtigen könnte, indem die zur Verfügung stehende Zeit für großelterliche Kinderbetreuung begrenzt wird. Eine erhöhte Verfügbarkeit von Kindergarten- und Kindergarteneinrichtungen kann die Auswirkungen auf das Arbeitskräfteangebot von Müttern zwar vermindern, aber nicht vollständig auflösen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Rogerson, Richard & Johanna Wallenius (2019): Household time use among older couples: Evidence and implications for labor supply parameters. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jg. 134, H. 2, S. 1079-1120. DOI:10.1093/qje/qjy032

Abstract

"Using the Consumption Activities Mail Survey (CAMS) module in the HRS, we document how individual time allocations change when one or more household members transitions from full-time work to not working. We find that the ratio of home production to leisure time is approximately constant for both family members. Using a model of household labor supply to understand the implications of this finding, we conclude that the elasticity of substitution between the leisure of the two members is quite large. This elasticity plays a key role in models of household labor supply and is important for understanding how changes in relative wages and taxes affect household labor supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Samtleben, Claire, Clara Schäper & Katharina Wrohlich (2019): Elterngeld und Elterngeld Plus. Nutzung durch Väter gestiegen, Aufteilung zwischen Müttern und Vätern aber noch sehr ungleich. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 86, H. 35, S. 607-613.

Abstract

"Seit Einführung des Elterngeldes im Jahr 2007 gehen - ausgehend von einem extrem niedrigen Niveau - immer mehr Väter in Elternzeit. Im Vergleich zu Müttern ist das jedoch nach wie vor deutlich seltener der Fall und wenn, dann ist der Umfang der Elternzeit bei Vätern relativ kurz. Seit im Jahr 2015 das Elterngeld Plus eingeführt wurde, kombinieren zwar mehr Mütter und auch Väter die Elternzeit mit einer Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit - der absolute Anteil von Vätern, die Elternzeit nehmen, ist zumindest kurzfristig aber nicht weiter gestiegen. Als wichtigstes Motiv gegen den Bezug von Elterngeld werden von Vätern finanzielle Gründe angegeben. Auch die Sorge vor negativen beruflichen Konsequenzen wird häufig genannt. Diese beiden Punkte könnten von der Politik zum einen durch ein Anheben der Lohnersatzrate im unteren Einkommensbereich und zum anderen durch bessere Informationen über die zu erwartenden Auswirkungen von Elternzeit auf die zukünftigen Löhne und beruflichen Karrieren von Müttern und Vätern adressiert werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schober, Pia S. & Gundula Zoch (2019): Change in the gender division of domestic work after mummy or daddy took leave. An examination of alternative explanations. In: European Societies, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 158-180. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2018.1465989

Abstract

"This study investigates how the durations of childcare leaves taken by mothers and fathers in Germany relate to the gender division of housework and childcare after labour market return. It examines to what extent changes in economic resources because of leave take-up may account for adaptations in the division of domestic work of dual-earner couples. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1992-2012) on about 800 couples with a first or second birth, we applied OLS regression models with lagged dependent variables. The results suggested that dual-earner couples where mothers took longer leaves experienced a greater shift towards a gender-traditional division of domestic labour after childbirth. Fathers' leave take-up was associated with a more equal division of family work. Lower relative earnings, e.g. as a result of changes in job-related skills after the leave, did not account for the shift in the gender division of family work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Shure, Nikki (2019): School hours and maternal labor supply. In: Kyklos, Jg. 72, H. 1, S. 118-151. DOI:10.1111/kykl.12195

Abstract

"This paper examines the effect of extending the primary school day on maternal labor supply. I exploit the staggered nature of the recent German reform to extend school hours and assess whether or not gaining access to a full day school increases the likelihood that mothers enter into the labor market or extend their hours worked if already employed. I use the German Socio-Economic Panel data set (GSOEP) and link it to a self-collected school-level data set with geographical information software (GIS). Using a flexible difference-in-difference approach in the estimation of linear probability and logit models, I find that the policy has a statistically significant effect of approximately five percentage points at the extensive margin, drawing more women into the labor market. I find no significant effect of the policy at the intensive margin; women who were already working do not extend their hours worked. This has implications for policies to extend the school day that do not correspond to the working day." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Solera, Cristina (2019): Do 'his' education and class matter? The changing effect of the husband on women's labour-market transitions in Italy and Britain. In: The British journal of sociology, Jg. 70, H. 2, S. 526-550. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.12373

Abstract

"A new stream of sociological and demographic theory emphasizes individualization as the key process in late modernity. As maintained by Hakim (2000), women also have increasingly become agents of their own biographies, less influenced by the social class and the family. In this study, I intend to contribute to this debate by analysing how, in Italy and Britain, women's movements between employment and housework are linked to their husband's education and class, and how this link has changed across cohorts. Using discrete-time event-history modelling on the BHPS and ILFI, my findings show that in both countries, if the woman's educational and labour-market profile is controlled for, the husband's occupation and education have lost importance. Yet, although based more on 'her' than 'his' profile, divisions along 'classic' lines are still evident and not context-free, and they assume different forms in the two countries with distinctive institutional and cultural settings. In 'liberal' Britain, women's labour-market participation responds more to motherhood and class than to education, while in 'familistic' Italy education seems more important, which suggests the existence of returns over and above strictly human capital/economic ones." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Stafford, Mai, Rebecca Lacey, Emily Murray, Ewan Carr, Maria Fleischmann, Stephen Stansfeld, Baowen Xue, Paola Zaninotto, Jenny Head, Diana Kuh & Anne McMunn (2019): Work-family life course patterns and work participation in later life. In: European journal of ageing, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 83-94. DOI:10.1007/s10433-018-0470-7

Abstract

"Many developed nations seek to increase older people's work participation. Work and family are linked to paid work in later life, and to each other. Few studies combined work and family histories using multichannel sequence analysis capturing status and timing of transitions in relation to work in later life. Using the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, for whom State Pension Age was age 65 (men) or 60 (women), we examined paid work at age 60 - 64 (and age 68 - 69 for men only) by work - family patterns across 35 years (ages 16 - 51). Women's later work was related to the combination of timing of children and work during family formation. Women who had children later were more likely to work full-time at age 60 - 64 compared to the reference [characterised by continuous full-time employment, marriage, and children from their early 20s; adjusted OR 5.36 (95% CI 1.84, 15.60)]. Earlier motherhood was associated with lower likelihood of work at age 60 - 64 among those who did not return to work before age 51, but those who took a work break did not differ from those who worked continuously. Providing jobs which allow parents to combine work and family (e.g. part-time jobs) may encourage them to extend their working lives. In addition, men and women characterised by continuous full-time work and no children were less likely to work in their sixties. Associations were not explained by childhood health and social class, education, caregiving, housing tenure, or limiting illness. Research is needed to understand why childless people work less in later life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sánchez-Mira, Núria & Jacqueline O'Reilly (2019): Household employment and the crisis in Europe. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 422-443. DOI:10.1177/0950017018809324

Abstract

"The 2008 crisis had a significant impact on household employment in some European countries. An analysis of the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions generated a new cross-national typology of household employment structures and showed how these changed during the crisis and austerity period, capturing the experiences of high and low qualified households. Findings indicate that dual earning households are not always a consequence of gender equality but result from economic necessity or employment opportunities. The re-emergence of traditional male breadwinner households is often the result of female unemployment, especially for lower educated women. An increase in female single earners and workless households is evident in countries hit hardest by the employment crisis. The value of this cross-national typology, rooted in the interaction of educational effects and employment opportunities, is allowing comparison both within and between European countries, going beyond established typologies based on policy frameworks or gender cultures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Uunk, Wilfred & Philipp M. Lersch (2019): The effect of regional gender-role attitudes on female labour supply. A longitudinal test using the BHPS, 1991-2007. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 35, H. 5, S. 669-683. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcz026

Abstract

"Despite considerable variation in gender-role attitudes across contexts and its claimed influence on female labour supply, studies provide little support for a contextual gender-role attitude effect. In this study, we reassess the contextual gender-role attitude effect on female labour supply because earlier studies are hampered by two shortcomings: (a) they are cross-nationally comparative, which makes it difficult to distinguish contextual attitude from institutional effects; (b) they are cross-sectional, which may bias the contextual attitude effect. We aim to overcome these shortcomings by performing longitudinal panel analyses on data from the British Household Panel Survey 1991 - 2007, comparing 138 counties within the United Kingdom. Our fixed-effects regressions report no significant and substantial association of regional, egalitarian gender-role attitudes with individual women's labour supply, a finding which both holds for women's probability to be active in the labour market and employed women's working hours, and for women with and without (young) children. Female labour supply appears to be much stronger associated with women's own and partners' gender-role attitudes, in particular for women with (young) children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Welteke, Clara & Katharina Wrohlich (2019): Peer effects in parental leave decisions. In: Labour economics, Jg. 57, H. April, S. 146-163. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.02.008

Abstract

"We analyze whether mothers' parental leave decisions depend on their coworkers' decisions. The identification of peer effects bears various challenges due to correlated characteristics within social groups. We therefore exploit quasi-random variation in the costs of parental leave induced by a policy reform in Germany. The reform encourages mothers to remain at home during the first year following childbirth. Administrative linked employer- employee data enable us to assign a peer group to individuals who work in the same establishment and occupation. Our results suggest that parental leave decisions are significantly influenced by coworkers' decisions." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Zannella, Marina & Alessandra De Rose (2019): Stability and change in family time transfers and workload inequality in Italian couples. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 40, S. 49-60. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.3

Abstract

"Objective: This article analyses changes from 2003 to 2014 in the magnitude and directions of family time (i.e., non-market) transfers and in the gender distribution of total work among Italian couples.
Methods: The study draws on microdata from the 2003, 2009, and 2014 Italian Time Use Surveys. First, we follow the National Transfer Accounts methodology to estimate gender-specific age profiles of production and consumption of unpaid domestic work and of the related time transfers within families. Then, we focus on couples and build an indicator of workload inequality. Finally, we perform a multivariate statistical analysis to describe the characteristics of the partners associated with gender inequality in the division of work disfavouring women.
Results: Female non-market work decreased by an average of 36 minutes per day during the 2003 - 2014 period. However, women continue to be net donors of time transfers within the family and to perform the bulk of the work within the couple. Households where both partners do not work in the market or where only the woman has a market job show the highest levels of inequality, with women contributing to about 70% of the couples' total working time.
Contribution: This study sheds light on the provision of informal welfare within Italian families by illustrating, with an age- and gender-specific focus, the recent evolution of time transfers. It also contributes to the literature on the gender division of work both by introducing a new indicator of the workload inequality between partners, and by providing further evidence of the persistency of gender asymmetries in Italian couples." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Andersen, Synøve, Nina Drange & Trude Lappegård (2018): Can a cash transfer to families change fertility behaviour? In: Demographic Research, Jg. 38, S. 897-928. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.33

Abstract

"Objective: This paper assesses the much-disputed relationship between family policy and fertility, and cash transfers and fertility in particular.
Methods: We take advantage of a cash-for-care (CFC) policy introduced in Norway in 1998, and compare the subsequent fertility behaviour of eligible and ineligible mothers over a four-year period. We estimate linear models assessing both the occurrence and timing of second births, relying on a rich set of covariates and a sensitivity analysis to ensure the robustness of our results.
Results: Contrary to theoretical expectations, the results show that CFC-eligible mothers had a slower progression to second births and lower short-term fertility. The patterns differ between different groups of mothers, and the decline in subsequent childbearing is only statistically significant among mothers with upper secondary (but not higher) education and part-time or full-time employment. We find no increase in short-term fertility in any group of mothers, and suggest that this pattern may be driven by an interaction between the CFC benefit and the already established Norwegian parental leave scheme.
Contribution: The paper demonstrates how policy changes may indeed be associated with changes in fertility behaviour, and that this association may run in theoretically unexpected directions when a given policy is implemented in a wider policy framework. Moreover, it demonstrates how eligible parents may differ in their response to policies depending on the policy's income effect and the parents' opportunity costs of childbearing." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Barglowski, Karolina & Paula Pustulka (2018): Tightening early childcare choices - gender and social class inequalities among Polish mothers in Germany and the UK. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 6, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1186/s40878-018-0102-6

Abstract

"Care for young children continues to highly influence the life chances of men and women, even more so when they are migrants. For migrant women, childcare remains a particular challenge when their kin are absent and the gendered norms of work and family life abroad diverge from what they have known in the country of origin. This article contributes to a deeper understanding of social class and childcare strategies of migrant women by combining two research projects with migrants from Poland to Germany and the UK. Accounts represented in this article depict the ways in which migrant mothers interpret and use the available childcare options, thereby highlighting how class-based resources are deployed and reproduced in two different welfare regimes. The comparative approach pursued in the article reveals that it is neither class nor national context that has a capacity to determine early childcare choices on its own. Instead, it is an intricate interplay of social protections' availability, gender norms and social class, which together engender various childcare strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bartels, Charlotte & Cortnie Shupe (2018): Drivers of participation elasticities across Europe. Gender or earner role within the household? (IZA discussion paper 11359), Bonn, 41 S.

Abstract

"We compute participation tax rates across the EU and find that work disincentives inherent in tax-benefit systems largely depend on household composition and the individual's earner role within the household. We then estimate participation elasticities using an IV Group estimator that enables us to investigate the responsiveness of individuals to work incentives. We contribute to the literature on heterogeneous elasticities by providing estimates for different socioeconomic groups by country, gender and earner role within the household. Our results show an average elasticity of 0.08 for men and of 0.14 for women as well as a high degree of heterogeneity across countries. The commonly cited difference in elasticities between men and women stems predominantly from the earner role of the individual within the household and nearly disappears once we control for this factor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann, Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln & Hannah Paule-Paludkiewicz (2018): Long-term changes in married couples' labor supply and taxes. Evidence from the US and Europe since the 1980s. (IZA discussion paper 11824), Bonn, 35 S.

Abstract

"We document the time-series of employment rates and hours worked per employed by married couples in the US and seven European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the UK) from the early 1980s through 2016. Relying on a model of joint household labor supply decisions, we quantitatively analyze the role of nonlinear labor income taxes for explaining the evolution of hours worked of married couples over time, using as inputs the full country- and year-specific statutory labor income tax codes. We further evaluate the role of consumption taxes, gender and educational wage premia, and the educational composition. The model is quite successful in replicating the time series behavior of hours worked per employed married woman, with labor income taxes being the key driving force. It does however capture only part of the secular increase in married women's employment rates in the 1980s and early 1990s, suggesting an important role for factors not considered in this paper. We will make the non-linear tax codes used as an input into the analysis available as a user-friendly and easily integrable set of Matlab codes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Binder, Ariel J. & David Lam (2018): Is there a male breadwinner norm? The hazards of inferring preferences from marriage market outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 11693), Bonn, 49 S.

Abstract

"Spousal characteristics such as age, height, and earnings are often used in social science research to infer social preferences. For example, a 'male taller' norm has been inferred from the fact that fewer wives are taller than their husbands than would occur with random matching. The large proportion of husbands out-earning their wives has similarly been cited as evidence for a 'male breadwinner' norm. This paper argues that it is difficult and potentially misleading to infer social preferences about an attribute from observed marital sorting on that attribute. We show that positive assortative matching on an attribute is consistent with a wide variety of underlying preferences, including 'female taller' or 'female breadwinner' norms. Given prevailing gender gaps in height and earnings, positive sorting implies it will be rare for women to be taller than, or earn more than, their husbands - even if there is no underlying preference for shorter or lowerearning wives. In an empirical application, we show that simulations which sort couples positively on permanent earnings can largely replicate the observed distribution of spousal earnings differences in US Census data. Further, we show that an apparent sharp drop in the distribution function at the point where the wife begins to out-earn the husband results from a mass of couples earning identical incomes, a mass which we argue is not evidence of a norm for higher-earning husbands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Boll, Christina & Andreas Lagemann (2018): Does culture trump money? Erwerbsverhalten und Kitanutzung von Müttern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland. (HWWI research paper 188), Hamburg, 62 S.

Abstract

"Diese Studie untersucht das Erwerbs- und Kitanutzungsverhalten von Müttern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland. Wir nutzen die Wellen 2007-2015 des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) mit den Migrantenstichproben M1 und M2, um signifikante Assoziationen zwischen Migrationshintergrund und Erwerbswahrscheinlichkeit, Arbeitsstunden und Kitanutzungswahrscheinlichkeit unter Kontrolle von Humankapital-, Haushalts-, Milieu- und Makrofaktoren zu identifizieren. Dabei korrigieren wir für Selbstselektion in Beschäftigung und potenzielle Endogenität der Kitanutzung. Wir finden keine Bestätigung für einen eigenständigen Einfluss eines Migrationshintergrunds auf die Kitanutzung der Mütter. Allerdings nutzen Mütter mit südeuropäischen Wurzeln und jüngstem Kind im Alter 3 bis 5 Jahre seltener Kindertagesbetreuung als Mütter ohne Migrationshintergrund. Zur Erwerbswahrscheinlichkeit der Mütter beider Kindesaltersgruppen hat der Migrationshintergrund signifikant negative Bezüge. Ein direkter (indirekter) Migrationshintergrund geht, verglichen mit keinem Migrationshintergrund, bei sonst gleichen Müttermerkmalen mit einer um 6,3 % (5,9 %) niedrigeren Erwerbswahrscheinlichkeit bei Müttern jüngster Kinder unter 3 Jahren einher. Bei Müttern jüngster Kinder von 3-5 Jahren sind es 8,0 % (6,7 %). Mütter jüngster Kinder unter 3 Jahren (im Alter 3 bis 5 Jahre) mit Wurzeln in arabisch-muslimischen Ländern haben eine um 7,1 % (21,1 %) geringere Erwerbswahrscheinlichkeit. Letztere steigt zudem mit der Aufenthaltsdauer in Deutschland. Zur (konditionalen) Wochenarbeitszeit finden wir keine signifikanten Assoziationen des Migrationshintergrunds. Zusammenfassend zeigt sich, dass über die ökonomischen Motive hinaus auch kulturelle Faktoren und grundlegende Orientierungen und Werthaltungen das alltagspraktische Handeln der Mütter, gemessen im Erwerbsverhalten und der Kitanutzung, prägen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bonin, Holger, Eric Sommer, Holger Stichnoth & Florian Buhlmann (2018): Arbeitsangebotseffekte einer Reform des Kinderzuschlags. (IZA research report 85), Bonn, 34 S.

Abstract

"Diese Expertise untersucht zwei Varianten für eine Reform des Kinderzuschlags, die auf eine Stärkung der Arbeitsanreize zielen, im Hinblick auf ihre potenziellen Arbeitsangebotswirkungen. Beide Vorschläge sehen eine Beseitigung der Abbruchkante durch Eliminierung der Höchsteinkommensgrenze vor. Darüber hinaus werden die Raten, mit der Einkommen auf den Kinderzuschlag angerechnet wird, vermindert. Die eine der beiden Varianten sieht dabei eine Transferentzugsrate von 45 Prozent vor (statt 50 Prozent im Status quo), die andere eine etwas niedrigere in Höhe von 40 Prozent." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Borah, Melanie, Andreas Knabe & Kevin Pahlke (2018): Parental time restrictions and the cost of children. Insights from a survey among mothers. (CESifo working paper 7321), München, 33 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we provide estimates of the subjectively perceived cost of children depending on the extent of parental time restrictions. Building on a study by Koulovatianos et al. (2009) that introduces a novel way of using subjective income evaluation data for such estimations, we conduct a refined version of the underlying survey, focusing on young women with children in Germany. Our study confirms that the monetary cost of children is substantial and increases with parental nonmarket time restrictions. The loss in the material living standard associated with supplying time to the labor market is sizeable for families with children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bredtmann, Julia, Sebastian Otten & Christian Rulff (2018): Husband's unemployment and wife's labor supply. The added worker effect across Europe. In: ILR review, Jg. 71, H. 5, S. 1201-1231. DOI:10.1177/0019793917739617

Abstract

"Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Anpassung des Arbeitsangebots von Frauen in Reaktion auf den Jobverlust ihres Partners, dem sog. 'Added Worker Effect'. Während sich die bisherige Literatur überwiegend auf Studien für spezifische Länder konzentriert hat, nehmen wir bewusst eine international vergleichende Perspektive ein und untersuchen, inwiefern der Added Worker Effect über die verschiedenen Wohlfahrtsstaatssysteme in Europa variiert. Unsere empirischen Analysen basieren auf Längsschnittdaten der 'European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)' für den Zeitraum 2004 bis 2011. Für unseren aus 28 europäischen Ländern bestehenden Datensatz finden wir Evidenz für das Vorliegen eines Added Worker Effects: Frauen, deren Partner im vergangenen Jahr arbeitslos wurde, haben eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit, in den Arbeitsmarkt einzutreten sowie den Umfang ihrer Arbeitszeit zu erhöhen, gegeben dass sie schon am Arbeitsmarkt partizipieren. Darüber hinaus finden wir jedoch eine hohe Variation in der Existenz und der Stärke des Added Worker Effects sowohl über den Verlauf des Konjunkturzyklus als auch über die verschiedenen Wohlfahrtsstaatssysteme in Europa." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bünning, Mareike & Nina Eppers (2018): Wie wollen Eltern arbeiten? Ein geschlechtergerechter Arbeitsmarkt braucht neue Modelle. In: WZB-Mitteilungen H. 161, S. 24-27.

Abstract

"Die Forschung zu Elternschaft und Geschlechterungleichheiten am Arbeitsmarkt stellt die Frage in den Mittelpunkt, unter welchen Bedingungen Mütter im gleichen Umfang erwerbstätig sein können wie Väter. Dies impliziert, dass eine Vollzeiterwerbstätigkeit für Mütter und Väter gleichermaßen erstrebenswert sein sollte. Doch welche Arbeitszeiten wünschen sich Eltern eigentlich? Unseren Analysen zufolge möchte die überwiegende Mehrheit der Mütter und Väter nicht in Vollzeit arbeiten, sondern präferiert kürzere Arbeitszeiten. Zukünftige Forschung sollte daher die Wünsche der Beschäftigten stärker berücksichtigen, um neue Erkenntnisse über gute und geschlechtergerechte Arbeitsbedingungen zu gewinnen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Cai, Lixin (2018): Dynamic labour supply of married Australian women. In: Labour, Jg. 32, H. 3, S. 427-450. DOI:10.1111/labr.12122

Abstract

"Using the first 13 waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, this study investigates the determinants of labour supply of married Australian women, with a focus on whether and to what extent there is state dependence in their labour supply. It is found that both observed and unobserved individual heterogeneity contribute to the observed inter-temporal persistence of married Australian women's labour supply, but the persistence remains even after controlling for these factors. It is also found that non-labour income, age, education, health and the number and age of young dependent children have significant effects on married Australian women's labour supply." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Cardona-Sosa, Lina, Luz Adriana Flórez & Leonardo Fabio Morales (2018): How does the household labour supply respond to the unemployment of the household head? In: Labour, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 174-212. DOI:10.1111/labr.12138

Abstract

"In this paper, we explore one of the oldest labour market phenomena documented in the literature: the added worker effect. This refers to the labour supply response of secondary earners of the household to the main earner's job losses. Using longitudinal data for Colombia, we find that when the head of the household becomes unemployed, the labour supply of the female partner increases between 9 and 20 percentage points. Such response appears during the first 6 months of the unemployment spell of the household head. In addition, within 1 year of the unemployment shock, household members under college age were more likely to enter the labour market and less likely to be in tertiary education." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Choi, Sekyu & Arnau Valladares-Esteban (2018): The marriage unemployment gap. In: The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 1-14. DOI:10.1515/bejm-2016-0060

Abstract

"In this paper we document that married individuals face a lower unemployment rate than their single counterparts. We refer to this phenomenon as the marriage unemployment gap. Despite dramatic demographic changes in the labor market over the last decades, this gap has been remarkably stable both for men and women. Using a flow-decomposition exercise, we assess which transition probabilities (across labor force states) are behind this phenomenon: For men, the main driver is the higher job losing probabilities faced by single workers. For females, the participation margin also plays a crucial role." (Author's abstract, © De Gruyter) ((en))

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Cygan-Rehm, Kamila, Daniel Kühnle & Regina T. Riphahn (2018): Paid parental leave and families' living arrangements. (IZA discussion paper 11533), Bonn, 51 S.

Abstract

"We examine how a paid parental leave reform causally affected families' living arrangements. The German reform we examine replaced a means-tested benefit with a universal transfer paid out for a shorter period. Combining a regression discontinuity with a difference-in-differences design, we find that the reform increased the probability that a newborn lives with non-married cohabiting parents. This effect results from a reduced risk of single parenthood among women who gained from the reform. We reject the economic independence hypothesis and argue that the reform effects for those who benefited from the reform are consistent with hypotheses related to the improved financial situation of new mothers after the reform and increased paternal involvement in childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Day, Creina (2018): Inverse J effect of economic growth on fertility. A model of gender wages and maternal time substitution. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 39, H. 4, S. 577-587. DOI:10.1007/s10834-018-9578-3

Abstract

"This paper presented a model where economic growth, via growth in female wages relative to male wages, encouraged households to raise paid female labor supply and have more children by substituting child care for maternal time. A threshold logarithm per capita output, above which fertility decline reverses, was predicted to depend on subsidized child care, maternity pay, and the value placed on children and maternal time spent rearing children. The predictions explained recent evidence and identified cross country differences in gender wages, family policy and willingness to substitute maternal time in childrearing as important factors in an inverse J-shaped effect of economic growth on fertility. The analysis was robust to the introduction of education and cost sharing among children in child rearing. Economies of scale in child rearing reduced the threshold logarithm of per capita output. Demand for child quality continued to rise with wages despite fertility decline reversal." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Depew, Briggs & Joseph Price (2018): Marriage and the economic status of women with children. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 1049-1061. DOI:10.1007/s11150-017-9395-8

Abstract

"Marriage is positively correlated with income, and women with children are much less likely to be in poverty if they are married. Selection into marriage makes it difficult to assess whether these correlations represent a causal effect of marriage. One instrument for marriage proposed in past research is the gender of a woman's first child. We find that women who have a boy first are about 0.33 percentage points more likely to be married at any point in time. This effect operates through both increasing the probability that unmarried mothers marry the child's father and reducing the probability of divorce. We also find that women whose first child is a boy experience higher levels of family income and are less likely to receive welfare income, be below the poverty line, and receive food stamps. Estimates using child gender as an instrumental variable for marriage suggest that marriage plays a large causal role in improving the economic well-being of women with children and that these effects are largest among women at the lower end of the income distribution." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Diener, Katharina & Anne Berngruber (2018): Die Bedeutung öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung für die Erwerbsentscheidung und den Erwerbsumfang von Müttern beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 124-150., 2017-11-07. DOI:10.3224/zff.v30i2.01

Abstract

"Der Beitrag untersucht, welche Rolle öffentliche Kinderbetreuung bei der Erwerbsentscheidung und dem Erwerbsumfang von Müttern aus Paarhaushalten nach der Elternzeit spielt. Betrachtet werden Einstellungen der Mütter zur Kinderbetreuung und die tatsächliche Nutzung verschiedener Betreuungsmöglichkeiten während der Elternzeit sowie die Betreuungsquote auf Kreisebene. Datengrundlage sind die Paneldaten der DJI-Länderstudie der Jahre 2012 bis 2014. Für die Entscheidung wieder in den Beruf einzusteigen sind insbesondere der geplante Zeitpunkt der Rückkehr und der gewünschte Stundenumfang von Bedeutung. Eine positive Einstellung zur öffentlichen Betreuung von Kindern im Alter von ein bis zwei Jahren und die Betreuung in einer Kita oder in Tagespflege während der Elternzeit, sowie eine höhere Kinderbetreuungsquote auf Kreisebene, führen dazu, dass Mütter in höherem Umfang wieder erwerbstätig werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dotti Sani, Guliana Maria (2018): The economic crisis and changes in work - family arrangements in six European countries. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 177-193. DOI:10.1177/0958928717700566

Abstract

"Over the past decades, there has been a substantial increase in female labour force participation, and the number of dual-earner and female-earner households has risen throughout western countries. However, the recent economic crisis has caused large losses in employment for both women and men, potentially yielding unexpected consequences for the evolution of work - family arrangements. This article carries out a comparative analysis of the relationship between the 2008/2009 economic crisis and work - family arrangements in Europe. Using data for six countries from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, this article fills a gap in the literature by addressing three issues: (1) whether work - family arrangements have changed from before to after the beginning of the economic downturn in countries with different gender and welfare regimes (Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Sweden and the United Kingdom), (2) whether changes in work - family arrangements have occurred at different levels of the social strata and (3) whether couples have moved from dual-earner to male- or female-breadwinner. The results indicate changes in work - family arrangements in those countries worst hit by the economic crisis, Greece and Spain, where dual-earner and male-breadwinner households have decreased and no-earner and female-main-earner households have increased. Moreover, the results show that in these two countries, all social strata - proxied through women's level of education - have been affected by the crisis. In contrast, only moderate changes in work - family arrangements among all women can be observed in countries less hit by the economic downturn. The findings for the two southern European countries are troubling, as the increases in no-earner and female-breadwinner households point to worsening economic conditions throughout the population and to a halt in the process that for several decades had been leading to more equality in the distribution of employment between genders." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Foster, Gigi & Leslie S. Stratton (2018): Does female breadwinning make partnerships less healthy or less stable? (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 259), Maastricht, 13 S.

Abstract

"This paper addresses the directions to follow when designing new educational systems and school-lo-work transition regimes to adhere to the needs of Industry 4. 0. Although a high level of general education will be important for its training content to develop adaptability, it is not the only component to develop. What will be more and more important are work related skills, both the general ones and the ones which are job-specific and need, therefore, on-the-job training to develop. This will require important educational reforms to favour an ever-better integration between educational institution and the world of work. Young people and their families alone will not be able to adapt on their own to the new human capital requirements of industry 4.0 productions. A new framework for an integrated action by governments, firms, educational institutions and families is needed to smooth the school-to-work in the future. The duality principle is the basis for a strong diversification of the supply of education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Frejka, Tomas, Frances Goldscheider & Trude Lappegård (2018): The two-part gender revolution, women's second shift and changing cohort fertility. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 43, S. 99-130. DOI:10.12765/CPoS-2018-09en

Abstract

"The two parts of the gender revolution have been evolving side by side at least since the 1960s. The first part, women's entry into the public sphere, proceeded faster than the second part, men's entry into the private sphere. Consequently, many employed mothers have carried a greater burden of paid and unpaid family support than fathers throughout the second half of the 20th century. This constituted women's 'second shift,' depressing fertility. A central focus of this paper is to establish second shift trends during the second half of the 20th century and their effects on fertility. Our analyses are based on data on cohort fertility, male and female labor force participation, and male and female domestic hours worked from 11 countries in Northern Europe, Western/central Europe, Southern Europe, and North America between 1960/70 and 2000/2014. We find that the gender revolution had not generated a turnaround, i.e. an increase in cohort fertility, by the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, wherever the gender revolution has made progress in reducing women's second shift, cohort fertility declined the least; where the second shift is large and/or has not been reduced, cohort fertility has declined the most." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Goldin, Claudia & Lawrence F. Katz (Hrsg.) (2018): Women working longer. Increased employment at older ages. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 304 S.

Abstract

"Today, more American women than ever before stay in the workforce into their sixties and seventies. This trend emerged in the 1980s, and has persisted during the past three decades, despite substantial changes in macroeconomic conditions. Why is this so? Today's older American women work full-time jobs at greater rates than women in other developed countries. In Women Working Longer, editors Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz assemble new research that presents fresh insights on the phenomenon of working longer. Their findings suggest that education and work experience earlier in life are connected to women's later-in-life work. Other contributors to the volume investigate additional factors that may play a role in late-life labor supply, such as marital disruption, household finances, and access to retirement benefits. A pioneering study of recent trends in older women's labor force participation, this collection offers insights valuable to a wide array of social scientists, employers, and policy makers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Contents:
I. Transitions over the Life Cycle
1. Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz: Women Working Longer: Facts and Some Explanations
2. Nicole Maestas: The Return to Work and Women's Employment Decisions
3. Joanna N. Lahey: Understanding Why Black Women Are Not Working Longer
II. Family Matters: Caregiving, Marriage, and Divorce
4. Claudia Olivetti and Dana Rotz: Changes in Marriage and Divorce as Drivers of Employment and Retirement of Older Women
5. Sean Fahle and Kathleen McGarry: Women Working Longer: Labor Market Implications of Providing Family Care
III. Financial Considerations: Resources, Pensions, and Social Security
6. Annamaria Lusardi and Olivia S. Mitchell: Older Women's Labor Market Attachment, Retirement Planning, and Household Debt
7. Maria D. Fitzpatrick: Teaching, Teachers' Pensions, and Retirement across Recent Cohorts of College-Graduate Women
8. Alexander Gelber, Adam Isen, and Jae Song: The Role of Social Security Benefits in the Initial Increase of Older Women's Employment: Evidence from the Social Security Notch
9. C. Adam Bee and Joshua Mitchell: The Hidden Resources of Women Working Longer: Evidence from Linked Survey-Administrative Data

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Gärtner, Debora & Lena Reinschmidt (2018): Abkehr vom Zuverdiener-Modell - aber wohin? Gleichstellungspolitische Zielsetzungen und Anforderungen an Vereinbarkeitspolitik. Europäisches Fachgespräch am 1./2. Oktober 2018 in Berlin. Frankfurt am Main, 77 S.

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Halla, Martin, Julia Schmieder & Andrea Weber (2018): Job displacement, family dynamics and spousal labor supply. (IZA discussion paper 11752), Bonn, 76 S.

Abstract

"We study interdependencies in spousal labor supply and the effectiveness of intrahousehold insurance in a sample of married couples, where the husband loses his job due to a mass layoff or plant closure using data from the Austrian Social Security Database. We show that in our sample of relatively young couples the shock hits households at crucial stages of family formation, which requires careful modeling of the wives' counterfactual lifecycle labor market patterns. In our empirical analysis, we propose three independent control groups of unaffected households to identify the causal effects of husbands' displacement on wives' labor supply. Our empirical results show that husbands suffer large and persistent employment and earnings losses over the first 5 years after displacement. But wives' labor supply increases only moderately and they respond predominantly at the extensive margin. The implied participation elasticity with respect to the husband's earnings shock is very small, about -0:04. While the wives' earnings gains recover only a tiny fraction of the household income loss, public transfers and taxes are a more important insurance at least in the short run. In terms of non-labor market related outcomes, we find a small positive effect on the probability of divorce, but no effect of the husband's job displacement on fertility. The presence and ages of children in the household are crucial determinants of the wife's labor supply response. The most responsive group are mothers, who are planning to return to the labor market after a maternity break, while mothers of very young children or wives without children remain unresponsive. We thus conclude that Austria's strong gender identity norms are an explanation for the limited scope of intra-household insurance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Herbst, Chris M. (2018): The impact of quality rating and improvement systems on families' child care choices and the supply of child care labor. In: Labour economics, Jg. 54, H. October, S. 172-190. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2018.08.007

Abstract

"Quality Rating and Improvement Systems (QRIS) are increasingly deployed by U.S. states to monitor and improve the quality of non-parental child care settings. By making information on program quality accessible to the public, QRIS attempts to alter parental preferences for quality-related attributes and encourage competition between providers. This paper draws on a variety of datasets to empirically characterize the way in which families and providers respond to the enactment of QRIS. Specifically, it exploits the differential timing in states' QRIS roll-out to examine two sets of outcomes: (i) families' child care choices and maternal employment and (ii) the supply and compensation of child care labor. Estimates from difference-in-differences models reveal several noteworthy findings. First, although QRIS induces families to shift from parental to non-parental care, economically disadvantaged families are more likely to use informal care, while their advantaged counterparts are more likely to use formal care. Second, QRIS increases the supply of high-skilled labor, particularly within the center-based sector. Third, all but the most highly-skilled child care workers experience rising compensation levels but also greater turnover. Finally, states that administer a wage compensation program alongside their QRIS experience larger increases in child care supply and compensation as well as lower turnover rates than states operating a QRIS in isolation." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Hipp, Lena (2018): Damned if you do, damned if you don't? Experimental evidence on hiring discrimination against parents with differing lengths of family leave. (SocArXiv Papers), 37 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/qsm4x

Abstract

"Trotz vieler Veränderungen in den letzten Jahren erfahren Mütter in Deutschland noch immer große Nachteile auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. In einem Experiment hat Lena Hipp, Leiterin der Nachwuchsgruppe Arbeit und Fürsorge, mit ihrem Team jetzt untersucht, ob sich eine veränderte Aufteilung von Kinderbetreuung positiv auf die Erwerbschancen von Müttern auswirkt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das nicht unbedingt der Fall ist. Mütter mit lediglich zwei Monaten Elternzeit werden deutlich seltener zum Vorstellungsgespräch eingeladen als Frauen, die ein Jahr Elternzeit genommen haben. Bei den Vätern dagegen spielt die Dauer der Elternzeit keine Rolle." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hu, Yang & Deniz Yucel (2018): What Fairness? Gendered Division of Housework and Family Life Satisfaction across 30 Countries. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 92-105. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcx085

Abstract

"This article sheds new light on the role played by perceived fairness in configuring the relationship between gendered housework division and women's family life satisfaction across 30 countries. This is achieved by distinguishing and comparing two major dimensions of women's fairness comparison -- inter-gender relational comparison between partners and intra-gender referential comparison with other women from the same society. Analysing data from the 2012 International Social Survey Programme, we find that women's family life satisfaction is adversely affected by both a lack of relational fairness and unfavourable referential comparison, which operate independently of each other. Supporting the 'self-serving' theory, women are found to rely more on one dimension of fairness comparison to assess their family life satisfaction when they compare unfavourably rather than favourably in the other dimension. Country-level gender equality positively predicts the strength of the association between relational fairness and family life satisfaction. However, it does not seem to moderate the influence of referential comparison on family life satisfaction. In light of these results, scholars are urged to consider the perceived fairness of housework division as a plural construct, and to promulgate gender equality in multiple dimensions -- addressing not just inter-gender (in)equity but also intra-gender (in)equality -- to move the gender revolution forward." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Keldenich, Carina & Andreas Knabe (2018): Women's labor market responses to their partners' unemployment and low-pay employment. (CESifo working paper 7377), München, 30 S.

Abstract

"This paper revisits the added worker effect. Using bivariate random-effects probit estimation on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel we show that women respond to their partners' unemployment with an increase in labor market participation, which also leads to an increase in their employment probability. Our analysis considers within- and between-effects separately, revealing differences in the relationships between women's labor market statuses and their partners' unemployment in the previous period (within-effect) and their partners' overall probability of being unemployed (between-effect). Furthermore, we demonstrate that partners' employment in low-paid jobs has an effect on women's labor market choices and outcomes similar to that of his unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Keller, Wolfgang & Hâle Utar (2018): Globalization, gender, and the family. (NBER working paper 25247), Cambrige, Mass., 96 S. DOI:10.3386/w25247

Abstract

"This paper shows that globalization has far-reaching implications for the economy's fertility rate and family structure because they influence work-life balance. Employing population register data on new births, marriages, and divorces together with employer-employee linked data for Denmark, we show that lower labor market opportunities due to Chinese import competition lead to a shift towards family, with more parental leave taking and higher fertility as well as more marriages and fewer divorces. This pro-family, pro-child shift is driven largely by women, not men. Correspondingly, the negative earnings implications of the rising import competition are concentrated on women, and gender earnings inequality increases. We show that the choice of market versus family is a major determinant of worker adjustment costs to labor market shocks. While older workers respond to the shock rather similarly whether female or not, for young workers the fertility response takes away the adjustment advantage they typically have - if the worker is a woman. We find that the female biological clock - women have difficulties to conceive beyond their early forties - is central for the gender differential, rather than the composition of jobs and workplaces, as well as other potential causes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kolpashnikova, Kamila (2018): American househusbands: New time use evidence of gender display, 2003-2016. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 140, H. 3, S. 1259-1277. DOI:10.1007/s11205-017-1813-z

Abstract

"The traditional gendered division of household labor, where women did the bulk of all domestic labor, is eroding. The literature on housework, however, does not discuss the ways how to test for the non-traditional gender performances. Using the American Time Use Survey (2003-2016), the present study fills in this research gap and re-tests the relationship between relative earnings and the performance of housework. The analysis of women's time spent on domestic work shows that the traditional gender display explanation still applies to women's participation in routine tasks such as cooking and cleaning. Thus, breadwinning wives display gender neutralizing behavior and 'do' gender. On the other hand, American men show non-normative gender behavior in cooking and cleaning, but not in maintenance, where they still 'do' gender. This paper unveils a persistent traditional gender performance of women in housework and a new pattern for men's involvement in indoor routine housework." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Kornstad, Tom & Marit Rønsen (2018): Women's wages and fertility revisited evidence from Norway. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 491-518. DOI:10.1007/s10680-017-9435-3

Abstract

"The prediction of New Home Economics of a negative effect of female wages on fertility has been tested in a number of studies, but the results are far from unanimous. This article contributes with new evidence based on registry data covering all Norwegian women born in 1955-1974 and a simultaneous hazard model of transitions to first, second and third birth. We find a U-shaped relationship between wages and the log hazard for all cohorts, however, varying in strength and across parity. In transitions to first birth, most women are likely to be on the downward slope of the curve, implying that the wage effect is mainly negative. In transitions to second and third birth, most women are likely to be on the upward slope of the curve, where the wage effect is positive. The results are not very sensitive to the omission of education and income of the spouse." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Kreyenfeld, Michaela & Anja Vatterrott (2018): Salmon migration and fertility in East Germany. An analysis of birth dynamics around German reunification. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 247-266. DOI:10.3224/zff.v30i3.02

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag werden die Registerdaten der deutschen Rentenversicherung verwendet, um die Übergänge zum ersten Kind und das 'Spacing' weiterer Kinder in der Zeit nach der Wiedervereinigung zu beschreiben. Wir untersuchen dabei das Geburtenverhalten von ostdeutschen und westdeutschen sowie jenen Frauen, die zwischen den beiden Landesteilen migriert sind. Da in den Rentenregistern monatsgenaue Angaben zum Wohnort enthalten sind, erlauben sie es den Zusammenhang von räumlicher Mobilität und Geburtenverhalten zu analysieren. Insbesondere untersuchen wir die 'Salmon Hypothesis' (Lachshypothese), der zufolge Geburten bis zur Rückkehr der Migrantinnen in ihre Herkunftsregion aufgeschoben werden. Unsere Analysen zeigen, dass ein erheblicher Teil der ostdeutschen Frauen der Geburtsjahrgänge 1965-74 nach Westdeutschland migrierte, jedoch bis zum Alter 40 etwa 50% von ihnen nach Ostdeutschland zurückgekehrt sind. Die Erstgeburtenraten der Rückkehrerinnen sind erhöht, was darauf hinweist, dass die 'Salmon Hypothesis' das Verhalten eines großen Teils der Ost-West-Migrantinnen beschreiben kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lubotsky, Darren & Javaeria A. Qureshi (2018): Assessing the smooth rise in mothers' employment as children age. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 12, H. 4, S. 604-639. DOI:10.1086/700077

Abstract

"We study the trajectory of maternal employment as children age and assess the factors underlying the smooth increase in mothers' employment as their youngest child ages. Our results indicate that the rising employment profile is largely not associated with falling child care costs, changes in nonlabor income, or marital dissolution as children age. Differences in educational attainment and wage opportunities are related to some of the increase in employment when children are under 4 years old but do not explain any after that age. We discuss explanations for the rising pattern of mothers' employment that might be consistent with our results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Maestas, Nicole (2018): The return to work and women's employment decisions. (NBER working paper 24429), Cambrige, Mass., 40 S. DOI:10.3386/w24429

Abstract

"It is well documented that individuals in couples tend to retire around the same time. But because women tend to marry older men, this means many married women retire at younger ages than their husbands. This fact is somewhat at odds with lifecycle theory that suggests women might otherwise retire at later ages than men because they have longer life expectancies, and often have had shorter careers on account of childrearing. As a result, the opportunity cost of retirement - in terms of foregone potential earnings and accruals to Social Security wealth - may be larger for married women than for their husbands. Using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), I find evidence that the returns to additional work beyond mid-life are greater for married women than for married men. The potential gain in Social Security wealth alone is enough to place married women on nearly equal footing with married men in terms of Social Security wealth at age 70." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Majbouri, Mahdi (2018): Twins, family size, and female labor force participation in Iran. (IZA discussion paper 11638), Bonn, 27 S.

Abstract

"Despite the remarkable increase in women's education levels and the rapid fall of their fertility rate in Iran, female labor force participation (FLFP) has remained low. Using the instrumental variable method, this paper estimates the causal impact of number of children on mothers' participation in the labor market. It finds that having an extra (unplanned) child would only reduce female participation rate for low educated mothers and mothers with young children, thus having no causal impact on most mothers' participation. This result explains why the rapid decline in fertility rates did not increase female participation; rather, other factors should be at play. It hence moves us a step forward in explaining the puzzle of female labor force participation in Iran. Policy implications are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Meliou, Elina & Tim Edwards (2018): Relational practices and reflexivity: Exploring the responses of women entrepreneurs to changing household dynamics. In: International Small Business Journal, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 149-168. DOI:10.1177/0266242617724858

Abstract

"This qualitative study explores how and why women, positioned as mothers, wives, or carers, navigate changing household dynamics, related to care and reproductive resources, and become entrepreneurial. Drawing on relational reflexivity, we show how women's embodied, intimate relations with important others in the household form the focal point for entrepreneurial activities and offer evidence of their entrepreneurial agency. Our analysis reveals the emergence of three relational practices that result in a new venture as the entrepreneurial response of women. We critically evaluate normative analyses on gender, entrepreneurship, and household." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Müller, Kai-Uwe, Michael Neumann & Katharina Wrohlich (2018): Labor supply under participation and hours constraints. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1758), Berlin, 50 S.

Abstract

"The paper extends a static discrete-choice labor supply model by adding participation and hours constraints. We identify restrictions by survey information on the eligibility and search activities of individuals as well as actual and desired hours. This provides for a more robust identification of preferences and constraints. Both, preferences and restrictions are allowed to vary by and are related through observed and unobserved characteristics. We distinguish various restrictions mechanisms: labor demand rationing, working hours norms varying across occupations, and insufficient public childcare on the supply side of the market. The effect of these mechanisms is simulated by relaxing different constraints at a time. We apply the empirical framework to evaluate an in-work benefit for low-paid parents in the German institutional context. The benefit is supposed to increase work incentives for secondary earners. Based on the structural model we are able to disentangle behavioral reactions into the pure incentive effect and the limiting impact of constraints at the intensive and extensive margin. We find that the in-work benefit for parents substantially increases working hours of mothers of young children, especially when they have a low education. Simulating the effects of restrictions shows their substantial impact on employment of mothers with young children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nitsche, Natalie & Daniel Grunow (2018): Do economic resources play a role in bargaining child care in couples? Parental investment in cases of matching and mismatching gender ideologies in Germany. In: European Societies, Jg. 20, H. 5, S. 785-815. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2018.1473626

Abstract

"This paper examines the factors associated with a gendered division of childcare among parents in Germany. While much is known on the gender division of housework in families and the economic and sociological factors that may be driving it, we still know relatively little about whether and how these factors may affect the division of unpaid childcare in families. We first assess the relevance of partner's combined gender ideologies and relative resources on the division of unpaid childcare. Second, we assess whether the effect of economic resources may be contingent on the partners' agreement or disagreement on gender ideologies concerning maternal employment. We address these questions using data from the German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) and MLM Growth Curve Models. Our findings consistently show a significant positive effect of partners' combined gender ideologies and her share of income on his share of childcare. These effects are strongest, and robust, among couples with matching ideologies supporting maternal employment, which we term 'egalitarian island' couples. Economically efficient divisions of childcare thus appear dependent upon the couples' ideological pairing and on mothers' ideologies towards maternal employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Osuna, Victoria (2018): What accounts for the increase in female labor force participation in Spain. (Economics. Discussion papers 2018-06), Kiel, 29 S.

Abstract

"Over the last three decades, Spanish female labor force participation (LFP) has tremendously increased, particularly, that of married women. At the same time, the income tax structure, the fiscal treatment of families, policies to reconcile family and work, and the education distribution of married couples have substantially changed. By contrast, the gender wage gap has remained quite stable. In this paper the author investigates the relevance of these factors in accounting for the growth in Spanish married women labor force participation from 1994 to 2008. For that purpose, she uses Kaygusuz (Taxes and female labor supply, 2010) model of household labor market participation, and data from Eurostat to calibrate the model and evaluate its performance. The model successfully accounts for the rise in aggregate female labor force participation, and matches hours worked by males and females. The model is also able to replicate the pattern of female labor force participation by age and education. From this analysis we can conclude that changes in tax rates and in the education distribution are the main factors behind the increase in female LFP during the late nineties, while changes in child care costs and earning profiles are mainly responsible for the subsequent growth in the 2000s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Park, Seonyoung (2018): A structural explanation of recent changes in life-cycle labor supply and fertility behavior of married women in the United States. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 102, H. February, S. 129-168. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.11.006

Abstract

"This study documents and explains important changes in the life-cycle labor supply and fertility behavior of married women in the United States from the 1950s to more recent cohorts. The younger cohorts, relative to the 1950s, supply more labor at earlier stages of the life-cycle, delay motherhood to later stages without reducing the fertility rate, and upon childbearing, show a greater tendency to stay out of the labor force. In a life-cycle model for married couples in which a household makes decisions on fertility as well as labor supply, consumption, and savings, all the behavioral changes are jointly and quantitatively explained by a combination of changes in various labor supply/fertility determinants, with the increased returns (penalties) to work (non-work) experience being the dominant contributor. The results survive a series of robustness tests, including endogenizing education choice and assortative marriage." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Qian, Yue (2018): Educational Assortative Mating and Income Dynamics in Couples. A Longitudinal Dyadic Perspective. In: Journal of Marriage and Family, Jg. 80, H. 3, S. 607-621. DOI:10.1111/jomf.12470

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Roth, Anja & Michaela Slotwinski (2018): Gender norms and income misreporting within households. (CESifo working paper 7298), München, 30 S.

Abstract

"We revisit the prominent finding that women's incomes are disproportionally often observed just below the income of their partner. So far, this bunching has been explained by couple formation or couples' labor market decisions. We propose an additional mechanism: income misreporting in surveys. Drawing on survey and administrative data, we show that income misreporting accounts for the discontinuity in the distribution of women's relative incomes just below the point where a woman outearns her partner. This misreporting is best explained by the role of gender norms in individuals' self-portrayals and self-perception." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schmidt, Eva-Maria (2018): Breadwinning as care? The meaning of paid work in mothers' and fathers' constructions of parenting. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 21, H. 4, S. 445-462. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2017.1318112

Abstract

"As some scholars have argued for a distinct conceptualisation of breadwinning and for understanding breadwinning as a form of care, this study addresses parents' constructions of breadwinning and its connections to care. It is based on an in-depth interpretive analysis of multiple-perspective, qualitative longitudinal interviews with 22 Austrian mothers and fathers from three points in time during their transition to parenthood. The analysis revealed four different types of breadwinning concepts by considering the jointly constructed meaning of mothers' and fathers' paid work within a parental couple and further relied on Tronto's [(1993). Moral boundaries. A political argument for an ethic of care. New York, NY: Routledge] conceptualisation of care as a four-step process. The results indicate that respondents construct a clear difference between earning money and breadwinning. Additionally, a difference is made between breadwinning and taking care of the family's subsistence, predominantly so for mothers. In conclusion, breadwinning can definitely be considered a form of care and thus a form of involvement in parenting, but it cannot be regarded a form of involvement in caregiving. The holistic picture of parents' joint constructions enabled us to contribute to the existing conceptualisations of breadwinning and of parental involvement, thus providing a novel perspective on matters of gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Steiber, Nadia & Barbara Haas (2018): Too much or too little work? Couples' actual and preferred employment patterns and work hours mismatches in Europe. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 269-292. DOI:10.3224/zff.v30i3.03

Abstract

"Die letzte große Erhebung und Analyse von Umfragedaten zu den Arbeitszeitpräferenzen von Paaren in Europa wurde in den 1990er Jahren durchgeführt. Der Tenor dieser Analysen war, dass sich die oft 'überarbeiteten' Zweiverdiener-Paare in vielen Fällen eine Reduktion ihrer Arbeitszeit wünschen, vor allem bei Vorliegen von Kinderbetreuungspflichten. Die vorliegende Studie nützt jüngere Daten aus dem European Social Survey (2010-12). Der Fokus der Analyse liegt auf Unterschieden zwischen demographischen Gruppen und Ländern im Ausmaß zu dem Paare mehr oder weniger Stunden erwerbstätig sind als dies ihren Präferenzen entspricht (Über- bzw. Unterbeschäftigung). Die Analysen zeigen, dass rund ein Drittel der Paare unterbeschäftigt ist (Präferenz für Arbeitszeitaufstockung), während nur rund eines von zehn Paaren angibt, überbeschäftigt zu sein (Präferenz für Arbeitszeitreduktion). Als Risikofaktoren für Unterbeschäftigung werden niedrige Bildung und Kinder im Vorschulalter sowie auf der Länderebene hohe Arbeitslosigkeit (Griechenland, Irland, Slowenien, Spanien) identifiziert. Höher gebildete Frauen bzw. Paare mit älteren Kindern sind dagegen mit einer höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit überbeschäftigt. Der Effekt von kleinen Kindern auf das Risiko von Unterbeschäftigung variiert ja nach Land. Stärkere Effekte werden in Zentral- und Osteuropa, Finnland und Deutschland beobachtet, vergleichsweises geringe oder keine Effekte in Großbritannien, Griechenland, Irland und Schweden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Stier, Haya, Noah Lewin-Epstein & Michael Braun (2018): Institutional change and women's work patterns along the family life course. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 57, H. October, S. 46-55. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2018.07.001

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Wang, Haomin (2018): Intra-household risk sharing and job search over the business cycle. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1760), Berlin, 53 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the extent to which working couples can insure one another against cyclical fluctuations in the labor market and examines the implications of joint household decision-making for cyclical fluctuations in the unemployment rate. For this purpose, I provide a dynamic life-cycle model of households that make joint savings and job search decisions in the presence of aggregate shocks. I show that two key mechanisms are at play. The first is the added-worker effect, which leads to counter-cyclical search intensity because workers increase search intensity when their spouse becomes unemployed. The second is the comparative advantage effect, according to which couples' job search efforts are coordinated based on the relative returns to search of each spouse. I estimate the model using data from the US Current Population Survey, and find that joint household decision-making contributes to the counter-cyclicality of women's unemployment rate, but not for men. Moreover, joint household decision-making lowers the welfare costs of cyclicality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wu, Chunzan & Dirk Krueger (2018): How much consumption insurance in bewley models with endogenous family labor supply? (NBER working paper 24472), Cambrige, Mass., 59 S. DOI:10.3386/w24472

Abstract

"We show that a calibrated life-cycle two-earner household model with endogenous labor supply can rationalize the extent of consumption insurance against shocks to male and female wages, as estimated empirically by Blundell, Pistaferri and Saporta-Eksten (2016) in U.S. data. With additively separable preferences, 43% of male and 23% of female permanent wage shocks pass through to consumption, compared to the empirical estimates of 34% and 20%. With non-separable preferences the model predicts more consumption insurance, with pass-through rates of 29% and 16%. Most of the consumption insurance against permanent male wage shocks is provided through the labor supply response of the female earner." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Yang, Tzu-Ting (2018): Family labor supply and the timing of cash transfers. Evidence from the Earned Income Tax Credit. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 445-473. DOI:10.3368/jhr.53.2.0115-6857R1

Abstract

"This paper exploits the unique disbursement timing and benefit rules of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) to provide new evidence on how families adjust their labor supply in response to receiving anticipated cash transfers. I find that income seasonality caused by EITC receipt leads to changes in the intra-year labor supply patterns of married women. On average, receiving a $1,000 payment significantly reduces the proportion of married women who work, by 1.3 percentage points, in the month when the EITC is received. Additionally, this labor supply response is mainly driven by those who are secondary earners or liquidity-constrained." (Author's abstract, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

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Aisenbrey, Silke & Anette Fasang (2017): The interplay of work and family trajectories over the life course. Germany and the United States in comparison. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 122, H. 5, S. 1448-1484. DOI:10.1086/691128

Abstract

"This article uses sequence analysis to examine how gender inequality in work-family trajectories unfolds from early adulthood until middle age in two different welfare state contexts. Results based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the German National Education Panel Study demonstrate that in Germany, all work-family trajectories are highly gender-specific irrespective of social class. In contrast, patterns of work-family interplay across the life course in the United States are, overall, less gendered, but they differ widely by social class. In fact, work-family patterns characterized by high occupational prestige are fairly equally accessible for men and women. However, women are far more likely than men to experience the joint occurrence of single parenthood and unstable low-prestige work careers in the United States. The authors contribute to the literature by bringing in a longitudinal, process-oriented life course perspective and conceptualizing work-family trajectories as interlocked, multidimensional processes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Akbulut-Yuksel, Mevlude, Melanie Khamis & Mutlu Yuksel (2017): Women make houses, women make homes. In: Labour economics, Jg. 49, H. December, S. 145-161. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.05.004

Abstract

"This paper examines the persistent effects of historical labor market institutions and policies on women's long-term labor market outcomes. We quantify these enduring effects by exploring quasi-experimental variation in Germany's post-World War II mandatory reconstruction policy, which compelled women to work in the rubble removal and reconstruction process. Using difference-in-differences and instrumental variable approaches, we find that mandatory employment during the postwar era generated persistent adverse effects on women's long-term labor market outcomes. An increase in marriage and fertility rates in the postwar era and a physical and mental exhaustion associated with manual labor are some of the direct and indirect channels potentially explaining our results." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Altintas, Evrim & Oriel Sullivan (2017): Trends in fathers' contribution to housework and childcare under different welfare policy regimes. In: Social Politics, Jg. 24, H. 1, S. 81-108. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxw007

Abstract

"This article brings up to date welfare regime differences in the time fathers spend on childcare and core housework, using Multinational Time Use Study data (1971 - 2010) from fifteen countries. Although Nordic fathers continue to set the bar, the results provide some support for the idea of a catch-up in core housework among Southern regime fathers. The results also suggest an increasing polarization in Liberal countries, whereby fathers who were meaningfully involved in family life were increasingly likely to spend more time doing core housework and, particularly, childcare. Fathers living in Corporatist countries have been least responsive to change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Angelov, Nikolay, Per Johansson & Myoung-jae Lee (2017): The effect of fertility timing on labor market work. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2017,13), Uppsala, 44 S.

Abstract

"We provide a framework for the estimation of the impact of fertility timing on female long-term labor supply, measured as labor market work duration. We show that the genuine treatment is waiting time to birth rather than birth per se. In the application we control for the joint decision of fertility and labor supply by using the 'same-sex' instrument in a control function setting. We find that having a third child will in general reduce the labor market work duration. The magnitude of the effect depends to a large extent on the mothers' age at second birth but also on the waiting time to the third child and the education level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arntz, Melanie, Stephan Dlugosz & Ralf A. Wilke (2017): The sorting of female careers after first birth. A competing risks analysis of maternity leave duration. In: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 79, H. 5, S. 689-716. DOI:10.1111/obes.12158

Abstract

"A number of contributions have found evidence that motherhood is a critical life event for women's employment careers. This study presents a detailed analysis for the duration of maternity leave in which young mothers can make a transition into different types of employment, unemployment as well as the next birth. We provide a comprehensive picture of the sorting mechanisms that lead to the differentiation of women's employment careers after birth. Our empirical evidence is derived from large-linked administrative individual labour market data from Germany for a period of three decades. We obtain unprecedented insights into how women's skills, the quality of the previous job match, firm level characteristics, labour market conditions and leave legislation are related to the length of maternity duration. Expansionary leave policies, e.g. are found to be a key factor for the rising share of women who have their second child out of inactivity." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))