Zitatform

Cañibano, Carolina & Richard Woolley (2015): Towards a socio-economics of the brain drain and distributed human capital. In: International migration, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 115-130. DOI:10.1111/imig.12020

Abstract

"This paper derives from our joint interest in understanding how scientific mobility affects developing countries. Many authors have addressed the topic previously, both from an economic and from a sociological perspective. However, recent literature evinces dissatisfaction with both analytical frameworks and the framing of public policies addressing the brain drain problematic. This paper is a contribution to understanding the historical and theoretical foundations of the 'brain drain' debate. We aim to improve conceptual clarity regarding the itinerancy of human beings and the mobilization of human capital. We develop a critical review of the economics of the brain drain, highlighting the work of some key early thinkers and pointing out the way in which subsequent work has taken up selected aspects of their approaches leaving other challenges aside. We then consider the diaspora networks literature, which is characterized as taking a 'connectionist' approach to the brain drain. We identify two fundamental problems: the sidelining of complementarity and context dependency as basic properties of human capital; and a failure to adequately disentangle the concepts of human resources for science and technology (HRST) and human capital in academic and policy discourse about the brain drain." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Clemens, Michael A. (2015): Losing our minds? New research directions on skilled migration and development. (IZA discussion paper 9218), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper critiques the last decade of research on the effects of high-skill emigration from developing countries, and proposes six new directions for fruitful research. The study singles out a core assumption underlying much of the recent literature, calling it the Lump of Learning model of human capital and development, and describes five ways that research has come to challenge that assumption. It assesses the usefulness of the Lump of Learning model in the face of accumulating evidence. The axioms of the Lump of Learning model have shaped research priorities in this literature, but many of those axioms do not have a clear empirical basis. Future research proceeding from established facts would set different priorities, and would devote more attention to measuring the effects of migration on skilled migrant households, rigorously estimating human capital externalities, gathering microdata beyond censuses, and carefully considering optimal policy - among others. The recent literature has pursued a series of extensions to the Lump of Learning model. This study urges discarding the Lump of Learning model, pointing toward a new paradigm for research on skilled migration and development." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cohen, Laurie, Joanne Duberley & M. N. Ravishankar (2015): Examining the interplay of career, migration and national cultural identity. The case of Indian scientists. In: International migration, Jg. 53, H. 5, S. 104-121. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2012.00768.x

Abstract

"In this paper, we examine individuals' career migration across international borders. It is widely recognized that globalization has fundamental implications for the careers of people across geographical and cultural boundaries. However, our understanding of the interplay of migration, career development and national/cultural identities remains undeveloped within the extant literature. In this paper, we seek to offer insights into this relationship. Focusing on Indian scientists, an occupational group whose careers have long been associated with movement around the world, in this paper we examine these issues. Empirically, we examine three themes: why Indian scientists see international mobility as important in the development of their careers; continued links with India; and the interplay of national/cultural affiliation and respondents' career experiences. In light of our findings, in the discussion section we argue that considering Indian scientists as a career diaspora highlights three important features that in the main have received only limited attention in the extant literature: career as a social form and process; the notion of the scientific career as a cultural product; and the interrelationship of career and national/cultural affiliation as ongoing facets of individuals' identities as they develop diasporic careers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cordes, Alexander (2015): Regional specialization and labor mobility. An empirical analysis of German microdata for 2000-2010. (Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem 2015-11), Berlin, 38 S.

Abstract

Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist die aktuelle wirtschaftliche Spezialisierung deutscher Regionen und deren Einfluss auf die Beschäftigungsentwicklung in anderen Wirtschaftszweigen derselben Regionen. Insbesondere geht es um sogenannte intelligente Spezialisierungsstrategien, die auf dem Innovationspotenzial bestehender Unternehmen aufbauen, wobei die Anziehung von Fachkräften von großer Bedeutung ist. Hierzu wurden Daten aus dem Betriebs-Historik-Panel und der Stichprobe der Integrierten Arbeitsmarktbiografien ausgewertet. Fazit: Eine geringere Spezialisierung erhöht die Zuwanderung von Arbeitnehmern aus anderen Regionen vor allem in der nicht-wissensintensiven Produktion. Eine hohe Wissensintensität der Produktion führt hingegen zur Anziehung von Hochqualifizierten, auch aus anderen Ländern. (IAB)

Zitatform

Ferrer, Ana (2015): Are married immigrant women secondary workers? Patterns of labor market assimilation for married immigrant women are similar to those for men. (IZA world of labor 119), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.119

Abstract

"What is the role of married women in immigrant households? Their contribution to the labor market has traditionally been considered of secondary importance and studied in the framework of temporary attachment to the labor force to support the household around the time of arrival. But this role has changed. Evidence from major immigrant-receiving countries suggests that married immigrant women make labor supply decisions similar to those recently observed for native-born married women, who are guided by their own opportunities in the labor market rather than by their spouses' employment trajectories." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hamm, Rüdiger, Angelika Jäger, Johannes Kopper & Fabian Kreutzer (2015): Brain drain or brain gain? Graduate migration in old industrial regions. Analysis of the central Lower Rhine area, Germany. In: R. Hamm & J. Kopper (Hrsg.) (2015): Higher education institutions and regional development : proceedings of the 3. ERSA international workshop (Mönchengladbacher Schriften zur wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Praxis, 28), S. 54-69.

Abstract

"The influence of tertiary education on regional economic development is a prevalent object of research and studies (e.g. Anselin et al. 2000; Hamm et al. 2012; Back/Fürst 2012; OECD 2011; Schmoch 2011). Universities can be key institutions determining regional economic development. Especially the large number of highly-educated graduates is of eminent importance in terms of regional competitive advantages. If graduates remain in the surrounding region, they form and enrich a highly educated labour force and support knowledge transfer from the university to regional economy, networks, and enterprises (Audretsch et al. 2010, p. 105). In any region, gaining insights into the graduate migration patterns and motives is highly relevant for economic analysis and policy recommendations. This holds especially true for old industrial regions - as the Central Lower Rhine Area in North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. These regions depend on knowledge transfer from universities to overcome problems associated with industrial structural changes, market turmoil, and demographic developments. This articles analyses the migration of graduates in the Central Lower Rhine Area by assessing the regional brain flow originating from the Niederrhine University of Applied Sciences, its only institution of higher education. Our results show that the regional brain drain resulting from graduate emigration cannot be compensated by extra-regional brain gain. A likely reason for this is a deficit of absorption capacity exhibited by regional economy: A large proportion of graduates migrate due to difficulties finding an adequate job, or are attracted by economically better performing regions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kathmann, Till (2015): Zwischen Gehen und Bleiben. Entscheidungsprozesse wanderungswilliger deutscher Facharbeiter. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 357 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-08811-8

Abstract

"Till Kathmann untersucht den Entscheidungsprozess zwischen Gehen und Bleiben wie auch die Migrationsgründe der gerade in den letzten Jahren gestiegenen Anzahl deutscher Auswanderer. Dafür greift der Autor auf eine qualitative Erhebung mit zwei Befragungswellen zurück, in der potentielle Migranten sowohl vor der Auswanderung als auch danach untersucht wurden. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Entscheidung zugunsten einer Auswanderung ausfällt, wenn Lebensverhältnisse im Herkunftsland keinen oder wenig Schutz vor prekären Lebenslagen versprechen. Folglich sind überwiegend ökonomische Gründe für die Auswanderung ausschlaggebend und prägen Teile der Migrationsbewegung von Deutschen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kõu, Anu, Leo van Wissen, Jouke van Dijk & Ajay Bailey (2015): A life course approach to high-skilled migration. Lived experiences of indians in the Netherlands. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 41, H. 10, S. 1644-1663. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1019843

Abstract

"This article presents a framework which applies life course approach to high-skilled migration. By using the lens of the life course, migration behaviour is viewed not only in response to labour market triggers, but also in relation to other life domains such as education, employment and household. The data presented in this article are drawn from 22 in-depth interviews and visualisations of parallel careers. The results illustrate how highly skilled Indian migrants in the Netherlands shape their life course and highlight the parallel careers that structure their migration trajectories. Parents, spouse and social networks inform the life course decisions of these migrants through the linked lives mechanism to a large extent. Our findings challenge the notion of 'trailing wives' and suggest that, despite of gender differences in the life course patterns, the joining spouses play an active role in the family migration decisions of the highly skilled. Life course approach enables us to understand the migration process through the lives of the highly skilled and reveals how -- the often culturally conditioned -- life course interdependencies frame their migration decisions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Plöger, Jörg & Anna Becker (2015): Social networks and local incorporation. Grounding high-skilled migrants in two German cities. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 41, H. 10, S. 1517-1535. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1015407

Abstract

"The global connection of production and labour markets intensifies circular migration patterns and mobile lifestyles. Highly qualified migrants play an increasingly prominent role as illustrated by policy initiatives to recruit skilled professionals. So far there is little evidence about the relationship between mobile groups and urban development processes. It remains unclear to what extent mobile lifestyles and the maintenance of transnational ties affect local incorporation patterns. Our paper has two main objectives. First, it examines the role of specific settings for 'grounding' high-skilled migrants. We particularly focus on social networks such as work environments, migrant communities and web-based social networks. Second, it discusses if the city context influences the modes of incorporation. The paper draws on qualitative interviews with high-skilled migrants from non-European countries in two large German cities with divergent development trajectories. Our findings show that local social networks are important settings for facilitating the incorporation of high-skilled migrants. While the comparison indicates some variations between the two cities, the overall patterns of local incorporation are relatively consistent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Rienzo, Cinzia & Carlos Vargas-Silva (2015): Targeting migration with limited control. The case of the UK and the EU. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 4, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/s40174-015-0039-9

Abstract

"Since 2010 the UK Government has aimed to reduce net-migration. The UK Government cannot restrict EEA migration, and it has focused instead on restricting non-EEA migration, including closing routes intended for non-EEA high-skilled workers. We identify a possible substitution effect in this context: restricting one type of migration may lead to an increase in an unrestricted type (i.e., 'balloon effect'). We present evidence which is consistent with this substitution effect for the case of high-skilled migrant workers in the UK. We also construct counterfactual estimates of the number of different types of migrant workers in the UK with pre-policies conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schiff, Maurice (2015): Ability drain. (IZA discussion paper 9542), Bonn, 22 S.

Abstract

"Is ability drain (AD) economically significant? That immigrants or their children founded over 40% of the Fortune 500 US companies suggests it is. Moreover, brain drain (BD) induces a brain gain (BG). This cannot occur with ability. Nonetheless, while BD has been studied extensively, AD drain has not. I examine migration's impact on ability (a), education (h), and productive human capital or 'skill' (s) - which includes both a and h - for source country residents and migrants, under the points system (PS), 'vetting' system (VS), which accounts for s (e.g., US H1-B visa), and 'new' points system (NS), which combines PS and VS (e.g., Canada, 2015+). I find that i) Migration reduces (raises) source country residents' (migrants') average ability and has an ambiguous (positive) impact on their average education and skill, with a net skill drain more likely than a net BD; ii) AD is greater than BD; iii) the effects increase with ability's inequality or variance V(a); iv) the policies in turn raise V(a), V(h) and V(s), with V(a) > V(h); v) effects in i) - iv) are larger under VS than PS; vi) residents' (migrants') consumption is lower (higher) under either policy than under a closed economy; vii) consumption falls with ability's inequality; viii) contrary to the situation with education and skill, consumption inequality is lower under VS than PS; viii) ability, education and skill (consumption) under NS are identical (is larger than) the combined values under PS and VS. Orders of magnitude, empirical research plans, and policy implications are provided." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2015): AMIGA - Active Migrants in the Local Labor Market. Strategies to support migrants in the labor market. Experience with the AMIGA project in the context of old and new migration cities in the EU. (Landeshauptstadt München, Referat für Arbeit und Wirtschaft. Issue 292), München, 188 S.

Abstract

"AMIGA bedeutet Active MIGrAnts in the Local Labor Market.
AMIGA erschließt die Potenziale von qualifizierten Migrantinnen und Migranten für den Münchner Arbeitsmarkt, fördert den Dialog zwischen Arbeitgebern und der Zielgruppe und entwickelt Strategien für deren erfolgreiche Arbeitsmarktintegration.
Die Publikation informiert über die lokal entwickelten und umgesetzten Strategien der Projektpartner und -partnerinnen aus München und Posen zur Arbeitsmarktintegration (qualifizierter) Migrantinnen und Migranten, die Schwerpunkte des transnationalen Austausches und die aus der Projektpraxis abgeleiteten Empfehlungen aus der ersten Projektphase 2013 - 2015" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schulze Palstring, Verena (2015): Das Potenzial der Migration aus Indien. Entwicklungen im Herkunftsland, internationale Migrationsbewegungen und Migration nach Deutschland. (Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge. Forschungsbericht 26), Nürnberg, 234 S.

Abstract

"Migration aus Indien nach Deutschland hat sowohl medial als auch politisch seit den 2000er-Jahren vor allem in Bezug auf die (gesteuerte) Migration qualifizierter und hochqualifizierter Fachkräfte an Bedeutung gewonnen. Die Studie erörtert das aktuelle Potenzial der Migration aus Indien nach Deutschland. Dazu werden diverse Entwicklungen im Herkunftsland Indien, internationale Migrationsbewegungen in andere Zielregionen sowie Charakteristika und Trends der Migration nach Deutschland analysiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Seele, Peter (2015): Region, Religion und Rücküberweisung. Zur Migration Hochqualifizierter aus Indien und China in deutschsprachige Länder und der Einfluss informeller Institutionen. (Institutionelle und Evolutorische Ökonomik 47), Marburg: Metropolis, 260 S.

Abstract

"Ausgangspunkt der Monographie über Wanderungsbewegungen Hochqualifizierter ist die Kritik am bestehenden 'methodologischen Nationalismus' (per-head-count-metric), durch welchen nur der Wanderungssaldo gemäss der ermittelten Wohnsitzstatistiken herangezogen werden kann. Diese Datensituation ist nach Ansicht des Verfassers unzureichend, die in der jüngeren Forschung diskutierten Konzepte der Transnationalisierung und der zirkulären Prozess der Migration Hochqualifizierter (brain circulation) zu erfassen. Aus diesem Grund wird in dieser Arbeit der 'methodologische Transnationalismus' vorgeschlagen. Entscheidend ist dabei zur Erfassung der Wanderungsbewegungen Hochqualifizierter nicht mehr nur der Wanderungssaldo, sondern deren Partizipation am Transnationalismus im Professionellen wie im Privaten/Sozialen. Konzeptionell wird die Institutionenökonomie (nach D. North) als Theorierahmen zur Anwendung gebracht. Besonderer Schwerpunkt sind dabei die informellen Institutionen. Dabei wurden insbesondere drei institutionelle Arrangements identifiziert, die sowohl dem Charakter formloser Institutionen wie dem methodologischen Transnationalismus gerecht werden. Region, Religion und Rücküberweisungen. Um diese theoretischen Kriterien institutioneller Arrangements empirisch zu überprüfen wurde eine Befragung von Hochqualifizierten mit Erfahrungen in einem der drei deutschsprachigen Länder Deutschland, Österreich oder Schweiz aus Indien oder China durchgeführt. Aufgrund der Fragebogendaten wurden die statistisch signifikanten Aufbruchs- und Rückkehrkriterien ermittelt, um der zirkulären, transnationalen Migration eine empirische Untermauerung zu verschaffen. Für die Aufbruchentscheidung waren die Kriterien Bezahlung, Offenheit des Ziellandes, Ausbildungssystem, Positives Image des Ziellandes sowie die Suche nach Herausforderungen signifikant wichtiger. Für die Rückkehrentscheidung waren die Kriterien Arbeitslosenquote, Altersvorsorge, Familiengründe, Sprache sowie Kulturelle/Religiöse Gründe statistisch signifikant wichtiger. Die empirischen Ergebnisse werden anhand der abgeleiteten Konzepte 'affirmativer Karriereaufbruch' und 'restitutive Heimatrückkehr' diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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van de Ven, Justin & Sarah Voitchovsky (2015): Skilled migrants and labour market integration. How important is the selection process? In: IZA journal of migration, Jg. 4, S. 1-28. DOI:10.1186/s40176-015-0045-8

Abstract

"Although many OECD countries use skilled migration to boost economic performance, there is surprisingly little direct empirical evidence concerning what effects historical initiatives in this area have had. This study estimates the effects of Australia's recent shift toward a 'hybrid approach' for managing economic migration, which increased the requirements for (supply-driven) independent skilled migrants at the same time that (demand-driven) employer-sponsored migration was expanded. We find that this combination of policy adjustments substantively improved short-term employment outcomes amongst skilled migrants six months after taking up permanent residency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sachverständigenrat Deutscher Stiftungen für Integration und Migration (2015): International Mobil - Motive, Rahmenbedingungen und Folgen der Aus- und Rückwanderung deutscher Staatsbürger. (Studie des SVR-Forschungsbereichs 2015-01), Berlin, 70 S.

Abstract

"Immer mehr Menschen in Deutschland entscheiden sich, ins Ausland zu gehen, um dort zu studieren oder zu arbeiten. Manche bleiben für immer, viele kommen aber auch zurück. Bedeutet die Abwanderung gerade von Jungen und gut Qualifizierten einen Braindrain? Was bewegt die Auswanderer und warum verlassen sie die Bundesrepublik? Welche Gründe haben diejenigen, die nach einem längeren Auslandsaufenthalt zurückkehren? Und welche Folgen hat die grenzüberschreitende Mobilität auf individueller Ebene?
Ergebnisse hierzu liefert erstmals die gemeinsame Studie des Bundesinstituts für Bevölkerungsforschung (BiB), des Forschungsbereichs des Sachverständigenrats deutscher Stiftungen für Integration und Migration und des Lehrstuhls für Empirische Sozialstrukturanalyse an der Universität Duisburg-Essen. Für die Studie wurden insgesamt 1.700 Aus- und Rückwanderer zu ihren Motiven, ihrer Sozialstruktur und den individuellen Auswirkungen der Migration befragt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"2010/2011 lebten mehr als drei Millionen in Deutschland geborene Personen in einem anderen OECD-Land. Um beurteilen zu können, welches Potenzial diese Auswandererpopulation für den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt darstellt, wird in diesem Bericht die Verteilung der deutschen Auslandsbevölkerung auf die einzelnen OECD-Länder sowie ihre Alters-, Geschlechts- und Bildungsstruktur ermittelt. Dabei wird eine Umorientierung der deutschen Auswanderer hin zu europäischen Zielländern und höheren Bildungsabschlüssen festgestellt. Die meisten deutschen Auswanderer sind nach wie vor in den Vereinigten Staaten ansässig, doch in der Schweiz und in Spanien ist die deutsche Auswandererbevölkerung besonders rasch gewachsen. Die internationalen Studierenden aus Deutschland stellen inzwischen sogar die größte Gruppe internationaler Studierender im OECD-Raum dar. Zwar erzielen deutsche Auswanderer weniger gute Arbeitsmarktergebnisse als die deutsche Inlandsbevölkerung, sie arbeiten jedoch überdurchschnittlich häufig in Berufen mit hohem Qualifikationsniveau. Die Erhebungsdaten deuten darauf hin, dass sich viele Deutsche in Deutschland mit Auswanderungsgedanken tragen und dass viele deutsche Auswanderer offen für eine eventuelle Rückkehr sind. Allerdings scheinen jene, die in den letzten Jahren zurückgekehrt sind, ein niedrigeres Bildungsniveau aufzuweisen als die, die ausgewandert sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bundesministerium des Innern (2015): Migrationsbericht des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge im Auftrag der Bundesregierung. (Migrationsbericht 2014). (Migrationsbericht des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge im Auftrag der Bundesregierung 13), Berlin, 298 S.

Abstract

"Der Migrationsbericht beinhaltet neben den allgemeinen Wanderungsdaten zu Deutschland (Kapitel 1) inklusive der EU-Binnenmigration von Unionsbürgern (Kapitel 2) und der detaillierten Darstellung der verschiedenen Migrationsarten (Kapitel 3) einen europäischen Vergleich zum Migrationsgeschehen und zur Asylzuwanderung (Kapitel 5). Zusätzlich behandelt der Bericht das Phänomen der illegalen/irregulären Migration (Kapitel 6), geht auf die Abwanderung von Deutschen und Ausländern (Kapitel 4) ein und informiert über die Struktur und die Demografie der Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund (Kapitel 7 und 8). Dabei wird in den jeweiligen Kapiteln auf die Bedeutung der einzelnen Migrationsstatistiken und die Grenzen ihrer Aussagefähigkeit eingegangen. Zudem werden kurz die Rechtsgrundlagen der einzelnen Zuwanderergruppen dargestellt sowie auf aktuelle Rechtsänderungen und relevante Gerichtsurteile eingegangen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Arslan, Cansin, Jean-Christophe Dumont, Zovanga Kone, Yasser Moulan, Caglar Ozden, Christopher Parsons & Theodora Xenogiani (2014): A new profile of migrants in the aftermath of the recent economic crisis. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 160), Paris, 69 S. DOI:10.1787/5jxt2t3nnjr5-en

Abstract

"Growing international migration and diverse characteristics of migrant populations make internationally comparable high-quality data on migrants essential. Regular update of these data is crucial to capture the changes in size and composition of migrant populations. This document presents the first results of the update of the Database on Immigrants in OECD Countries (DIOC) for 2010/11. It describes immigrant and emigrant populations by socio-demographic characteristics and labour market outcomes in the OECD, and shows their evolution in the past decade. It also provides updated emigration rates and brain drain figures..." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cerna, Lucie & Meng-Hsuan Chou (2014): The regional dimension in the global competition for talent. Lessons from framing the European Scientific Visa and Blue Card. In: Journal of European Public Policy, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 76-95. DOI:10.1080/13501763.2013.831114

Abstract

"To examine the role of regional co-operation in the global race for top foreign talent, we study how the Lisbon Strategy's implementation contributed to these efforts. Specifically, we analyse the Scientific Visa and the Blue Card, two European Union (EU) legislations for attracting the 'best and brightest' from abroad. Official figures tell us that the number of highly skilled migrants recruited so far is low and, following an inductive logic, we parse out the 'value-added' of regional collaboration beyond legislative co-ordination. Taking as our departure point Borrás and Radaelli's (2011) concept of the Lisbon Strategy as 'governance architecture', we apply the framing approach to show how the Scientific Visa and Blue Card framed labour migration differently: as initiatives for 'mobile excellence' and 'border management' respectively. Our findings reveal that they contributed to the Lisbon Strategy's evolution as a process of 'conversion' and point to the 'value-added' of regional co-operation as a 'sense-making' exercise." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Djajic, Slobodan & Michael S. Michael (2014): International migration of skilled workers with endogenous policies. (CESifo working paper 4748), München, 39 S.

Abstract

"We study the interaction between the optimal immigration policy of a host country and education policy of a source country in a model of international migration of skilled workers. Acquisition of human capital is driven by the academic and career opportunities at home and abroad. Greater opportunities to migrate are found to increase the source country's net stock of human capital only under very stringent conditions concerning the shape of the utility function and of the production function for human capital, the country's emigration rate, and the international wage differential. We use the model to examine the effects of technological improvements in the educational sector, changes in the academic curricula in the source country, and attitudes to immigration in the host country. Of key interest are the implications for the optimal spending on education in the source country and the optimal immigration quota of the host country." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fadinger, Harald & Karin Mayr (2014): Skill-biased technological change, unemployment and brain drain. In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 12, H. 2, S. 397-431. DOI:10.1111/jeea.12049

Abstract

"We develop a general equilibrium model of technological change and migration to examine the effects of a change in skill endowments on wages, employment rates and emigration rates of skilled and unskilled workers. We find that, depending on the elasticity of substitution between skilled and unskilled workers, an increase in the skill ratio can increase the expected wage of the skilled and decrease the brain drain. We provide empirical estimates and simulations to support our findings and show that effects are empirically relevant and potentially sizeable. Our findings fit the stylized facts on educational upgrading in developing countries during the 1980s and the subsequent decrease in the brain drain from those countries during the 1990s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Finotelli, Claudia (2014): In the name of human capital. The international recruitment of physicians in Germany and Spain. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 2, H. 4, S. 493-517. DOI:10.5117/CMS2014.4.FINO

Abstract

"The international migration of physicians is considered an effective response to ageing societies. However, the international recruitment of physicians may be challenged by the protectionist rationale of the medical profession in many countries. How is the potential contradiction between open recruitment policies and exclusive professional regulations managed in Europe? What is the role played by foreign credential recognition or language knowledge in the recruitment process? Are there differences among countries? These questions are analysed by comparing Germany and Spain, which possess not only two divergent migration regimes but also two completely different health care systems. The main goal of the article is to explore how the capacity of national health care sectors to attract and integrate foreign physicians may affect Europe's quest for highly skilled health professionals in the long term." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Franzoni, Chiara, Giuseppe Scellato & Paula Stephan (2014): The mover's advantage: The superior performance of migrant scientists. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 122, H. 1, S. 89-93. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2013.10.040

Abstract

"Migrant scientists outperform domestic scientists. The result persists after instrumenting migration for reasons of work or study with migration in childhood to minimize the effect of selection. The results are consistent with theories of knowledge recombination and specialty matching." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gaedt, Martin (2014): Mythos Fachkräftemangel. Was auf Deutschlands Arbeitsmarkt gewaltig schiefläuft. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH-Verl., 240 S.

Abstract

"Alle reden vom demografischen Wandel und Fachkräftemangel. Gleichzeitig erhält die Mehrzahl guter Bewerber eine Absage oder gar keine Antwort von Arbeitgebern mit offenen Stellen. Eine Million Schüler verlassen die Schule ohne Abschluss während Jahr für Jahr 60 000 Ausbildungsplätze unbesetzt bleiben und immer weniger Betriebe überhaupt ausbilden. Irgendetwas läuft hier gewaltig schief. Mythos Fachkräftemangel öffnet Ihnen die Augen für die wahre Lage der Jobsuchenden und der Arbeitgeber in Deutschland. Martin Gaedt führt hinter die Kulissen von Politik und Wirtschaft, entlarvt geschönte und tendenziöse Statistiken, antiquierte Praktiken und falsche Hoffnungen. Er bringt schonungslos die Arroganz der Unternehmen bei Bewerbungsverfahren ans Licht und spricht Klartext in Sachen Fachkräftemangel und BrainDrain. Er zeigt an Beispielen, wie die Arbeitsagenturen die geforderte internationale Willkommenskultur und somit Wertschöpfung verhindern." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Güngör, Nil Demet & Aysit Tansel (2014): Brain drain from Turkey: return intentions of skilled migrants. In: International migration, Jg. 52, H. 5, S. 208-226. DOI:10.1111/imig.12013

Abstract

"The study estimates an empirical model of return intentions using a dataset compiled from an internet survey of Turkish professionals residing abroad. In the migration literature, wage differentials are often cited as an important factor explaining skilled migration. The findings of our study suggest, however, that non-pecuniary factors, such as the importance of family and social considerations, are also influential in the return or non-return decision of the highly educated. In addition, economic instability in Turkey, prior intentions to stay abroad, and work experience in Turkey also increase non-return. Female respondents also appear less likely to return indicating a more selective migration process for females." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hanganu, Elisa & Barbara Heß (2014): Beschäftigung ausländischer Absolventen deutscher Hochschulen. Ergebnisse der BAMF-Absolventenstudie 2013. (Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge. Forschungsbericht 23), Nürnberg, 378 S.

Abstract

"In der vorliegenden Studie werden auf Basis einer Primärdatenanalyse die Beschäftigungssituation von ausländischen Absolventen deutscher Hochschulen analysiert sowie deren sozio-ökonomische und bildungsbezogene Merkmale und ihre den Aufenthalt in Deutschland betreffende Einschätzungen dargestellt. Die Studie umfasst Auswertungen der Daten des Ausländerzentralregisters (AZR) sowie zwei im Jahr 2013 erstmalig durchgeführte Befragungen. Aus Drittstaaten stammende ehemalige Inhaber eines Aufenthaltstitels zu Studienzwecken (§ 16 Abs. 1 AufenthG), die in Deutschland weiterhin aufhältig sind, wurden repräsentativ befragt, während unter den ins Ausland Zurückgekehrten eine nicht-repräsentative Befragung erfolgte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Imani, Daniela, Josef Nipper & Günter Thieme (2014): Linguistic and neighbourhood integration among highly-skilled migrants. A quantitative analysis using the example of foreign university staff members in Aachen, Bonn and Cologne. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 39, H. 4, S. 727-766. DOI:10.12765/CPoS-2014-09en

Abstract

"Integration issues among highly-skilled migrants were long considered rather irrelevant, a view being based on the image of a transnational, highly mobile elite that easily gets along at different workplaces during their respective duration of stay. Recent studies, however, indicate the heterogeneity of the group, for example with regard to vocational situation as well as migration trajectories. Accordingly, questions about their integration in the respective host society gain importance. Therefore, this article deals with integration processes of highly-skilled migrants in Germany. Based on a standardised survey (n=553) of foreign academics at the universities in Aachen, Bonn and Cologne, we examine aspects of the cultural and social dimension of integration processes in this group. In order to operationalise cultural integration, we chose linguistic competence indicators and social integration is operationalised using variables related to neighbourhood relationships. The study was primarily conducted using a cluster analysis. With regard to their linguistic skills, the respondents can be divided into fi ve clusters. The members of the fi rst two clusters assess their language profi ciency as above the mean, while the members of the last two clusters assess their language skills as distinctly lower than average. With regard to neighbourhood relationships, we identifi ed six clusters that again differ in the assessment of their neighbourhood contacts. However, no linear-hierarchical composition is apparent in the neighbourhood integration clusters as was for the linguistic clusters. Furthermore, we examined the reciprocal effects between linguistic competence and neighbourhood relationships and the infl uences of selected predictor variables on these two dimensions. There is a highly signifi cant correlation between linguistic competence and the neighbourhood situation. The correlation between linguistic competence and neighbourhood situation and a series of predictor variables such as nationality, academic discipline, family and household structures and duration of stay is also highly signifi cant. We can also assume that some of these correlations, such as the latter, are reciprocal." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kahanec, Martin & Lucia Mýtna Kureková (2014): Did post-enlargement labor mobility help the EU to adjust during the Great Recession? The case of Slovakia. (IZA discussion paper 8249), Bonn, 37 S.

Abstract

This paper evaluates the mobility patterns of Slovaks into the rest of the European Union (EU) following Slovakia's EU accession in 2004 and through the Great Recession. Combining information from various data sources including the Slovak Labor Force Survey and conducting our own statistical analysis of selectivity into migration, we study whether and how migration responded to asymmetric economic shocks at home and abroad. We identify a number of shifts in the directionality and composition of migration flows in terms of the destinations, gender, age, educational attainment and occupation, reflecting changing labor market conditions in receiving countries and Slovakia. We show that besides the standard demographic factors, migration propensity was higher among the unemployed and from the more depressed regions of Slovakia. We conclude that labor migration has served as an important adjustment mechanism in the country and more generally in the EU labor market.

Zitatform

Kahanec, Martin & Klaus F. Zimmermann (2014): How skilled immigration may improve economic equality. In: IZA journal of migration, Jg. 3, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1186/2193-9039-3-2

Abstract

"Mobile workers involve flows of labor and human capital and contribute to a more efficient allocation of resources. However, migration also changes relative wages, alters the distribution of skills and affects equality in the receiving society. The paper suggests that skilled immigration promotes economic equality in advanced economies under standard conditions. This is discussed and theoretically derived in a core model, and empirically supported using unique data from the WIID database and OECD." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kamp, Matthias (2014): Schwund der Talente. In: Wirtschaftswoche H. 25, S. 32-34.

Abstract

"Nicht 'Sozialschmarotzer', sondern die Elite kehrt Rumänien den Rücken und sucht ihr Glück im Westen Europas. Wie sich Wirtschaft und Politik in Rumänien gegen den Brain-Drain stemmen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Münz, Rainer (2014): Zuwanderung nach Österreich: ein Gewinn? Überlegungen zur Entwicklung der Humanressourcen in Österreich. (ÖIF-Forschungsbericht), Wien, 34 S.

Abstract

"Personen, die nach Österreich zuwandern, kommen mit bestimmten Qualifikationen ins Land. Liegt das formale Qualifikationsniveau über dem Schnitt der vergleichbaren einheimischen Bevölkerung, kann von Brain Gain gesprochen werden. Andererseits bewirkt die Auswanderung bzw. Rückwanderung qualifizierter Personen einen Brain Drain. Dies gilt insbesondere für auswandernde Personen, die in Österreich ausgebildet wurden. So haben zum Beispiel die Erwerbschancen von Zuwander/innen einen hohen Einfluss auf Brain Drain bzw. Brain Gain. Auch die bildungs- und berufsadäquate Beschäftigung von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil zur Einschätzung der Humanressourcen. Im Hinblick auf diese Überlegungen wird im vorliegenden Forschungsbericht der Frage nachgegangen, ob Zuwanderung bzw. Abwanderung von Personen für Österreich eher zu einem Gewinn oder einem Verlust an sowohl gesellschaftlichen als auch konkreten wirtschaftlichen Ressourcen geführt hat. (...) Auf Basis der von Synthesis Forschung erstellten und kommentierten Datensätze wurde im zweiten Schritt von Prof. Münz eine vertiefende Analyse der für Österreich messbaren Brain Gain- und Brain Drain-Effekte durchgeführt. Anschließend werden zukünftige soziodemographische Herausforderungen beschrieben und Strategien vorgestellt, welche Abhilfe schaffen sollen. Der Bericht schließt mit praktischen Empfehlungen, wie Brain Gain durch Zuwanderung verbessert und Brain Drain durch Abwanderung reduziert werden könnte." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Naghsh Nejad, Maryam & Andrew T. Young (2014): Female brain drains and women's rights gaps. A gravity model analysis of bilateral migration flows. (IZA discussion paper 8067), Bonn, 48 S.

Abstract

"In this paper we model the migration decisions of high-skilled women as a function of the benefits associated with moving from an origin with relatively low women's rights to a destination with a relatively high level of women's rights. However, the costs faced by women are decreasing in the level of women's rights provided. The model predicts a non-linear relationship between the relative levels of women's rights in destination versus origin countries (the women's rights gap) and the gender gap in high-skilled migration flows (the female brain drain ratio). In particular, starting from large values of the women's rights gap (where women's rights are very low in the origin) decreases in the gap may be associated with increases in the female brain drain ratio. However, starting from lower levels of the gap the relationship is positive: a greater gain in women's rights moving from origin to destination is, all else equal, associated with a greater likelihood of migration. Using a cross section of over 3,000 bilateral migration flows across OECD and non-OECD countries and the women's rights indices from the CIRI Human Rights Dataset, we report evidence consistent with the theory. A statistically significant and nonlinear relationship exists between women's rights gaps and female brain drain ratios. The evidence is particularly strong for the case of women's political rights." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Arent, Stefan, Wolfgang Nagl & Joachim Ragnitz (2013): Bildungsland Sachsen - Eine Zukunftsinvestition für Deutschland. Gutachten im Auftrag der Sächsischen Staatskanzlei. (Ifo-Dresden-Studien 68), Dresden, 86 S.

Abstract

"Bildung ist eine der zentralen föderalen Aufgaben in Deutschland. So können die Bundesländer die Bildungspolitik weitgehend alleine gestalten, müssen allerdings auch die Ausgaben dafür tragen. Die Bildungsausgaben stellen einen der größten Posten den Länderhaushalten dar. Ökonomisch interessant und politisch brisant werden die föderalen Bildungsausgaben vor dem Hintergrund der innerdeutschen Wanderung. Für den Freistaat Sachsen werden in diesem Projekt die mit den Wanderungsströmen fließenden Bildungsinvestitionen von und nach jedem Bundesland bestimmt. Um die Bildungsinvestitionssalden zu bestimmen, erfolgt in einem ersten Schritt eine altersspezifische Analyse der einzelnen Wanderungsströme mit jedem Bundesland. Es zeigt sich, dass aus den anderen ostdeutschen Flächenländern eine Nettozuwanderung nach Sachsen stattfindet, während mehr Menschen aus Sachsen in die westdeutschen Länder abwandern, als von dort zuwandern. Die meisten Personen wandern dabei in die großen und wirtschaftlich starken südlichen Bundesländer ab. Insgesamt ist der Wanderungssaldo 2008 für Sachsen deutlich negativ. Wanderung findet hauptsächlich zwischen dem 20. und dem 35. Lebensjahr statt, sodass netto aus Sachsen tendenziell junge und gut ausgebildete Personen abwandern. Um den tatsächlichen Transfer von Bildungsinvestitionen zu quantifizieren, werden in einem zweiten Schritt die Bildungskosten in jedem Bundesland bestimmt. Es werden dann spezifische Bildungskosten für jedes Altersjahr bzw. Qualifikationsniveau bestimmt. In einem letzten Schritt werden diese alters- und qualifikationsspezifischen Bildungskosten auf die Wanderungsströme übertragen. Analog zu den Wanderungsströmen fließen Sachsen netto Bildungsinvestitionen aus den anderen ostdeutschen Bundesländern zu, aber Bildungsinvestitionen nach den westdeutschen Bundesländern ab. Insgesamt verliert Sachsen mehr Bildungsinvestitionen als es gewinnt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Aydin, Yasar (2013): "Transnational" statt "nicht integriert". Abwanderung türkeistämmiger Hochqualifizierter aus Deutschland. Konstanz: UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, 135 S.

Abstract

"Immer mehr türkeistämmige Hochqualifizierte in Deutschland entscheiden sich für ein Leben und eine Erwerbstätigkeit in der Türkei. Haben wir es hier mit einem 'Scheitern der Integration', einem fehlenden Heimatgefühl oder mit Benachteiligung und Diskriminierung zu tun? Der Autor lässt die Betroffenen selbst zu Wort kommen und zeigt, dass es sich vielmehr um eine transnationale Lebensführung handelt: Zwischen den Welten nationaler, kultureller und religiöser Grenzen entstehen 'soziale Landschaften', welche Auswanderungs- und Ankunftsorte verbinden und verändern. Zum Anlass für dieses Buch nahm Yasar Aydin die medialen und wissenschaftlichen Debatten über Fachkräftemangel und die Dramatisierung der Abwanderung als 'Exodus' und 'Brain Drain'. Auf Grundlage einer empirischen Feldstudie am Hamburgischen Welt-Wirtschafts-Institut (HWWI) 2011 untersucht er, was tatsächlich hinter dieser Abwanderung steht. Ausgehend von entsprechenden sozialwissenschaftlichen Debatten geht Aydin der Frage nach, ob dies ein Indiz einer transnationalen Partizipation an beiden Gesellschaften sein könnte. Er berücksichtigt dabei historische Aspekte und soziopolitische Faktoren und setzt sich mit Grundfragen der Migrationssoziologie auseinander. Damit soll die zuweilen sichtbare Begriffsblindheit sozialwissenschaftlich informierter Sachbücher als auch die Erfahrungsleere mancher Fachpublikationen überwunden werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bertoli, Simone & Hillel Rapoport (2013): Heaven's swing door: endogenous skills, migration networks and the effectiveness of quality-selective immigration policies. (IZA discussion paper 7749), Bonn, 34 S.

Abstract

"A growing number of OECD countries are leaning toward adopting quality-selective immigration policies. The underlying assumption behind such policies is that more skill-selection should raise immigrants' average quality (or education level). This view tends to neglect two important dynamic effects: the role of migration networks, which could reduce immigrants' quality, and the responsiveness of education decisions to the prospects of migration. Our model shows that migration networks and immigrants' quality can be positively associated under a set of sufficient conditions regarding the degree of selectivity of immigration policies, the initial pattern of migrants' self-selection on education, and the way time-equivalent migration costs by education level relate to networks. The results imply that the relationship between networks and immigrants' quality should vary with the degree of selectivity of immigration policies at destination. Empirical evidence presented as background motivation for this paper suggests that this is indeed the case." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Capuano, Stella & Marfouk Abdeslam (2013): African brain drain and its impact on source countries. What do we know and what do we need to know? In: Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, Jg. 15, H. 4, S. 297-314., 2012-12-10. DOI:10.1080/13876988.2013.813122

Abstract

"While there appears to be deep and growing concern for the brain drain from Africa, lack of adequate data has so far prevented a comprehensive analysis of its magnitude and its impact on source countries. Using original datasets on international migration, this paper addresses both issues. It shows that many African economies lost a considerable part of their highly skilled labor force due to migration to developed countries. The article also highlights that significant effort is still needed, in terms of data collection and empirical analysis, before drawing clear conclusions on the effects of the brain drain on Africa." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gibson, John & David McKenzie (2013): Scientific mobility and knowledge networks in high emigration countries. Evidence from the Pacific. (CReAM discussion paper 2013,05), London, 25 S.

Abstract

"This paper uses a unique survey to examine the nature and extent of knowledge flows that result from the international mobility of researchers whose initial education was in small island countries. Current migrants produce substantially more research than similar-skilled return migrants and non-migrants. Return migrants have no greater research impact than individuals who never migrate but are the main source of research knowledge transfer between international and local researchers. Our results contrast with previous claims in the literature that too few migrant researchers ever return home to have much impact, and that there is no productivity gain to researchers from migration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Grossmann, Volker & David Stadelmann (2013): Wage effects of high-skilled migration. International evidence. In: The World Bank Economic Review, Jg. 17, H. 2, S. 297-319. DOI:10.1093/wber/lht002

Abstract

"The international migration of high-skilled workers may trigger productivity effects at the macro level such that the wage rate of skilled workers increases in host countries and decreases in source countries. We exploit data on international bilateral migration flows and provide evidence consistent with this theoretical hypothesis. We propose various instrumentation strategies to identify the causal effect of skilled migration on log differences of GDP per capita, total factor productivity, and the wages of skilled workers between pairs of source and destination countries. These strategies aim to address the endogeneity problem that arises when international wage differences affect migration decisions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hawley, Zackary B. & Jonathan C. Rork (2013): The case of state funded higher education scholarship plans and interstate brain drain. In: Regional science and urban economics, Jg. 43, H. 2, S. 242-249. DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2012.07.003

Abstract

"This paper studies the impact of state funded higher education scholarship plans on interstate migration patterns of college educated individuals between 1980 and 2009. We find that these plans increase the in-state enrollment rate, but have no positive impact on the subsequent number of graduates. While aggregate migration trends remain unaffected as a result of these plans, we find the out-migration rate of young college educated individuals decreases 3 to 5 years after the adoption of a plan, but this effect is countered by an increase in the out-migration of older college educated adults in later years." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lange, Thomas (2013): Return migration of foreign students and non-resident tuition fees. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 703-718. DOI:10.1007/s00148-012-0436-6

Abstract

"This paper challenges the notion that optimal non-resident tuition fees should necessarily be raised if the return rate of foreign students after graduation increases. The analysis of a host country's optimal pricing behavior therefore incorporates a specific student migration model. Students usually are aware of the fact that they might return to their home countries after being educated abroad, even if they initially intended to stay on in the host country. With rational expectations, a change in students' perceptions of the return probability after graduation can affect their first-round decisions whether to study abroad. The optimal adjustment of non-resident tuition fees in the host country has to take this behavioral response into account. Under certain conditions, the behavioral effect is dominant, and a decline in stay rates of students actually requires tuition fee cuts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Naghsh Nejad, Maryam (2013): Institutionalized inequality and brain drain. An empirical study of the effects of women's rights on the gender gap in high-skilled migration. (IZA discussion paper 7864), Bonn, 38 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the effects of institutionalized gender inequality, proxied by a women's rights index, on the female high-skilled migration rates relative to that of male (the female brain drain ratio). By developing a model of migration choice I find non-linear effects of gender inequality on the female brain drain ratio as a result of effects of gender inequality on both costs and benefits of migration. At low levels of women's rights, increases in the index lead to increases in the female brain drain ratio. This is consistent with, at low levels of women's rights, prohibitively high costs of migration for females. Once a certain level of protections has been afforded to them, the costs to migration are low enough that many women then decide to leave the oppressive society and migrate where the benefits associated with their human capital are higher. However, as women's rights continue to strengthen, those benefits to migration then tend to decrease. The effect on female brain drain then turns negative. Using a panel of up to 195 countries I find evidence consistent with this model which is robust to instrumental variable approach. A one-point increase in the above average level of this index is associated with an average of about a 25-percentage point decrease in the female brain drain ratio." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Paserman, M. Daniele (2013): Do high-skill immigrants raise productivity? Evidence from Israeli manufacturing firms, 1990-1999. In: IZA journal of migration, Jg. 2, S. 1-31. DOI:10.1186/2193-9039-2-6

Abstract

"This paper exploits the episode provided by the mass migration from the former Soviet Union to Israel in the 1990s to study the effect high skill immigration on productivity. Using a unique data set on manufacturing firms, I investigate directly whether firms and industries with a higher concentration of immigrants experienced increases in productivity. The analysis finds no correlation between immigrant concentration and productivity at the firm level in cross-sectional and pooled regressions. First-differences estimates reveal, if anything, a negative correlation between the change in output per worker and the change in the immigrant share. The immigrant share was strongly negatively correlated with productivity in low-tech industries. In high-technology industries, the results point to a positive relationship, hinting at complementarities between technology and the skilled immigrant workforce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Piras, Romano (2013): Can the augmented Solow model with migration explain the Italian internal brain drain? In: Labour, Jg. 27, H. 2, S. 140-163. DOI:10.1111/labr.12003

Abstract

"We extend the Dolado et al. (1994) model to both inflows and outflows of migrants and assume that they have a human capital endowment that contributes to increase/decrease the stock of human capital in the receiving/sending economy. We derive the conditional convergence equation in which the impact of migration flows on the growth rate is disentangled in a pure quantity effect and in a quality or composition effect of immigration and emigration rates that accounts for the relative human capital endowment of migrants with respect to resident population. Next, we test the model with Italian regional data for the 1970-2005 time period. We find that the model provides a good explanation of the Italian experience. The quantity effect is negative for the immigration rate and positive for the emigration rate, whereas the composition effect is positive for immigration and negative for emigration. Finally, we separate the centre-north from the south and find that the composition effect of emigration is stronger for the latter. We interpret these results as a clear evidence of a brain drain from the Mezzogiorno to the centre-northern regions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Portes, Alejandro & Jessica Yiu (2013): Entrepreneurship, transnationalism, and development. In: Migration studies, Jg. 1, H. 1, S. 75-95. DOI:10.1093/migration/mns036

Abstract

"This article reviews the debate on economic and social consequences of immigrant entrepreneurship as well as theories advanced to explain different levels of self-employment among immigrant and ethnic minorities. We examine the impact of professional and entrepreneurial migration on sending countries from the viewpoint of traditional theories of the brain drain as well as from that of the more recent transnational perspective. Finally, we present the latest data on the effects of self-employment on income levels for various immigrant and ethnic groups. Results confirm the conclusion of a consistently positive net effect, both for annual incomes and hourly earnings. Implications of these results for theories of immigrant adaptation and policies implemented by sending and receiving countries are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Rodrigues, Margarida (2013): Does student mobility during higher education pay? Evidence from 16 European countries. (EUR. Scientific and Technical Research Reports 26089), Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 53 S. DOI:10.2788/95642

Abstract

"We use data from 16 European countries to study the effects of student mobility during higher education on future mobility, on the transition from education to employment and on hourly earnings five years after graduation. We control for several important pre-determined individual characteristics and proxies for ability, motivation and initiative that are likely to be correlated with both the mobility decision and the outcomes. The findings point to a positive association between mobility and future mobility and earnings, while the transition to employment seems to be slightly delayed. While the effects on future mobility are found in all countries and fields of education, the ones related to the labour market are only found in few of them. We also discuss and present evidence on possible mechanisms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Walk, Marlene, Heike Schinnenburg & Femida Handy (2013): What do talents want? Work expectations in India, China, and Germany. In: Zeitschrift für Personalforschung, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 251-278. DOI:10.1177/239700221302700305

Abstract

"Internationales Talentmanagement gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung, da Unternehmen in einem globalen Wettbewerb um qualifizierte Mitarbeiter stehen. Diese Studie befasst sich mit den Arbeitserwartungen von chinesischen (N=404), indischen (N=588) und deutschen (N=257) Studierenden -- der Gruppe, aus der Unternehmen ihre zukünftigen Arbeitskräfte rekrutieren. Die Einbeziehung spezifischer Arbeitserwartungen ist vor allem für qualifizierte Talente notwendig. Sollten ihre Arbeitserwartungen nicht erfüllt werden, ist eine Verringerung von Arbeitszufriedenheit, Commitment und Arbeitsleistung wahrscheinlich. Unter der Verwendung von faktoranalytischen Methoden wird in diesem Artikel ein Erhebungsinstrument entwickelt, welches studentische Arbeitserwartungen reliabel misst. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Studierende aus allen Ländern mehr Gemeinsamkeiten aufweisen, als kulturelle Unterschiede vermuten lassen. Dennoch bieten die festgestellten Besonderheiten wichtige Einblicke für internationales Talentmanagement und fordern gezielte Rekrutierungs- und Bindungsstrategien." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Anniste, Kristi, Tiit Tammaru, Enel Pungas & Tiiu Paas (2012): Dynamics of educational differences in emigration from Estonia to the old EU member states. (Norface migration discussion paper 2012-17), London, 24 S.

Abstract

"The study analyzes the changes in emigration from Estonia in order to shed more light on East-West migration, contributing to the main debate on 'brain drain' by focusing on educational differences in emigration. We use anonymous individual level data for all emigrants from the register-based Estonian Emigration Database compiled by Statistics Estonia for the period 2000 - 2008. The analysis shows that there has been no significant brain drain from Estonia as the new EU member state during this period. Moreover, we find evidence of a spreading of the emigration norm into a wider range of population groups, including the less educated, since Estonia joined the European Union in 2004." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arntz, Melanie, Terry Gregory & Florian Lehmer (2012): Selektive Arbeitskräftemobilität in Deutschland: Beschäftigungschancen sind wichtiger als der Lohn. (IAB-Kurzbericht 13/2012), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Die wirtschaftliche Prosperität von Regionen hängt unter anderem davon ab, ob sie ein attraktiver Standort für (Hoch-)Qualifizierte sind. Für die Gestaltung politischer Maßnahmen, die Brain-Drain-Phänomenen entgegenwirken sollen, ist es wichtig zu wissen, was die Wanderung von Arbeitskräften bestimmt. In diesem Beitrag wird deshalb untersucht, wie sich regionale Unterschiede in der Lohn- und Beschäftigungsverteilung auf die Bildungsstruktur in den Arbeitskräftebewegungen auswirken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Beaverstock, Jonathan V. & Sarah Hall (2012): Competing for talent: Global mobility, immigration and the City of London's labour market. In: Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, Jg. 5, H. 2, S. 271-288.

Abstract

"The City of London's competitiveness is founded on its global talent pool and ability to attract and retain workers of all nationalities. Drawing on ONS Long-Term International Migration data and fieldwork-based studies of banking, professional services and business education, the argument of this paper is 2-fold: that the City's competitiveness is significantly dependent on the functioning of its global labour market, of which a key factor is the immigration of European Economic Area (EEA) and non-EEA talent, and that a central determinant of the City's position as a leading international financial centre based around a highly competitive global labour pool will be UK immigration policy in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007-2008 and ensuing recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bertoli, Simone & Herbert Brücker (2012): Extending the case for a beneficial brain drain. (Norface migration discussion paper 2012-08), London, 12 S.

Abstract

"The recent literature about the so-called beneficial brain drain assumes that destination countries are characterized not only by higher wages than the source country, but also by a higher or at least not lower relative return to education. However, it is a well known stylized fact that the returns to education are higher in rich than in poor countries. Against this background, we assess whether the main prediction of this literature, namely the possibility of a beneficial brain gain, still holds under the reverse assumption. We show that there is a still a strong case for a beneficial brain drain, even if the returns to education in the source country exceed those in the destination country. Immigration policies that are biased against unskilled workers are not necessary for a beneficial brain drain to occur once one considers that agents face heterogeneous migration costs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Biondo, A.E., S. Monteleone, G. Skonieczny & B. Torrisi (2012): The propensity to return: Theory and evidence for the Italian brain drain. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 115, H. 3, S. 359-362. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2011.12.046

Abstract

"Return migration is the positive counterpart of the brain drain. The effects of the brain drain in Italy could be negative: this paper shows that highly skilled migrants decide not to return to their native country." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Böhme, Marcus (2012): Migration and educational aspirations. Another channel of brain gain? (Kieler Arbeitspapier 1811), Kiel, 34 S.

Abstract

"International migration not only enables individuals to earn higher wages but also exposes them to new environments. The norms and values experienced at the destination country could change the behavior of the migrant but also of family members left behind. In this paper we argue that a brain gain could take place due to a change in educational aspirations of caregivers in migrant households. Using unique survey data from Moldova, we find that international migration raises parental aspirations in households located at the lower end of the human capital distribution. The identification of these effects relies on GDP growth shocks in the destination countries and migration networks. We conclude that aspirations are a highly relevant determinant of intergenerational human capital transfer and that even temporary international migration can shift human capital formation to a higher steady state by inducing higher educational aspirations of caregivers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Capuano, Stella (2012): The south-north mobility of Italian college graduates. An empirical analysis. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 28, H. 4, S. 538-549., 2011-02-14. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcr023

Abstract

"In this article, I address the issue of whether 'brain drain' is taking place from the South to the North of Italy, i.e. whether the most skilled individuals have a greater propensity to move away from the South. I find evidence that the best college graduates have a higher probability of choosing Northern or Central Italy as a place of residence. The above results raise concerns about the growth potential of the South of Italy, which is already less developed than the rest of the country. Moreover, I consider the impact of family background on mobility. According to my results, having high-level self-employed parents significantly deters mobility, whereas parental education has no significant effect. I suggest an interpretation of this outcome that links social class membership to the individual propensity to move, and I provide some additional evidence in support of this hypothesis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Docquier, Frédéric & Hillel Rapoport (2012): Globalization, brain drain, and development. In: Journal of Economic Literature, Jg. 50, H. 3, S. 681-730. DOI:10.1257/jel.50.3.681

Abstract

"This paper reviews four decades of economics research on the brain drain, with a focus on recent contributions and on development issues. We first assess the magnitude, intensity, and determinants of the brain drain, showing that brain drain (or high-skill) migration is becoming a dominant pattern of international migration and a major aspect of globalization. We then use a stylized growth model to analyze the various channels through which a brain drain affects the sending countries and review the evidence on these channels. The recent empirical literature shows that high-skill emigration need not deplete a country's human capital stock and can generate positive network externalities. Three case studies are also considered: the African medical brain drain, the exodus of European scientists to the United States, and the role of the Indian diaspora in the development of India's information technology sector. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the analysis for education, immigration, and international taxation policies in a global context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Docquier, Frédéric & Hillel Rapoport (2012): Quantifying the impact of highly-skilled emigration on developing countries. In: T. Boeri, H. Brücker, F. Docquier & H. Rapoport (Hrsg.) (2012): Brain drain and brain gain : the global competition to attract high-skilled migrants, S. 209-296.

Abstract

"Part II first provides (in Chapter 8) a quantitative assessment of the evolution and spatial distribution of the brain drain using updated data an emigration rates to the OECD by educational attainment. We expand the coverage of the database by introducing non-OECD host countries, study the age of entry structure of skilled emigration, and document the brain drain of scientists and of health-care professionals. In Chapter 9 we review the channels through which skilled emigration can affect the source countries. In particular, recent literature suggests that remittances, return migration, diaspora externalities, and network effects favouring international transactions and technology diffusion, as well as brain gain channels, may compensate the sending countries for their loss of human capital. We divide these channels into 'human capital', 'screening-selection', 'productivity', and 'institutional' channels, and also analyse the links between brain drain and remittances. The development of a simple partial equilibrium model allows us to combine these various channels in an integrated setting. Using numerical experiments and parameters taken from existing empirical studies, we then quantify the costs and gains of the brain drain for developing countries and analyse how these balance out." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fadinger, Harald & Karin Mayr (2012): Skill-biased technological change, unemployment and brain drain. (Norface migration discussion paper 2012-11), London, 46 S.

Abstract

"We develop a general equilibrium model of technological change and migration to examine the effects of a change in skill endowments on wages, employment rates and emigration rates of skilled and unskilled workers. We find that, depending on the elasticity of substitution between skilled and unskilled workers, an increase in the skill ratio can increase the expected wage of the skilled and decrease the brain drain. We provide empirical estimates and simulations to support our findings and show that effects are empirically relevant and potentially sizeable. Our findings fit the stylized facts on educational upgrading in developing countries during the 1980s and the subsequent decrease in the brain drain from those countries during the 1990s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Felbermayr, Gabriel J. & Isabella Reczkowski (2012): International student mobility and high-skilled migration. The evidence. (Ifo working paper 132), München, 48 S.

Abstract

"Using information from the UNCTAD, we construct a new balanced panel database of bilateral international student mobility for 150 origin countries, 23 host countries, and the years 1970-2000. We match these data with information on bilateral stocks of international migrants by educational attainment from census data, available for 1990 and 2000. We estimate a theory-founded gravity model by conditional fixed effects Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood to investigate the question: To what extent do countries that attract foreign students benefit from an increased stock of educated foreign workers? We find that, on average, an increase of students by 10 percent increases the stock of tertiary educated workers in host countries by about 0.9 percent. That average effect is, however, entirely driven by Anglo-Saxon countries. On average, our results imply a student retention rate of about 70 percent. These results suggest that the costs of educating foreign students are at least partly offset by increased availability of foreign talent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Felbermayr, Gabriel, Volker Grossmann & Wilhelm Kohler (2012): Migration, international trade and capital formation. Cause or effect? (IZA discussion paper 6975), Bonn, 152 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we provide an overview of the relationship between international migration and international trade as well as capital movements. After taking a brief historical perspective, we first investigate migration flows between two countries in a static, neoclassical context. We allow for a disaggregated view of migration that distinguishes between different types of labor and emphasizes the distinction between migration flows and pre-existing stocks. We focus on different welfare channels, on internal income distribution, international income convergence and on whether migration and trade are substitutes or complements. Complementarity/substitutability hinges on whether countries share the same technology, and the pivotal question is whether or not technology is convex. Generally, under substitutability between trade and migration and with convex technology, globalization tends to lead to convergence. Moreover, under non-convex technology trade and migration tend to be complements. Turning to dynamic models with capital adjustment costs and capital mobility, the same is true for the relationship between migration and capital flows. Nevertheless, in neoclassical models, we may observe emigration at the same time as capital accumulates during the transition to a steady state. Moreover, we can explain reverse migration. We also touch upon the effects of migration on the accumulation of both knowledge and human capital, by invoking endogenous growth theory. Finally, we review the empirical literature exploring the link between migration and trade. The discussion is based on the so called gravity model of trade, in which trade between pairs of countries is related to measures of their respective sizes, preferences, and trade costs. We revisit the identification of the overall trade-creating effect of migration and its break-down into the trade channel and the preference channel. We clarify the role of product differentiation for the size of estimated effects, discuss the role of immigrants' education and occupation, and emphasize direct and indirect networks and their trade-enhancing potential." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gibson, John & David McKenzie (2012): The economic consequences of 'brain drain' of the best and brightest. Microeconomic evidence from five countries. In: The economic journal, Jg. 122, H. 560, S. 339-375. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2012.02498.x

Abstract

"This article presents results of innovative surveys that tracked academic high achievers from five countries to wherever they moved in the world to directly measure at the micro level the channels through which high-skilled emigration affects sending countries. There are high levels of emigration and of return and the income gains to the best and brightest from migrating are an order of magnitude greater than any other effect. Most high-skilled migrants from poorer countries remit but involvement in trade and foreign direct investment is rare. Fiscal costs vary widely but are much less than the benefits to the migrants themselves." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Grignon, Michel, Yaw Owusu & Arthur Sweetman (2012): The international migration of health professionals. (IZA discussion paper 6517), Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"Health workforce shortages in developed countries are perceived to be central drivers of health professionals' international migration, one ramification being negative impacts on developing nations' healthcare delivery. After a descriptive international overview, selected economic issues are discussed for developed and developing countries. Health labour markets' unique characteristics imply great complexity in developed economies involving government intervention, licensure, regulation, and (quasi-)union activity. These features affect migrants' decisions, economic integration, and impacts on the receiving nations' health workforce and society. Developing countries sometimes educate citizens in expectation of emigration, while others pursue international treaties in attempts to manage migrant flows." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Grossmann, Volker & David Stadelmann (2012): Does high-skilled migration affect publicly financed investments? (IZA discussion paper 6610), Bonn, 27 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the interaction between migration of high-skilled labor and publicly financed investment. We develop a theoretical model with multiple, ex ante identical jurisdictions where individuals decide on education and subsequent emigration. Migration decisions are based on differences in net income across jurisdictions which may occur endogenously. The interaction between income differences and migration flows gives rise to the potential of multiple equilibria: a symmetric equilibrium without migration and an asymmetric equilibrium in which net income levels differ among jurisdictions and trigger migration flows. In the former equilibrium, all jurisdictions have the same public investment level. In the latter one, public investment is high in host economies of skilled expatriates and low in source economies. We empirically test the hypothesis that emigration rates are negatively associated with publicly financed investment levels for OECD countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Haapanen, Mika & Hannu Tervo (2012): Migration of the highly educated. Evidence from residence spells of university graduates. In: Journal of regional science, Jg. 52, H. 4, S. 587-605. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9787.2011.00745.x

Abstract

"We examine the inter-regional migration of university graduates from 1991 to 2003 in Finland. The results show that time matters: two-years before and during the graduation year the hazard rates of migration increase, and then decrease thereafter. Although university graduates are particularly mobile, we find that most of them do not move from their region of studies within 10 years after graduation. The out-migration, i.e., brain drain, is much higher among graduates in the more peripheral universities than in the growth centers (Helsinki in particular). Migration is also substantially more likely for those studying away from the home region than for those studying at home." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kuhlenkasper, Torben & Max Friedrich Steinhardt (2012): Neue Ergebnisse zur Struktur der Auswanderer mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 92, H. 11, S. 784-786. DOI:10.1007/s10273-012-1455-3

Abstract

"In den letzten Jahren hat sich die deutsche Öffentlichkeit zunehmend für das Phänomen der Auswanderung interessiert. Dies drückt sich unter anderem in einer Vielzahl von Fernsehsendungen aus, die sich exemplarisch mit den Schicksalen und Lebenswegen von Deutschen befassen, die sich zur Auswanderung entschlossen haben. Aber auch in den politischen Diskursen hat das Thema Auswanderung im Zuge der Debatten um einen möglichen Fachkräftemangel und dessen ökonomische Konsequenzen stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. Während sich die Diskussionen lange Zeit nahezu ausschließlich auf die Zuwanderung von ausländischen Arbeitskräften und Flüchtlingen fokussierten, wird in den letzten Jahren verstärkt darüber diskutiert, ob Deutschland durch Abwanderung von inländischen Fach- und Führungskräften wichtiges Humankapital verlieren könnte. Im gleichen Zusammenhang wird vermehrt die Befürchtung geäußert, dass sich insbesondere gut qualifizierte Personen mit Migrationshintergrund für eine Aus- bzw. Rückwanderung in das Heimatland bzw. das Land ihrer Eltern entscheiden und dadurch dem inländischen Arbeitsmarkt nicht mehr zur Verfügung stehen. Ein Charakteristikum dieser Debatten, die in der Konsequenz von der Sorge um einen 'Brain Drain' für Deutschland getrieben werden, ist die relativ geringe empirische Evidenz über das Ausmaß der qualifizierten Abwanderung, da nur unzureichende Informationen über die Bildungsstruktur der Auswanderung vorhanden sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Mayer, Matthias M., Sakura Yamamura, Jan Schneider & Andreas Müller (2012): Zuwanderung von internationalen Studierenden aus Drittstaaten. Studie der deutschen nationalen Kontaktstelle für das Europäische Migrationsnetzwerk (EMN). (Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge. Working paper 47), Nürnberg, 87 S.

Abstract

"Zuzüge zum Zweck des Studiums in Deutschland haben in den letzten Jahren zugenommen und machen die drittgrößte Gruppe aller Zuzüge von Ausländern nach Deutschland aus. Die Studie stellt die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen und praktischen Maßnahmen zur Gewinnung von Studierenden dar und bietet einen statistischen Überblick der Zuwanderung von internationalen Studierenden nach Deutschland. Der Fokus liegt auf Studierenden aus Drittstaaten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Sampson, Thomas (2012): Brain drain or brain gain? Technology diffusion and learning on-the-job. (CEP discussion paper 1168), London, 45 S.

Abstract

"This paper develops a theory of technology transfer when technology is embodied in human capital and learning requires on-the-job communication between managers and workers. Patterns of knowledge diffusion depend on where high knowledge managers work and how much time they allocate to training workers. Managers appropriate the surplus training creates and in the open economy managers face a cross-country trade-off between labor costs and the value of knowledge transfer. Complementarity between country-wide efficiency and managerial knowledge makes learning more valuable in the North meaning that high knowledge managers choose to work in the North and globalization precipitates a brain drain of high knowledge Southern agents to the North. The brain drain reduces learning opportunities in the South and exacerbates cross-country knowledge differences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Stark, Oded & Łukasz Byra (2012): A back-door brain drain. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 116, H. 3, S. 273-276. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2012.03.002

Abstract

"The long run effect of migration solely by unskilled workers is that skilled workers in the home country acquire additional human capital yet their share in the country's workforce falls. Consequently, the country's average level of human capital is lowered." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stolz, Yvonne & Joerg Baten (2012): Brain drain in the age of mass migration. Does relative inequality explain migrant selectivity? (CESifo working paper 3705), München, 52 S.

Abstract

"Brain drain is a core economic policy problem for many developing countries today. Does relative inequality in source and destination countries influence the brain-drain phenomenon? We explore human capital selectivity during the period 1820-1909.We apply age heaping techniques to measure human capital selectivity of international migrants. In a sample of 52 source and five destination countries we find selective migration determined by relative anthropometric inequality in source and destination countries. Other inequality measures confirm this. The results remain robust in OLS and Arellano-Bond approaches. We confirm the Roy-Borjas model of migrant self-selection. Moreover, we find that countries like Germany and UK experienced a small positive effect, because the less educated emigrated in larger numbers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ugarte Ontiveros, Darwin & Vincenzo Verardi (2012): Does aid induce brain drain? A panel data analysis. In: IZA journal of migration, Jg. 1, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/2193-9039-1-13

Abstract

"Recent evidence suggests that aid induces migration. This result is nevertheless not very informative from a policy perspective since what counts in terms of welfare consequences is the composition of migration. In this paper we focus on education and study which of skilled or unskilled migration is more sensitive to aid. More specifically we investigate the possible channels through which aid might affect self-selection among international emigrants and find that aid induces positive selection by easing the movement of highly qualified workers. Interestingly, we find that technical cooperation and bilateral aid have a significant influence on skilled migration but do not seem to affect unskilled migration significantly. On the other hand, aid targeted to development enhancement affects both categories but seems to have a larger effect on the former." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wolfeil, Nina (2012): Auswirkungen des Auslandsstudiums auf spätere Mobilitäts- und Karrieremuster. Das Beispiel der polnischen Studierenden an deutschen Hochschulen. (Migrations- und Integrationsforschung. Multidisziplinäre Perspektiven 03), Göttingen: V&R unipress, 379 S.

Abstract

"Welchen Einfluss hat ein Auslandsstudium auf spätere Mobilitäts- und Karrieremuster? Die Autorin nimmt diese Frage am Beispiel von polnischen Studierenden in den Blick, die ab ca. 1995 in Deutschland studierten. Im Mittelpunkt der qualitativen und quantitativen Untersuchung stehen AbsolventInnen, die nun in Polen oder Deutschland zur Gruppe der jungen Berufstätigen zählen. Anhand von qualitativen Interviews wurden zwei Typologien zur Arbeitsmarktpositionierung der ehemaligen BildungsmigrantInnen in Deutschland und Polen entwickelt. Sie zeigen, dass Interviewpartner mit dem jeweils anderen Land im Berufsleben in engem Kontakt stehen. Die Online-Befragung deckt auf, dass rund 70 Prozent der BildungsmigrantInnen nach dem Studium in Deutschland wieder nach Polen zurückgekehrt sind. Die Arbeit liefert der politischen Ebene Steuerungsansätze für Bildungsmigration und zeigt Handlungsoptionen für Mittlerorganisationen und einzelne Hochschulen im Bereich der studentischen Mobilität auf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Zakharenko, Roman (2012): Human capital acquisition and international migration in a model of educational market. In: Regional science and urban economics, Jg. 42, H. 5, S. 808-816. DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2011.11.002

Abstract

"This paper analyzes international high-skilled migration caused by financial frictions in educational market. I develop a model of learning in which acquisition of skill is only possible through personal interaction with a skilled individual; the income of the skilled is sensitive to financial constraints for the unskilled. Cross-country differences in such constraints have a multiplicative effect on the skill premium, causing outmigration of skilled individuals from a less developed country. I study welfare implications of such brain drain for the sending and receiving countries. Although it makes more difficult skill acquisition in the sending country, the unskilled may still be better off: increased cost of skill acquisition is offset by higher income once the skill has been acquired. For the receiving country, I identify a phenomenon of immiserizing immigration: a depletion of the stock of skill in the sending country due to brain drain hinders further production of skill, which may hurt the receiving country. Additionally, I find that increased openness of the sending country to migration and the resultant accelerated brain drain increase the incentives of the country government to reduce financial frictions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Agrawal, Ajay, Devesh Kapur, John McHale & Alexander Oettl (2011): Brain drain or brain bank? The impact of skilled emigration on poor-country innovation. In: Journal of urban economics, Jg. 69, H. 1, S. 43-55. DOI:10.1016/j.jue.2010.06.003

Abstract

"The development prospects of a poor country or region depend in part on its capacity for innovation. In turn, the productivity of its innovators, whom are often concentrated around urban centers, depends on their access to technological knowledge. The emigration of highly skilled individuals weakens local knowledge networks (brain drain) but may also help remaining innovators access valuable knowledge accumulated abroad (brain bank). We develop a model in which the size of the optimal innovator Diaspora depends on the competing strengths of co-location and Diaspora effects for accessing knowledge. Then, using patent citation data associated with inventions from India, we estimate the key co-location and Diaspora parameters. The net effect of innovator emigration is to harm domestic knowledge access, on average. However, knowledge access conferred by the Diaspora is particularly valuable in the production of India's most important inventions as measured by citations received. Thus, our findings imply that the optimal emigration level may depend, at least partly, on the relative value resulting from the most cited compared to average inventions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Arntz, Melanie, Terry Gregory & Florian Lehmer (2011): Unequal pay or unequal employment? What drives the skill-composition of labor flows in Germany? (ZEW discussion paper 2011-074), Mannheim, 32 S.

Abstract

"Die wirtschaftliche Prosperität von Regionen hängt unter anderem von ihrer Fähigkeit ab, ein für Hochqualifizierte attraktiver Standort zu sein. Ein besseres Verständnis der Bestimmungsgründe selektiver Migrationsströme ist daher eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Gestaltung politischer Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung von Brain-Drain-Phänomenen.
Die bisherige Literatur geht davon aus, dass Individuen die Region wählen, die für ihre Humankapitalausstattung die beste Rendite verspricht. Bei der Wahl zwischen zwei Regionen mit demselben durchschnittlichen Lohnniveau sollte ein Hochqualifizierter daher die Region mit der größeren Bildungsrendite und damit der größeren Lohnungleichheit wählen. Gering Qualifizierte sollten hingegen diese Regionen meiden, da eine höhere Lohnungleichheit für sie geringere Lohneinkommen erwarten lässt. Empirische Studien für die USA konnten die Relevanz eines solchen Selektionsmechanismus wiederholt nachweisen, während dies im deutschen Kontext bisher kaum gelang. Eine mögliche Ursache dafür könnten regionale Lohnrigiditäten als Folge nationaler, auf Branchenebene geführter Lohnverhandlungen sein. In diesem Fall kommen regionale Einkommensunterschiede vermutlich eher über Beschäftigungsunterschiede zustande, so dass ein beschäftigungsbasierter Selektionsmechanismus wirksam werden könnte. Da Beschäftigungschancen tendenziell mit dem Humankapital eines Individuums steigen, sollten gering Qualifizierte wiederum Regionen meiden, die für sie aufgrund einer hohen Beschäftigungsungleichheit mit einem hohen Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko einhergehen.
In einem um diesen Beschäftigungsmechanismus erweiterten theoretischen Rahmen zeigt das Papier, dass Regionen eine umso qualifiziertere Zuwanderung erfahren, je höher sowohl das regionale Lohn- und Beschäftigungsniveau als auch die Lohn- und Beschäftigungsungleichheit sind. Anschließend werden diese Vorhersagen für Bruttowanderungsströme zwischen 27 Regionen in Deutschland getestet. Dafür wird zunächst die durchschnittliche Humankapitalausstattung eines jeden Stroms über einen Zeitraum von zehn Jahren geschätzt und anschließend auf interregionale Unterschiede in den Parametern der regionalen Lohn- und Beschäftigungsverteilungen regressiert. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Bedeutung eines beschäftigungsbasierten Selektionsmechanismus. Eine Region zieht eine umso qualifiziertere Zuwanderung an, je höher die durchschnittlichen Beschäftigungschancen (je niedriger die Arbeitslosenrate) und je ungleicher die Beschäftigungschancen unter den regionalen Erwerbspersonen verteilt sind. Regionale Lohnunterschiede spielen für die selektive Wanderung in Deutschland hingegen keine Rolle. Im Vergleich zum Standardmodell zeigt sich, dass das erweiterte Modell besser in der Lage ist, den beobachteten Nettoverlust an Humankapital aus Ostdeutschland zu erklären. Im Fall regional wenig flexibler Löhne, wird die räumliche Allokation von Humankapital somit stärker über die Beschäftigungsseite determiniert, ein Ergebnis, dass auch in anderen Ländern von Relevanz sein dürfte. Wirtschaftspolitische Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung eines Brain Drains sollten daher nicht allein auf Lohnkonvergenz zielen, sondern auch Wirkungen ungleicher Beschäftigungschancen berücksichtigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Azarnert, Leonid V. (2011): Guest-worker migration, human capital and fertility. (CESifo working paper 3429), München, 24 S.

Abstract

"This work focuses on a temporary guest-worker-type migration of individuals from the middle class of the wealth distribution. The article demonstrates that the possibility of a lowskilled guest-worker employment in a higher wage foreign country lowers the relative attractiveness of the skilled employment in the home country. Thus it prevents a fraction of individuals from acquiring human capital. Therefore, even if all individuals who acquired education remain in the home country, the actual number of educated workers in the source economy decreases, and the aggregate level of human capital in this economy would thus be negatively affected." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bang, James T. & Aniruddha Mitra (2011): Gender bias and the female brain drain. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 18, H. 9, S. 829-833. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2010.503928

Abstract

"This article contributes to the emerging literature on gender differences in the causes and consequences of brain drain. Differentiating between gender bias in the access to economic opportunities and gender differentials in economic outcomes, we find that differences in access have a significant impact on the emigration of highly skilled women relative to that of men. However, differentials in outcomes do not have a significant impact. Additionally, the structure of political institutions in the source countries does not have a significant impact on the difference in emigration rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bang, James T. & Aniruddha Mitra (2011): Brain drain and institutions of governance. Educational attainment of immigrants to the US 1988-1998. In: Economic Systems, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 335-354. DOI:10.1016/j.ecosys.2010.09.003

Abstract

"We investigate the impact of home country institutions on the skill level of immigrants to the United States over 1988-1998. Specifically, we explore the hypothesis that institutions are multidimensional and that the different dimensions have conflicting impacts on the migration of skilled labor. Using an exploratory factor analysis on fifteen institutional variables, we identify the following dimensions of institutional character: credibility, transparency, democracy, and the security of civil society. We find that credibility and transparency increase the magnitude of brain drain, security reduces it, and democracy has no significant impact." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bertoli, Simone & Herbert Brücker (2011): Extending the case for a beneficial brain drain. In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 231, H. 4, S. 466-478., 2010-10-01. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2011-0402

Abstract

In vielen Einwanderungsländern herrscht noch eine allgemeine Einwanderungspolitik und der Bildungsertrag der Einwanderer ist in diesen Ländern niedriger als in ihrem Herkunftsland. Diese Fakten stellen die Literatur über den Nutzen von brain drain vor eine Herausforderung, welche demonstriert, dass Migration das Humankapital in den Herkunftsländern erhöhen kann, wenn Einwanderungspolitik selektiv ist oder der Bildungsertrag im Einwanderungsland höher ist als im Herkunftsland. Die Autoren entwickeln ein Modell mit empirisch sensiblen Annahmen über Einwanderungspolitik und Bildungserträge, in dem Individuen mit heterogenen und korrelierten Bildungs- und Migrationskosten konfrontiert werden. Dieses Modell befindet sich in Übereinstimmung mit der Tatsache, dass die Migrationsquote mit dem Bildungsniveau steigt, und es zeigt, dass das Bildungsniveau der Daheimgebliebenen mit der Aussicht auf eine eventuelle Migration gesteigert werden kann. Die Simulation bestätigt dies und führt den Fall eines nützlichen brain drain in eine neue Richtung. (IAB)

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Bertoli, Simone & Herbert Brücker (2011): Selective immigration policies, migrants' education and welfare at origin. (Norface migration discussion paper 2011-03), London, 11 S.

Abstract

Einwanderungsländer tendieren zunehmend zu einer selektiven Einwanderungspolitik. Dies kann zu einer Erhöhung des durchschnittlichen Bildungsniveaus der Einwanderer führen, gerade wenn man endogene Bildungsentscheidungen und die Bildungspolitik im Herkunftsland berücksichtigt. Trotzdem verringert eine selektivere Einwanderungspolitik die gesellschaftliche Wohlfahrt im Herkunftsland. (IAB)

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Bertoli, Simone & Herbert Brücker (2011): Selective immigration policies, migrants' education and welfare at origin. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 113, H. 1, S. 19-22., 2011-05-14. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2011.05.036

Abstract

Einwanderungsländer tendieren zunehmend zu einer selektiven Einwanderungspolitik. Dies kann zu einer Erhöhung des durchschnittlichen Bildungsniveaus der Einwanderer führen, gerade wenn man endogene Bildungsentscheidungen und die Bildungspolitik im Herkunftsland berücksichtigt. Trotzdem verringert eine selektivere Einwanderungspolitik die gesellschaftliche Wohlfahrt im Herkunftsland. (IAB)

Zitatform

Bertoli, Simone & Herbert Brücker (2011): Selective immigration policies, migrants' education and welfare at origin. (CEPR discussion paper 8196), London, 12 S.

Abstract

Einwanderungsländer tendieren zunehmend zu einer selektiven Einwanderungspolitik. Dies kann zu einer Erhöhung des durchschnittlichen Bildungsniveaus der Einwanderer führen, gerade wenn man endogene Bildungsentscheidungen und die Bildungspolitik im Herkunftsland berücksichtigt. Trotzdem verringert eine selektivere Einwanderungspolitik die gesellschaftliche Wohlfahrt im Herkunftsland. (IAB)

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Bollard, Albert, David McKenzie, Melanie Morten & Hillel Rapoport (2011): Remittances and the brain drain revisited. The microdata show that more educated migrants remit more. In: The World Bank Economic Review, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 132-156. DOI:10.1093/wber/lhr013

Abstract

"Two of the most salient trends in migration and development over the last two decades are the large rise in remittances and in the flow of skilled migrants. However, recent literature based on cross-country regressions has claimed that more educated migrants remit less, leading to concerns that further increases in skilled migration will impede remittance growth. Microdata from surveys of immigrants in 11 major destination countries are used to revisit the relationship between education and remitting behavior. The data show a mixed pattern between education and the likelihood of remitting, and a strong positive relationship between education and amount remitted (intensive margin), conditional on remitting at all (extensive margin). Combining these intensive and extensive margins yields an overall positive effect of education on the amount remitted for the pooled sample, with heterogeneous results across destinations. The microdata allow investigation of why the more educated remit more, showing that the higher income earned by migrants, rather than family characteristics, explains much of the higher remittances." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Delpierre, Matthieu & Bertrand Verheyden (2011): Student and worker mobility under university and government competition. (CESifo working paper 3415), München, 22 S.

Abstract

"We provide a normative analysis of endogenous student and worker mobility in the presence of diverging interests between universities and governments. Student mobility generates a university competition effect which induces them to overinvest in education, whereas worker mobility generates a free-rider effect for governments, who are not willing to subsidize the education of agents who will work abroad. At equilibrium, the free-rider effect always dominates the competition effect, resulting in underinvestment in human capital and overinvestment in research. This inefficiency can be corrected if a transnational transfer for mobile students is implemented. With endogenous income taxation, we show that the strength of fiscal competition increases with human capital production. Consequently, supranational policies aimed at promoting teaching quality reduce tax revenues at the expense of research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dequiedt, Vianney & Yves Zenou (2011): International migration, imperfect information, and brain drain. (IZA discussion paper 5786), Bonn, 45 S.

Abstract

"We consider a model of international migration where skills of workers are imperfectly observed by firms in the host country and where information asymmetries are more severe for immigrants than for natives. There are two stages. In the first one, workers in the South decide whether to move and pay the migration costs. These costs are assumed to be sunk. In the second stage, firms offer wages to the immigrant and native workers who are in the country. Because of imperfect information, firms statistically discriminate high-skilled migrants by paying them at their expected productivity. The decision of whether to migrate or not depends on the proportion of high-skilled workers among the migrants. The migration game exhibits strategic complementarities, which, because of standard coordination problems, lead to multiple equilibria. We characterize them and examine how international migration affects the income of individuals in sending and receiving countries, and of migrants themselves. We also analyze under which conditions there is positive or negative self-selection of migrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dequiedt, Vianney & Yves Zenou (2011): International migration, imperfect information, and brain drain. (Norface migration discussion paper 2011-09), London, 44 S.

Abstract

"We consider a model of international migration where skills of workers are imperfectly observed by firms in the host country and where information asymmetries are more severe for immigrants than for natives. There are two stages. In the first one, workers in the South decide whether to move and pay the migration costs. These costs are assumed to be sunk. In the second stage, firms offer wages to the immigrant and native workers who are in the country. Because of imperfect information, firms statistically discriminate high-skilled migrants by paying them at their expected productivity. The decision of whether to migrate or not depends on the proportion of high-skilled workers among the migrants. The migration game exhibits strategic complementarities, which, because of standard coordination problems, lead to multiple equilibria. We characterize them and examine how international migration affects the income of individuals in sending and receiving countries, and of migrants themselves. We also analyze under which conditions there is positive or negative self-selection of migrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dequiedt, Vianney & Yves Zenou (2011): International migration, imperfect information, and brain drain. (CReAM discussion paper 2011,15), London, 45 S.

Abstract

"We consider a model of international migration where skills of workers are imperfectly observed by firms in the host country and where information asymmetries are more severe for immigrants than for natives. There are two stages. In the first one, workers in the South decide whether to move and pay the migration costs. These costs are assumed to be sunk. In the second stage, firms offer wages to the immigrant and native workers who are in the country. Because of imperfect information, firms statistically discriminate high-skilled migrants by paying them at their expected productivity. The decision of whether to migrate or not depends on the proportion of high-skilled workers among the migrants. The migration game exhibits strategic complementarities, which, because of standard coordination problems, lead to multiple equilibria. We characterize them and examine how international migration affects the income of individuals in sending and receiving countries, and of migrants themselves. We also analyze under which conditions there is positive or negative self-selection of migrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Docquier, Frederic & Hillel Rapoport (2011): Globalization, brain drain and development. (IZA discussion paper 5590), Bonn, 62 S.

Abstract

"This paper reviews four decades of economics research on the brain drain, with a focus on recent contributions and on development issues. We first assess the magnitude, intensity and determinants of the brain drain, showing that brain drain (or high-skill) migration is becoming the dominant pattern of international migration and a major aspect of globalization. We then use a stylized growth model to analyze the various channels through which a brain drain affects the sending countries and review the evidence on these channels. The recent empirical literature shows that high-skill emigration need not deplete a country's human capital stock and can generate positive network externalities. Three case studies are also considered: the African medical brain drain, the recent exodus of European scientists to the United States, and the role of the Indian diaspora in the development of India's IT sector. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the analysis for education, immigration, and international taxation policies in a global context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Docquier, Frederic & Hillel Rapoport (2011): Globalization, brain drain and development. (CReAM discussion paper 2011,08), London, 60 S.

Abstract

"This paper reviews four decades of economics research on the brain drain, with a focus on recent contributions and on development issues. We first assess the magnitude, intensity and determinants of the brain drain, showing that brain drain (or high-skill) migration is becoming the dominant pattern of international migration and a major aspect of globalization. We then use a stylized growth model to analyze the various channels through which a brain drain affects the sending countries and review the evidence on these channels. The recent empirical literature shows that high-skill emigration need not deplete a country's human capital stock and can generate positive network externalities. Three case studies are also considered: the African medical brain drain, the recent exodus of European scientists to the United States, and the role of the Indian diaspora in the development of India's IT sector. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the analysis for education, immigration, and international taxation policies in a global context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fan, Xiaofeng & Akira Yakita (2011): Brain drain and technological relationship between skilled and unskilled labor. Brain gain or brain loss? In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 1359-1368. DOI:10.1007/s00148-010-0321-0

Abstract

"This study analyzes the effect of an increase in the foreign skilled wage rate on the emigration and education decisions of individuals in the home economy. An increase in the foreign skilled wage rate encourages emigration of skilled workers out of the home country, while possible increase in the supply of skilled labor in the home depends on the technological relationship between skilled and unskilled labor in production. Although the average education level will rise when they are complements, the average education level may not necessarily be raised when they are substitutes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2011): Migrationsland 2011 : Jahresgutachten 2011 mit Migrationsbarometer. (Jahresgutachten ... mit Migrationsbarometer / Sachverständigenrat Deutscher Stiftungen für Integration und Migration 2), Berlin, 272 S.

Abstract

"Das Jahresgutachten 2011 ist in drei große Blöcke untergliedert: Nach dem vorangestellten Migrationsbarometer fragt der erste Block (A) nach dem notwendigen Umfang und der adäquaten Steuerung von Arbeitsmigration (A). Im zweiten Block (B, C, D) geht es um die quantitativ ebenso bedeutsame Zuwanderung jenseits wirtschaftlicher Interessen, um geeignete Steuerungsformen und Probleme der Grenzsicherung. Dazu gehören die Flüchtlingszuwanderung und, als stärkster Zuzugskanal von Drittstaatsangehörigen, die Familienmigration. Der dritte Block (E) kehrt die Beobachtungsperspektive um und fragt nach den Auswirkungen von Migration und Migrationspolitik auf die Herkunfts- und Entsendeländer. Im Zentrum steht dabei die vor allem unter Fachpolitikern und in den Ministerien intensiv geführte Diskussion um Instrumente, die helfen könnten, Migrationspolitik stärker als bisher für eine entwicklungspolitische Neuausrichtung nutzbar zu machen.
Alle Teile des Gutachtens haben eine möglichst identisch gehaltene Binnengliederung: Kapitelübergreifend werden zunächst die jeweiligen Wanderungsverhältnisse statistisch überblickt. Dann werden die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen und die politischen Handlungsspielräume analysiert und die getroffenen Gestaltungsentscheidungen dargestellt und bewertet. Alle Teilkapitel schließen mit politischen Empfehlungen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Gibson, John & David McKenzie (2011): Eight questions about brain drain. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 107-128. DOI:10.1257/jep.25.3.107

Abstract

"The term 'brain drain' dominates popular discourse on high-skilled migration, and for this reason, we use it in this article. However, as Harry Johnson noted, it is a loaded phrase implying serious loss. It is far from clear that such a loss actually occurs in practice; indeed, there is an increasing recognition of the possible benefits that skilled migration can offer both for migrants and for sending countries. This paper builds upon a recent wave of empirical research to answer eight key questions underlying much of the brain drain debate: 1) What is brain drain? 2) Why should economists care about it? 3) Is brain drain increasing? 4) Is there a positive relationship between skilled and unskilled migration? 5) What makes brain drain more likely? 6) Does brain gain exist? 7) Do high-skilled workers remit, invest, and share knowledge back home? 8) What do we know about the fiscal and production externalities of brain drain?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gibson, John & David McKenzie (2011): Eight questions about brain drain. (IZA discussion paper 5730), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"High-skilled emigration is an emotive issue that in popular discourse is often referred to as brain drain, conjuring images of extremely negative impacts on developing countries. Recent discussions of brain gain, diaspora effects, and other advantages of migration have been used to argue against this, but much of the discussion has been absent of evidence. This paper builds upon a new wave of empirical research to answer eight key questions underlying much of the brain drain debate: 1) What is brain drain? 2) Why should economists care about it? 3) Is brain drain increasing? 4) Is there a positive relationship between skilled and unskilled migration? 5) What makes brain drain more likely? 6) Does brain gain exist? 7) Do high-skilled workers remit, invest, and share knowledge back home? and 8) What do we know about the fiscal and production externalities of brain drain?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gibson, John & David McKenzie (2011): Eight questions about brain drain. (CReAM discussion paper 2011,11), London, 28 S.

Abstract

"High-skilled emigration is an emotive issue that in popular discourse is often referred to as brain drain, conjuring images of extremely negative impacts on developing countries. Recent discussions of brain gain, diaspora effects, and other advantages of migration have been used to argue against this, but much of the discussion has been absent of evidence. This paper builds upon a new wave of empirical research to answer eight key questions underlying much of the brain drain debate: 1) What is brain drain? 2) Why should economists care about it? 3) Is brain drain increasing? 4) Is there a positive relationship between skilled and unskilled migration? 5) What makes brain drain more likely? 6) Does brain gain exist? 7) Do high-skilled workers remit, invest, and share knowledge back home? and 8) What do we know about the fiscal and production externalities of brain drain?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gibson, John & David McKenzie (2011): Eight questions about brain drain. (Policy research working paper 5668), Washington, DC, 28 S.

Abstract

"High-skilled emigration is an emotive issue that in popular discourse is often referred to as brain drain, conjuring images of extremely negative impacts on developing countries. Recent discussions of brain gain, diaspora effects, and other advantages of migration have been used to argue against this, but much of the discussion has been absent of evidence. This paper builds upon a new wave of empirical research to answer eight key questions underlying much of the brain drain debate: 1) What is brain drain? 2) Why should economists care about it? 3) Is brain drain increasing? 4) Is there a positive relationship between skilled and unskilled migration? 5) What makes brain drain more likely? 6) Does brain gain exist? 7) Do high-skilled workers remit, invest, and share knowledge back home? and 8) What do we know about the fiscal and production externalities of brain drain?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gottlieb, Paul D. (2011): Supply or demand, make or buy: two simple frameworks for thinking about a state-level brain drain policy. In: Economic Development Quarterly, Jg. 25, H. 4, S. 303-315. DOI:10.1177/0891242411418494

Abstract

"This article lays out two broad criteria for crafting a particular brain drain policy at the state level. The first, which we are calling 'supply or demand,' asks whether a state experiencing brain drain is below average in high-tech labor demand or above average in high-tech labor supply (the latter concept measured by university enrollments). It is argued that the answer to this question matters a great deal to the policy response. The article then proposes a second, related framework for crafting brain drain policies, which is used widely in the world of business. This is whether a state should 'make' or 'buy' its own high-tech workers. Benchmarking data and a new review of state policy programs are then used to compare what states are doing with what they ought to be doing in light of their particular situations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grossmann, Volker & David Stadelmann (2011): Wage effects of high-skilled migration. International evidence. (IZA discussion paper 6611), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"This paper argues that international migration of high-skilled workers triggers productivity effects at the macro level such that the wage rate of skilled workers may rise in host countries and decline in source countries. We exploit a recent data set on international bilateral migration flows and provide evidence which is consistent with this hypothesis. We propose different instrumentation strategies to identify the causal effect of skilled migration on log differences of GDP per capita, total factor productivity, and wages of skilled workers between pairs of source and destination countries. These address the endogeneity problem which potentially arises when international wage differences affect migration decisions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haupt, Alexander, Tim Krieger & Thomas Lange (2011): Competition for the international pool of talent. Education policy and student mobility. (CESifo working paper 3421), München, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper presents a model of two countries competing for a pool of students from the rest of the world (ROW). In equilibrium, one country offers high educational quality for high tuition fees, while the other country provides a low quality and charges low fees. The quality in the high quality country, the tuition fees, and the quality and tuition fee differential between the countries increase with the income prospects in ROW and the number of international students. Higher stay rates of foreign students lead to more ambiguous results. In particular, an increase in educational quality can be accompanied by a decline in tuition fees. Furthermore, international competition for students can give rise to a brain gain in ROW." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jaksztat, Steffen, Nora Schindler & Kolja Briedis (2011): Die internationale Ausrichtung des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses. (Forum Hochschule 2011,10), 118 S.

Abstract

"Der Arbeitsalltag von jungen Wissenschaftler(inne)n ist insgesamt durch ein hohes Maß an Internationalität geprägt. Sich aktiv an internationalen wissenschaftlichen Diskursen zu beteiligen, sich mit ausländischen Wissenschaftler(inne)n auszutauschen oder selbst für eine gewisse Zeit im Ausland zu forschen, ist für viele fester Bestandteil ihrer Tätigkeit. Jede/-r vierte Nachwuchswissenschaftler/-in hat bereits einen forschungsbezogenen Auslandsaufenthalt von mindestens einmonatiger Dauer absolviert; insgesamt war jede/-r Zweite in der Zeit als Nachwuchswissenschaftler/-in bereits einmal berufsbedingt im Ausland. Über 80 Prozent der Nachwuchswissenschaftler/-innen weisen in ihrer gesamten Biographie (Schule/Studium/Erwerbstätigkeit) Auslandsaufenthalte auf. Besonders hohe Mobilitätsquoten als Forscher/-innen gibt es unter den Naturwissenschaftler(inne)n, den Sozial- und Politikwissenschaftler(inne)n sowie den Geisteswissenschaftler(inne)n. Von denjenigen, die bis dato nicht forschungsbezogen im Ausland waren, äußert die Mehrzahl generell Interesse an einem Aufenthalt im Ausland. Dies sind Ergebnisse einer Befragung, die das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) beim HIS-Institut für Hochschulforschung (HIS-HF) in Auftrag gegeben hat. Die Studie wertet die Antworten von rund 5.500 Studienteilnehmer(inne)n aus Hochschulen mit Promotionsrecht und außeruniversitären Forschungseinrichtungen aus. Das Durchschnittsalter der befragten Wissenschaftler/-innen beträgt 32 Jahre. Als Haupthürden für länderübergreifende Mobilität wurden die Finanzierung, Bürokratie, fehlende Beratungsangebote und die Trennung vom privaten Umfeld benannt. Fast 40 Prozent der Befragten gaben allerdings an, keinerlei Probleme bei der Planung und Durchführung eines Auslandaufenthalts zu haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Krings, Bettina-Johanna (Hrsg.) (2011): Brain drain or brain gain? Changes of work in knowledge-based societies. (Gesellschaft - Technik - Umwelt, Neue Folge 14), Berlin: Edition Sigma, 338 S.

Abstract

"Die gesellschaftstheoretisch orientierte Debatte über Merkmale und Entwicklungstendenzen von Wissensgesellschaften wird seit langem und in vielen Facetten geführt. Große Bedeutung haben dabei die Veränderungen der Erwerbsarbeit und die Verwissenschaftlichung des ökonomischen Systems. Indem Arbeitsprozesse in Daten und Informationen als wissenstechnische Prozeduren übersetzt werden, gewinnt Wissen an Bedeutung in der industriellen und Dienstleistungsproduktion und führt zu neuen Organisationsstrukturen von Ökonomien. Dieser Band greift - angelehnt an aktuelle empirisch ausgerichtete Forschungsarbeiten im europäischen Kontext - zahlreiche Aspekte dieses Wandels auf. Die Beiträge reflektieren ihn übergreifend sowie anhand dreier spezifischer Untersuchungsfelder: Industrie, neue berufliche Qualifikationen sowie Geschlechtergerechtigkeit. Hierbei wird deutlich, dass diese Bereiche durch die technologische und organisatorische Dynamik selbst stark unter Veränderungsdruck geraten sind. Die Schaffung neuer Wissensprozesse ruft komplexe und vielschichtige soziale Prozesse hervor, die nicht generalisierend bewertet werden können, sondern in ihrem jeweiligen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Le, Thanh & Philip M. Bodman (2011): Remittances or technological diffusion: which drives domestic gains from brain drain? In: Applied Economics, Jg. 43, H. 18, S. 2277-2285. DOI:10.1080/00036840903153838

Abstract

"This article examines the impact of technological diffusion and international migrants' remittances on the economic development of less-developed countries. The hypothesis that skilled workers, living and working overseas, can effectively channel technological knowledge back to their home country, which in turn contributes to that country's economic growth, is tested utilizing data on the stock of high-skilled workers from 50 developing countries working in industrialized countries over the last two decades. Results obtained lend strong support to this hypothesis. In addition, the effect that remittances from workers in developed countries, which are used for investment purposes in developing countries, have on the rate of growth of those developing economies is investigated. Our empirical evidence indicates that this remittance channel exerts a significant, positive impact on growth, although quantitatively the contribution of such investment-oriented remittances in driving sustainable economic development appears to be somewhat smaller than that of more general technological diffusion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mitra, Aniruddha, James T. Bang & Phanindra V. Wunnava (2011): Financial liberalization and the brain drain. A panel data analysis. (IZA discussion paper 5953), Bonn, 22 S.

Abstract

"This paper explores the impact of financial liberalization on the migration of high skilled labor from 67 countries to the OECD, taken at five year intervals over the period 1985-2000. Using an exploratory factor analysis, we are able to distinguish between two dimensions of financial liberalization, namely the robustness of the markets and their freedom from direct government control. We find that a standard deviation increase in the robustness of the source country financial sector magnifies the extent of brain drain by a factor of about four percentage points on the average. However, a corresponding increase in the freedom of the source country financial sector from government control has a modest negative impact on the emigration of high skilled labor and the effect is not statistically significant. In addition to investigating a relatively unexplored determinant of skilled migration, our analysis provides a more nuanced approach to measuring financial liberalization itself and identifies a second order impact of financial liberalization on growth via the formation of skilled diasporas." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))