Auswirkungen der Covid-19-Pandemie auf Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland
Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt stehen seit der Ausbreitung des Coronavirus vor großen Herausforderungen. Zur Unterstützung von Beschäftigten und Unternehmen hatte der Bundestag im Eilverfahren u.a. einen leichteren Zugang zum Kurzarbeitergeld beschlossen. Dieses Themendossier stellt Einschätzungen aus Forschung und Politik zu den Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf den Arbeitsmarkt, die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und notwendige Maßnahmen in Deutschland zusammen.
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Auswirkungen auf Wirtschaft, Arbeitsmarkt und Soziales in Deutschland
- Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und Maßnahmen
- Exit-Strategien zur Beendigung des Lockdowns
- Kurzarbeit - Regelungen und Inanspruchnahme
- Homeoffice/mobiles Arbeiten
- Auswirkungen auf Betriebe
- Beschäftigung, Arbeitslosigkeit und Grundsicherung nach SGB II
- Einkommenseffekte
- Einzelne Berufe und Branchen
- Berufsausbildung/Lehrstellenmarkt
- Zukunftsszenarien: Wird die Wirtschaft nach Corona nachhaltiger?
- Soziale und gesundheitliche Aspekte
- Weiterbildung
- Konjunkturpaket zur Förderung der Wirtschaft
- Personengruppen
- Regionale Aspekte
- Internationale Arbeitsmärkte / Auswirkungen der Globalisierung
- Bundesländer
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Literaturhinweis
The Role of Employment Protection Legislation Regimes in Shaping the Impact of Job Disruption on Older Workers' Mental Health in Times of COVID-19 (2022)
Di Novi, Cinzia; Verzillo, Stefano; Paruolo, Paolo;Zitatform
Di Novi, Cinzia, Paolo Paruolo & Stefano Verzillo (2022): The Role of Employment Protection Legislation Regimes in Shaping the Impact of Job Disruption on Older Workers' Mental Health in Times of COVID-19. (JRC working papers in economics and finance 2022,02), Brüssel, 32 S.
Abstract
"This study exploits individual data from the 8th wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the SHARE Corona Survey to investigate the mental health consequences of COVID-19 job disruption across different European countries. It focuses on older workers (aged 50 and over) who were exposed to a higher risk of infection from COVID-19 and were also more vulnerable to the risk of long-term unemployment and permanent labour market exits during economic downturns. The relationship between job disruption in times of COVID-19 and older workers' mental health is investigated using differences in country-level employment legislation regimes in the EU. European countries are clustered into three macro-regions with high, intermediate and low employment regulatory protection regulations, using the Employment Protection Legislation (EPL) aggregate score proposed by the OECD. Results reveal a clear EPL gradient: job disruption has a positive and significant impact on older workers' psychological distress especially in those countries where EPL is more binding. The present findings suggest possible mitigating measures for older unemployed in the EU countries with higher Employment Protection legislation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How do employees cope with mandatory working from home during COVID-19? (2022)
Zitatform
Dicu, Andreea, Irma Rybnikova & Thomas Steger (2022): How do employees cope with mandatory working from home during COVID-19? In: German Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 36, H. 3, S. 300-324. DOI:10.1177/23970022221079049
Abstract
"How do employees who are coerced to work from home during COVID-19 cope with this unprecedented situation? Drawing upon the job-demands-resources (JD-R) model and upon the literature on coping, we analyse empirical qualitative material which stems from two-stage interviews with and online diaries prepared by 15 white-collar employees in Romania. We identify four initial coping types in relation to mandatory working from home: ‘explorers’, ‘statics’, ‘chaotics’ and ‘irremediables’. In the follow-up stage of the field work, the ‘chaotic’ type of coping disappears. These findings in relation to the unique pandemic situation represent a significant contribution to the literature on working from home as well as on coping with stress." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Macroeconomic Impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Some European Union Countries: A Counterfactual Analysis (2022)
Duarte, António Portugal; Murta, Fátima Sol;Zitatform
Duarte, António Portugal & Fátima Sol Murta (2022): Macroeconomic Impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Some European Union Countries: A Counterfactual Analysis. (GEE papers 161), Lisboa, 25 S.
Abstract
"The aim of this paper is to analyze the macroeconomic impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic in the European Union (27 countries) and, particularly, in four of its economies - Germany, Spain, Italy and Portugal. For this purpose, a counterfactual analysis was conducted based on an ARIMA forecasting model through which the behavior of a set of macroeconomic variables (Gross Domestic Product, public debt, inflation rate, public deficit, and unemployment rate) is examined in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic against a hypothetical scenario without pandemic. In general, the results point to a significantly better performance of all variables in the four countries and in the European Union if the Covid-19 pandemic had not existed. In a scenario without the Covid-19 pandemic, all countries would have achieved higher product levels, showing, however, relatively weaker economic growth rates when compared to the pandemic situation, namely in 2021 and 2022. The results also point to budget surpluses in Germany and Portugal, in 2020, 2021 and 2022, as well as a sharp reduction (over 20 percentage points) in Spanish public debt. In 2021 and 2022, there is also a lower inflationary pressure for the European Union, Germany, Spain and Italy, after a very sharp rise in prices in 2020. Regarding the labor market, with the exception of Germany and European Union, where the unemployment rate would be relatively higher, especially in 2022, the remaining countries would register lower unemployment rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Cui bono – business or labour? Job retention policies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe (2022)
Zitatform
Ebbinghaus, Bernhard & Lukas Lehner (2022): Cui bono – business or labour? Job retention policies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. In: Transfer, Jg. 28, H. 1, S. 47-64. DOI:10.1177/10242589221079151
Abstract
"Während der COVID-19-Pandemie musste Europa zahlreiche Herausforderungen bewältigen und auch eine Antwort auf die Frage finden, wie Beschäftigung und Erwerbseinkommen gesichert werden sollen. In unserer vergleichenden Analyse erforschen wir das Ausmaß, in dem europäische Wohlfahrtsstaaten dazu beigetragen haben, diese Krise durch Stabilisierung von Beschäftigung und Arbeitseinkommen zu meistern. Während Kurzarbeit als Instrumentarium bereits teilweise während der Großen Rezession 2008/2009 zum Einsatz gekommen ist, wurden Maßnahmen zur Arbeitsplatzsicherung 2020 in Europa als Antwort auf die Pandemie erweitert oder neu eingeführt. Allerdings existieren in den europäischen Wohlfahrtsstaaten unterschiedliche Vorgehensweisen in der Ausgestaltung und Durchführung dieser Maßnahmen, die mehr oder weniger auf das Halten der Arbeitskräfte abzielen und auf diese Weise Massenenarbeitslosigkeit während der Beschäftigungskrise vermeiden. Wir unterscheiden zwischen einer Logik der Unterstützung von Unternehmen und einer Logik der Unterstützung von Arbeitnehmer:innen, um die unterschiedlichen Strategien des Arbeitsplatzerhalts in Europa zu erklären. Nach unseren Erkenntnissen haben kontinentale, südeuropäische und liberale Wohlfahrtsstaaten mehr unternommen, um durch Kurzarbeit Weiterbeschäftigung zu fördern, als die nordischen oder die mittel- und osteuropäischen Länder." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Job Retention Schemes during COVID-19: A Review of Policy Responses (2022)
Eichhorst, Werner; Rinne, Ulf; Marx, Paul; Brunner, Johannes;Zitatform
Eichhorst, Werner, Paul Marx, Ulf Rinne & Johannes Brunner (2022): Job Retention Schemes during COVID-19: A Review of Policy Responses. (IZA policy paper 187), Bonn, 33 S.
Abstract
"This policy brief provides an update on job retention policies in a sample of 20 countries representing the main world regions as well as the diverse types of job retention schemes, in particular short-time work, furlough and wage subsidy schemes as they have been implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We show the diversity of these policies as well as the available information about their (re-)design as the pandemic evolved up to the most recent period. The policy brief raises main issues regarding the implementation and adaptation of job retention policies and illustrated this with four case studies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Has the Willingness to Work Fallen during the COVID Pandemic? (2022)
Faberman, Jason; Şahin, Ayşegül; Mueller, Andreas I.;Zitatform
Faberman, Jason, Andreas I. Mueller & Ayşegül Şahin (2022): Has the Willingness to Work Fallen during the COVID Pandemic? (IZA discussion paper 15086), Bonn, 50 S.
Abstract
"We examine the effect of the Covid pandemic on willingness to work along both the extensive and intensive margins of labor supply. Special survey questions in the Job Search Supplement of the Survey of Consumer Expectations (SCE) allow us to elicit information about individuals' desired work hours for the 2013-2021 period. Using these questions, along with workers' actual labor market participation, we construct a labor market underutilization measure, the Aggregate Hours Gap (AHG), following Faberman et al. (2020). The AHG captures changes in labor market underutilization for the full population along both the extensive and intensive margins using data on desired work hours as a measure of their potential labor supply. We find that the sharp increase in the AHG during the Covid pandemic essentially disappeared by the end of 2021. We also document a sharp decline in desired work hours during the pandemic that persists through the end of 2021 and is roughly double the drop in the labor force participation rate. Ignoring the decline in desired hours overstates the degree of underutilization by 2.5 percentage points (12.5%). Our findings suggest that, as of 2021Q4, the labor market is tighter than suggested by the unemployment rate and the adverse labor supply effect of the pandemic is more pronounced than implied by the labor force participation rate. These discrepancies underscore the importance of taking into account the intensive margin for both labor market underutilization and potential labor supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Auswirkungen der Corona-Krise auf den Arbeitsmarkt: Was lehrt uns der Blick auf andere Länder? (Podium) (2022)
Zitatform
Fitzenberger, Bernd (2022): Auswirkungen der Corona-Krise auf den Arbeitsmarkt: Was lehrt uns der Blick auf andere Länder? (Podium). In: IAB-Forum H. 10.10.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-10-06. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20221010.01
Abstract
"Die Corona-Krise hat nicht nur Deutschland, sondern auch andere Länder vor immense wirtschafts-, arbeitsmarkt- und sozialpolitische Herausforderungen gestellt. Die politischen Antworten darauf fielen jedoch von Land zu Land unterschiedlich aus. Zu diesem Fazit gelangte eine hochkarätig besetzte internationale Tagung, die vom 31. August bis 4. September 2022 in Italien stattfand." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Will COVID-19 Have Long-Lasting Effects on Inequality? Evidence from Past Pandemics (2022)
Furceri, Davide; Pizzuto, Pietro; Loungani, Prakash; Ostry, Jonathan D.;Zitatform
Furceri, Davide, Prakash Loungani, Jonathan D. Ostry & Pietro Pizzuto (2022): Will COVID-19 Have Long-Lasting Effects on Inequality? Evidence from Past Pandemics. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 811-839. DOI:10.1007/s10888-022-09540-y
Abstract
"This paper provides evidence on the impact of major epidemics from the past two decades on income distribution. The pandemics in our sample, even though much smaller in scale than COVID-19, have led to increases in the Gini coefficient, raised the income share of higher-income deciles, and lowered the employment-to-population ratio for those with basic education compared to those with higher education. We provide some evidence that the distributional consequences from the current pandemic may be larger than those flowing from the historical pandemics in our sample, and larger than those following typical recessions and financial crises." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
'You Can't Eat Soap': Reimagining COVID-19, Work, Family and Employment from the Global South (2022)
Zitatform
Jaga, Ameeta & Ariane Ollier-Malaterre (2022): 'You Can't Eat Soap': Reimagining COVID-19, Work, Family and Employment from the Global South. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 36, H. 4, S. 769-780. DOI:10.1177/09500170211069806
Abstract
"This article problematises the assumptions regarding work, family and employment that underlie the World Health Organization (WHO)’s COVID-19 guidelines. The scientific evidence grounding sanitary and social distancing recommendations is embedded in conceptualisations of work as skilled jobs in the formal economy and of family as urban and nuclear. These are Global North rather than universal paradigms. We build on theories from the South and an intersectional analysis of gender and class inequalities to highlight contextual complexities currently neglected in responses to COVID-19. We argue that building on both science and local knowledge can help democratise workable solutions for a range of different work, family and employment realities in the Global South. Finally, we propose a research agenda calling for strengthened North–South dialogue to provincialise knowledge, account for differences in histories, locality and resource-availability, and foster greater local participation in policy formulation regarding sanitary measures and vaccination campaigns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Covid-19 pandemic and international supply chains (2022)
Zitatform
Kleifgen, Eva, Duncan Roth & Ignat Stepanok (2022): The Covid-19 pandemic and international supply chains. (IAB-Discussion Paper 05/2022), Nürnberg, 23 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2205
Abstract
"Die Covid-19 Pandemie hatte einen beträchtlichen Einbruch des internationalen Handels zur Folge, wodurch auch Fragen zur Zukunft internationaler Handelsketten aufgeworfen wurden. Anhand eines Betriebs-Surveys, welches mit administrativen Daten verbunden werden konnte, untersuchen wir, wie Betriebe in Deutschland ihre Lieferketten aufgrund von pandemiebedingten Störungen angepasst haben. Unseren Ergebnissen zu folge weisen Betriebe, bei denen es aufgrund der Pandemie zu Einschränkungen im Bezug von Vorleistungen oder Zwischenprodukten gekommen ist, im Vergleich zu Betrieben ohne solche Beeinträchtigungen eine signifikant höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit auf, einen oder mehrere Lieferanten ausgetauscht zu haben. Dies ist insbesondere dann der Fall, wenn es zu Problemen beim Bezug aus dem Ausland gekommen ist. Betriebe, die von solchen Einschränkungen betroffen sind, haben darüber hinaus eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit, weiter entfernte Lieferanten mit näher gelegenen ersetzt zu haben. Den Ergebnissen zufolge handelt es sich dabei jedoch um temporäre Anpassungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Zwei Jahre Pandemie: Wer sind die Gewinner und Verlierer? (2022)
Obst, Thomas; Schläger, Dan;Zitatform
Obst, Thomas & Dan Schläger (2022): Zwei Jahre Pandemie: Wer sind die Gewinner und Verlierer? (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2022,16), Köln, 3 S.
Abstract
"Die weltweite Konjunkturerholung setzt sich trotz des Wiederauflebens der Pandemie weiter fort. Doch dahinter verbergen sich große Unterschiede. Die Corona-Krise hat Gewinner und Verlierer hervorgebracht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Corporate Training and Skill Gaps: Did COVID-19 Stem EU Convergence in Training Investments? (2022)
Pouliakas, Konstantinos; Wruuck, Patricia;Zitatform
Pouliakas, Konstantinos & Patricia Wruuck (2022): Corporate Training and Skill Gaps: Did COVID-19 Stem EU Convergence in Training Investments? (IZA discussion paper 15343), Bonn, 38 S.
Abstract
"European firms have increasingly invested in training of employees but differences across countries and types of firms remain – and the Covid-19 shock may have exacerbated them. This report analyses European firms' investment in training over the last six years examining trends, factors supporting training investment as well as the impact of the Covid-19 shock. We base the empirical analysis on a unique dataset, the European Investment Bank's Investment Survey (EIBIS), which allows tracking corporate training investment on a yearly basis. To understand dynamics underpinning firms' decision to invest in their workforce, we examine transition patterns and employ dynamic panel data estimation. Finally, we analyze the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on firms' investment in workforce training and transitions in and out of training. We find that despite a slow upward trend in training investment observed in recent years, supported by labour market recovery, differences across firms and countries have persisted. The pandemic risks aggravating these, through its asymmetric impact on labour markets and differences in corporate innovation, firm structure and resilience. While firm training can be an important element for firms and their workforce to adjust to the post-pandemic environment, asymmetries in training investment could make it harder for those already lagging. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Inequalities in the Times of a Pandemic (2022)
Stantcheva, Stefanie;Zitatform
Stantcheva, Stefanie (2022): Inequalities in the Times of a Pandemic. (NBER working paper 29657), Cambridge, Mass, 51 S. DOI:10.3386/w29657
Abstract
"This paper summarizes the research on some of the major inequalities that have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic across OECD countries. It reviews findings related to inequalities across the income distribution, sectors and regions, gender, and inequalities in education inputs for children from different socioeconomic backgrounds." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Gendered Impact of the COVID-19 Recession on the US Labor Market (2021)
Albanesi, Stefania; Kim, Jiyeon;Zitatform
Albanesi, Stefania & Jiyeon Kim (2021): The Gendered Impact of the COVID-19 Recession on the US Labor Market. (NBER working paper 28505), Cambridge, MA, 37 S. DOI:10.3386/w28505
Abstract
"The economic crisis associated with the emergence of the novel corona virus is unlike standard recessions. Demand for workers in high contact and inflexible service occupations has declined, while parental supply of labor has been reduced by lack of access to reliable child care and in-person schooling options. This has led to a substantial and persistent drop in employment and labor force participation for women, who are typically less affected by recessions than men. We examine real time data on employment, unemployment, labor force participation and gross job flows to document the gendered impact of the pandemic. We also discuss the potential long-term implications of this crisis, including the role of automation in depressing the recovery of employment for the worst hit service occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf die Berufsbildung: Blitzlichter aus acht Ländern (2021)
Allais, Stephanie Matseleng; Dęmbowski, Horacy; Fluixá, Fernando Marhuenda; Eiríksdóttir, Elsa; Teräs, Marianne; Saldaña, Rolando López; Vantuch, Juraj; Ha, Pham Viet;Zitatform
Allais, Stephanie Matseleng, Horacy Dęmbowski, Elsa Eiríksdóttir, Rolando López Saldaña, Fernando Marhuenda Fluixá, Marianne Teräs, Juraj Vantuch & Pham Viet Ha (2021): Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf die Berufsbildung. Blitzlichter aus acht Ländern. In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 50, H. 2, S. 10-14.
Abstract
"Das Coronavirus hält die Welt in Atem. Kontaktbeschränkungen, wirtschaftliche Einbrüche und die Ungewissheit über die weiteren Entwicklungen stellen auch die Berufsbildung vor große Herausforderung. In welcher Weise hat die COVID-19-Pandemie die Berufsbildung getroffen? Welche bildungspolitischen Maßnahmen oder praktischen Lösungen wurden initiiert und welche Entwicklungen werden die Berufsbildung nachhaltig prägen? Diese Fragen haben wir Berufsbildungsexpertinnen und -experten aus acht Ländern gestellt, darunter fünf Mitgliedern der European Research Review Group. Mit ihren Blitzlichtern geben sie Eindrücke in das aktuelle Geschehen weltweit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
From Mancession to Shecession: Women's Employment in Regular and Pandemic Recessions (2021)
Zitatform
Alon, Titan, Sena Coskun, Matthias Doepke, David Koll & Michèle Tertilt (2021): From Mancession to Shecession: Women's Employment in Regular and Pandemic Recessions. (IZA discussion paper 14223), Bonn, 104 S.
Abstract
"We examine the impact of the global recession triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic on women's versus men's employment. Whereas recent recessions in advanced economies usually had a disproportionate impact on men's employment, giving rise to the moniker "mancessions," we show that the pandemic recession of 2020 was a "shecession" in most countries with larger employment declines among women. We examine the causes behind this pattern using micro data from several national labor force surveys, and show that both the composition of women's employment across industries and occupations as well as increased childcare needs during closures of schools and daycare centers made important contributions. While many countries exhibit similar patterns, we also emphasize how policy choices such as furloughing policies and the extent of school closures shape the pandemic's impact on the labor market. Another notable finding is the central role of telecommuting: gender gaps in the employment impact of the pandemic arise almost entirely among workers who are unable to work from home. Nevertheless, among telecommuters a different kind of gender gap arises: women working from home during the pandemic spent more work time also doing childcare and experienced greater productivity reductions than men. We discuss what our findings imply for gender equality in a post-pandemic labor market that will likely continue to be characterized by pervasive telecommuting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Covid-19 and Income Inequality: Evidence from Monthly Population Registers (2021)
Zitatform
Angelov, Nikolay & Daniel Waldenström (2021): Covid-19 and Income Inequality: Evidence from Monthly Population Registers. (CESifo working paper 9178), München, 35 S.
Abstract
"We measure the distributional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using newly released population register data in Sweden. Monthly earnings inequality increased during the pandemic, and the key driver is income losses among low-paid individuals while middle- and high-income earners were almost unaffected. The pandemic had a larger negative impact on private-sector workers and on women. Using data on individual take-up of government COVID-19 support, we show that policy significantly dampened the inequality increase, but did not fully offset it. Annual total market income inequality, which also includes capital income and taxable transfers, shows similar patterns of increasing inequality during the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How Does Exposure to COVID-19 Influence Health and Income Inequality Aversion? (2021)
Asaria, Miqdad; Cowell, Frank A.; Costa-Font, Joan;Zitatform
Asaria, Miqdad, Joan Costa-Font & Frank A. Cowell (2021): How Does Exposure to COVID-19 Influence Health and Income Inequality Aversion? (IZA discussion paper 14103), Bonn, 47 S.
Abstract
"We study whether exposure to COVID-19 has affected individual aversion to health and income inequality in the UK, Italy, and Germany, as well as the effect of personal shocks on employment (redundancies, government replacement salary and unemployment), income and health directly linked to COVID-19. We find that conditioned on risk aversion and relevant covariates (income, education, demographics), individuals who have experienced either a health or an financial shock during the COVID-19 pandemic, exhibit lower inequality aversion in terms of health and income, compared to those who have not experienced these shocks. Comparing levels of health and income inequality aversion in the UK between the years 2016 and 2020 we find a significant increase in inequality aversion from 2016 to 2020 in both health (17.3%) and income domains (8.8%). However, our difference-in-differences (DiD) for treatment (risk) groups defined in terms of age, region and personal exposure to health and income shocks in 2020 compared to 2016, does not indicate any additional difference in inequality aversion. The exception being individuals who are both in a high-risk age group and at the same time also experienced a health shock in 2020 compared to 2016, which are significantly more inequality averse in both health and income domains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Tracking the impact of COVID-19 on economic inequality at high frequency (2021)
Aspachs, Oriol; Reynal-Querol, Marta; Montalvo, Jose G. ; Mestres, Josep; Graziano, Alberto; Durante, Ruben;Zitatform
Aspachs, Oriol, Ruben Durante, Alberto Graziano, Josep Mestres, Marta Reynal-Querol & Jose G. Montalvo (2021): Tracking the impact of COVID-19 on economic inequality at high frequency. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 16, H. 3. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0249121
Abstract
"Pandemics have historically had a significant impact on economic inequality. However, official inequality statistics are only available at low frequency and with considerable delay, which challenges policymakers in their objective to mitigate inequality and fine-tune public policies. We show that using data from bank records it is possible to measure economic inequality at high frequency. The approach proposed in this paper allows measuring, timely and accurately, the impact on inequality of fast-unfolding crises, like the COVID-19 pandemic. Applying this approach to data from a representative sample of over three million residents of Spain we find that, absent government intervention, inequality would have increased by almost 30% in just one month. The granularity of the data allows analyzing with great detail the sources of the increases in inequality. In the Spanish case we find that it is primarily driven by job losses and wage cuts experienced by low-wage earners. Government support, in particular extended unemployment insurance and benefits for furloughed workers, were generally effective at mitigating the increase in inequality, though less so among young people and foreign-born workers. Therefore, our approach provides knowledge on the evolution of inequality at high frequency, the effectiveness of public policies in mitigating the increase of inequality and the subgroups of the population most affected by the changes in inequality. This information is fundamental to fine-tune public policies on the wake of a fast-moving pandemic like the COVID-19." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What Shifts Did Covid-19 Year 2020 Bring To The Labour Market In Europe? (2021)
Zitatform
Baert, Stijn (2021): What Shifts Did Covid-19 Year 2020 Bring To The Labour Market In Europe? (Working paper / Ghent University. Faculty of Economics and Business Administration 2021,1014), Gent, 15 S.
Abstract
"This article discusses the evolution of key labour market indicators in the EU-27 countries between 2019 and 2020, i.e. between the year before the covid-19 crisis broke out and the year in which it impacted the economy heavily. Whereas earlier policy-oriented studies have dealt with the evolution of unemployment in 2020, often country by country, this article focuses on the evolution of unemployment as well as inactivity across European countries. Indeed, previous crises have typically lead not only to more unemployment but also to larger numbers of discouraged unemployed and thus more inactivity. It appears that the Southern European countries, in particular, recorded increases in inactivity, while the Baltic States experienced higher unemployment. In many other countries, unemployment and inactivity remained remarkably stable despite covid-19." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Auswirkungen auf Wirtschaft, Arbeitsmarkt und Soziales in Deutschland
- Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und Maßnahmen
- Exit-Strategien zur Beendigung des Lockdowns
- Kurzarbeit - Regelungen und Inanspruchnahme
- Homeoffice/mobiles Arbeiten
- Auswirkungen auf Betriebe
- Beschäftigung, Arbeitslosigkeit und Grundsicherung nach SGB II
- Einkommenseffekte
- Einzelne Berufe und Branchen
- Berufsausbildung/Lehrstellenmarkt
- Zukunftsszenarien: Wird die Wirtschaft nach Corona nachhaltiger?
- Soziale und gesundheitliche Aspekte
- Weiterbildung
- Konjunkturpaket zur Förderung der Wirtschaft
- Personengruppen
- Regionale Aspekte
- Internationale Arbeitsmärkte / Auswirkungen der Globalisierung
- Bundesländer