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Auswirkungen der Covid-19-Pandemie auf Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland

Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt stehen seit der Ausbreitung des Coronavirus vor großen Herausforderungen. Zur Unterstützung von Beschäftigten und Unternehmen hatte der Bundestag im Eilverfahren u.a. einen leichteren Zugang zum Kurzarbeitergeld beschlossen. Dieses Themendossier stellt Einschätzungen aus Forschung und Politik zu den Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf den Arbeitsmarkt, die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und notwendige Maßnahmen in Deutschland zusammen.
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Social protection and inclusion Policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis: An analysis of policies in 35 countries (2021)

    Baptista, Isabel; Spasova, Slavina; Peña-Casas, Ramón; Fronteddu, Boris; Marlier, Eric; Ghailani, Dalila; Sabato, Sebastiano; Regazzoni, Pietro;

    Zitatform

    Baptista, Isabel, Eric Marlier, Slavina Spasova, Ramón Peña-Casas, Boris Fronteddu, Dalila Ghailani, Sebastiano Sabato & Pietro Regazzoni (2021): Social protection and inclusion Policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis. An analysis of policies in 35 countries. Brussels, 192 S. DOI:10.2767/10153

    Abstract

    "This report from the European Social Policy Network (ESPN) examines (sub)national social protection and inclusion policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis in the 27 EU Member States, the UK, and the 7 candidate and potential candidate countries. It reveals an overall rapid reaction through the introduction of (mostly) temporary measures - primarily relaxing eligibility conditions, increasing benefit levels and creating new ad hoc social and job protection schemes. These emergency measures helped avert a massive social crisis and some would have seemed impossible one year previously. Yet they also highlighted the weaknesses and gaps in existing social protection and inclusion policies, and the pressing need to address these. Although these measures were the main tools used to tackle the socio-economic impact of the pandemic, the report underlines their limited transformative potential for countries’ social protection systems. It proposes a series of specific actions that could usefully be considered at national and/or EU level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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    Country report: Germany
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  • Literaturhinweis

    After-Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prospects for Medium-Term Economic Damage (2021)

    Barrett, Philip; Wingender, Philippe; Magistretti, Giacomo; Das, Sonali; Pugacheva, Evgenia;

    Zitatform

    Barrett, Philip, Sonali Das, Giacomo Magistretti, Evgenia Pugacheva & Philippe Wingender (2021): After-Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prospects for Medium-Term Economic Damage. (IMF working paper 2021,203), Washington, DC, 23 S.

    Abstract

    "The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a severe global recession with differential impacts within and across countries. This paper examines the possible persistent effects (scarring) of the pandemic on the economy and the channels through which they may occur. History suggests that deep recessions often leave long-lived scars, particularly to productivity. Importantly, financial instabilities—typically associated with worse scarring—have been largely avoided in the current crisis so far. While medium-term output losses are anticipated to be lower than after the global financial crisis, they are still expected to be substantial. The degree of expected scarring varies across countries, depending on the structure of economies and the size of the policy response. Emerging market and developing economies are expected to suffer more scarring than advanced economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Gender and employment in the COVID-19 recession: Cross-country evidence on “she-cessions” (2021)

    Bluedorn, John; Hansen, Niels-Jakob; Shibata, Ippei ; Tavares, Marina M.; Caselli, Francesca;

    Zitatform

    Bluedorn, John, Francesca Caselli, Niels-Jakob Hansen, Ippei Shibata & Marina M. Tavares (2021): Gender and employment in the COVID-19 recession: Cross-country evidence on “she-cessions”. In: Covid economics H. 76, S. 87-109.

    Abstract

    "Early evidence on the pandemic’s effects pointed to women’s employment falling disproportionately, leading observers to call a “she-cession.” This paper documents the extent and persistence of this phenomenon in a quarterly sample of 38 advanced and emerging market economies. We show that there is a large degree of heterogeneity across countries, with over half to two-thirds exhibiting larger declines in women’s than men’s employment rates. These gender differences in COVID-19’s effects are typically short-lived, lasting only a quarter or two on average. We also show that she-cessions are strongly related to COVID-19’s impacts on gender shares in employment within sectors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The lockdown effect: A counterfactual for Sweden (2021)

    Born, Benjamin ; Dietrich, Alexander M.; Müller, Gernot J.;

    Zitatform

    Born, Benjamin, Alexander M. Dietrich & Gernot J. Müller (2021): The lockdown effect: A counterfactual for Sweden. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 16, H. 4. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0249732

    Abstract

    "While most countries imposed a lockdown in response to the first wave of COVID-19 infections, Sweden did not. To quantify the lockdown effect, we approximate a counterfactual lockdown scenario for Sweden through the outcome in a synthetic control unit. We find, first, that a 9-week lockdown in the first half of 2020 would have reduced infections and deaths by about 75% and 38%, respectively. Second, the lockdown effect starts to materialize with a delay of 3–4 weeks only. Third, the actual adjustment of mobility patterns in Sweden suggests there has been substantial voluntary social restraint, although the adjustment was less strong than under the lockdown scenario. Lastly, we find that a lockdown would not have caused much additional output loss." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    A Literature Review of the Economics of COVID-19 (2021)

    Brodeur, Abel; Bhuyian, Suraiya; Islam, Anik; Gray, David;

    Zitatform

    Brodeur, Abel, Suraiya Bhuyian, Anik Islam & David Gray (2021): A Literature Review of the Economics of COVID-19. (Working paper / Department of Economics, University of Ottawa 2103E), Ottawa, 63 S.

    Abstract

    "The goal of this piece is to survey the developing and rapidly growing literature on the economic consequences of COVID-19 and the governmental responses, and to synthetize the insights emerging from a very large number of studies. This survey: (i) provides an overview of the data sets and the techniques employed to measure social distancing and COVID-19 cases and deaths; (ii) reviews the literature on the determinants of compliance with and the effectiveness of social distancing; (iii) the macroeconomic and financial impacts, including the modelling of plausible mechanisms; (iv) summarizes the literature on the socio-economic consequences of COVID-19, focusing on those aspects related to labor, health, gender, discrimination, and the environment, and v) summarizes the literature on public policy responses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Policies to Help the Working Class in the Aftermath of COVID-19: Lessons from the Great Recession (2021)

    Burkhauser, Richard V. ; Corinth, Kevin; Holtz-Eakin, Douglas;

    Zitatform

    Burkhauser, Richard V., Kevin Corinth & Douglas Holtz-Eakin (2021): Policies to Help the Working Class in the Aftermath of COVID-19: Lessons from the Great Recession. (IZA discussion paper 14166), Bonn, 16 S.

    Abstract

    "The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated government mandated shutdowns caused a historic shock to the U.S. economy and a disproportionate job loss concentrated among the working class. While an unprecedented social safety net policy response successfully offset earnings loses among lower-wage workers, the risk of continued and persistent unemployment remains higher among the working class. The key lesson from the Great Recession is that strong economic growth and a hot labor market do more to improve the economic wellbeing of the working class and historically disadvantaged groups than a slow recovery that relies on safety net policies to help replace lost earnings. Thus, the best way to prevent a "K-shaped" recovery is to ensure that safety net policies do not interfere with a return to the strong pre-pandemic economy once the health risk subsides, and that pro-growth policies that incentivize business investment and hiring are maintained." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    COVID-19 and Implications for Automation (2021)

    Chernoff, Alex; Warman, Casey;

    Zitatform

    Chernoff, Alex & Casey Warman (2021): COVID-19 and Implications for Automation. (Staff working paper / Bank of Canada 2021,25), Ottawa, 29 S.

    Abstract

    "COVID-19 may accelerate the automation of jobs as employers invest in technology to safeguard against pandemics. We identify occupations that have high automation potential and also exhibit a high risk of viral infection. We examine regional variation in terms of which U.S. local labor markets are most at risk. Next, we outline the differential impacts COVID-19 may have on different demographic groups. We find that the highest-risk occupations in the U.S. are those held by females with mid- to low wage and education levels. Using comparable data for 25 other countries, we also find that women in this demographic are at the highest risk internationally. We examine monthly employment data from the U.S. and find that women in high-risk occupations experienced a larger initial decline in employment and a weaker recovery during the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The Fall in Income Inequality during COVID-19 in Five European Countries (2021)

    Clark, Andrew; Lepinteur, Anthony ; D'Ambrosio, Conchita;

    Zitatform

    Clark, Andrew, Conchita D'Ambrosio & Anthony Lepinteur (2021): The Fall in Income Inequality during COVID-19 in Five European Countries. (HAL open science), Paris, 39 S.

    Abstract

    "We here use panel data from the COME-HERE survey to track income inequality during COVID-19 in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Sweden. Relative inequality in equivalent household disposable income among individuals changed in a hump-shaped way over 2020. An initial rise from January to May was more than reversed by September. Absolute inequality also fell over this period. As such, policy responses may have been of more benefit for the poorer than for the richer." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The fall in income inequality during COVID-19 in four European countries (2021)

    Clark, Andrew E. ; D'Ambrosio, Conchita; Lepinteur, Anthony ;

    Zitatform

    Clark, Andrew E., Conchita D'Ambrosio & Anthony Lepinteur (2021): The fall in income inequality during COVID-19 in four European countries. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 19, H. 3, S. 489-507. DOI:10.1007/s10888-021-09499-2

    Abstract

    "We here use panel data from the COME-HERE survey to track income inequality during COVID-19 in France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Relative inequality in equivalent household disposable income among individuals changed in a hump-shaped way between January 2020 and January 2021, with an initial rise from January to May 2020 being more than reversed by September 2020. Absolute inequality also fell over this period. Due to the pandemic some households lost more than others, and government compensation schemes were targeted towards the poorest, implying that on average income differences decreased. Generalized Lorenz domination reveals that these distributive changes reduced welfare in Italy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

    Weiterführende Informationen

    Korrektur zum Artikel
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  • Literaturhinweis

    A gendered lens on COVID-19 employment and social policies in Europe (2021)

    Cook, Rose ; Grimshaw, Damian ;

    Zitatform

    Cook, Rose & Damian Grimshaw (2021): A gendered lens on COVID-19 employment and social policies in Europe. In: European Societies, Jg. 23, H. sup1, S. S215-S227. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2020.1822538

    Abstract

    "The COVID-19 outbreak and resultant economic crisis has led to governments in Europe taking extraordinary action to support citizens. Bodies such as the International Labour Organisation (ILO) recommend such measures should include targeted support for the most affected population groups. Women form one of these groups, with disproportionate impacts on their employment and economic resources already documented. Although the disruption brought about by the COVID-19 crisis has the potential to reshape gender relations for everyone’s benefit, there are concerns that the crisis will exacerbate underlying gender inequalities. Though these impacts are likely to be felt globally, public policy has the potential to mitigate them and to ensure a gender-sensitive recovery from the crisis. This paper introduces a gendered lens on the employment and social policies European countries have established since the crisis, with a brief comparative analysis of short-time working schemes in four countries – Germany, Italy, Norway, and the UK. Ongoing research seeks to extend the comparative, gendered analysis of the design, access and impacts of COVID-19 employment and social policies across Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Will COVID-19 Cause Insolvencies, Zombification or Debt Deleveraging? (2021)

    Demary, Markus;

    Zitatform

    Demary, Markus (2021): Will COVID-19 Cause Insolvencies, Zombification or Debt Deleveraging? (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2021,03), Köln, 3 S.

    Abstract

    "The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the financial positions of many companies. For the next months, a wave of insolvencies, a zombification caused by rescue measures or a debt deleveraging are on the table. Which of the three scenarios will dominate, depends, however, on the efficiency of restructuring measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Home Sweet Home: Working from home and employee performance during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK (2021)

    Deole, Sumit S.; Huang, Yue ; Deter, Max ;

    Zitatform

    Deole, Sumit S., Max Deter & Yue Huang (2021): Home Sweet Home: Working from home and employee performance during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 791), Maastricht, 35 S.

    Abstract

    "In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced governments in many countries to ask employees to work from home (WFH) where possible. Using representative data from the UK, we show that increases in WFH frequency are associated with a higher self-perceived productivity per hour and an increase in weekly working hours among the employed. The WFH-productivity relationship is stronger for employees residing in regions worse affected by the pandemic and those who previously commuted longer distances, while it is weaker for mothers with childcare responsibilities. Also, we find that employees with higher autonomy over job tasks and work hours and those with childcare responsibilities worked longer hours when working from home. With prospects that WFH possibility may remain permanently open for some employees, we discuss our results' labor market policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    COVID-19 Disruptions Disproportionately Affect Female Academics (2021)

    Deryugina, Tatyana; Stearns, Jenna E.; Shurchkov, Olga;

    Zitatform

    Deryugina, Tatyana, Olga Shurchkov & Jenna E. Stearns (2021): COVID-19 Disruptions Disproportionately Affect Female Academics. (NBER working paper 28360), Cambridge, MA, 31 S. DOI:10.3386/w28360

    Abstract

    "The rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent countermeasures, such as school closures, the shift to working from home, and social distancing are disrupting economic activity around the world. As with other major economic shocks, there are winners and losers, leading to increased inequality across certain groups. In this project, we investigate the effects of COVID-19 disruptions on the gender gap in academia. We administer a global survey to a broad range of academics across various disciplines to collect nuanced data on the respondents' circumstances, such as a spouse's employment, the number and ages of children, and time use. We find that female academics, particularly those who have children, report a disproportionate reduction in time dedicated to research relative to what comparable men and women without children experience. Both men and women report substantial increases in childcare and housework burdens, but women experienced significantly larger increases than men did." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The evolving gender gap in labor force participation during COVID-19 (2021)

    Djankov, Simeon; Hyland, Marie; Goldberg, Pinelopi Koujianou; Zhang, Eva Yiwen;

    Zitatform

    Djankov, Simeon, Eva Yiwen Zhang, Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg & Marie Hyland (2021): The evolving gender gap in labor force participation during COVID-19. (Policy Brief / Peterson Institute for International Economics 2021,8), Washington, DC, 19 S.

    Abstract

    "Despite many significant gains by women in the paid workforce in recent decades, the percentage of women participating in the labor force has remained lower than the percentage of male participants. Now, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the global economic downturn it precipitated, the gap in labor force participation between men and women in some economies has actually widened, with potentially damaging repercussions for women’s career prospects and pay. The pandemic has disproportionately affected sectors employing more women, such as retail stores, restaurants, and the hotel and hospitality business. An increase in family caregiving responsibilities because of school and childcare closures has also fallen on working mothers' shoulders. Both factors have pulled women out of the labor force. The authors track trends in male and female labor force participation in 43 countries and find substantial differences across countries in the way women’s participation has been affected relative to that of men. In some countries, such as Colombia, Chile, and Cyprus, the gender gap in labor force participation widened the most during the pandemic. The gender gap also widened in the United States, driving 2.5 million women from their jobs in what Vice President Kamala Harris called a “national emergency” for women. In other economies, such as Luxembourg and Lithuania, the gender gap in labor force participation, unexpectedly, shrank during the early period of the pandemic. On average, female employees have fared better in countries where women are less concentrated in the services sector, less likely to be employed as temporary workers, and where laws supported greater equality at the onset of the crisis. Greater government expenditure on childcare in the pre-COVID-19 era, however, does not appear to have insulated female workers from the damaging repercussions of the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Technological capacity and firms' recovery from Covid-19 (2021)

    Doerr, S. ; Erdem, M.; Franco, G. ; Illes, A.; Gambacorta, L.;

    Zitatform

    Doerr, S., M. Erdem, G. Franco, L. Gambacorta & A. Illes (2021): Technological capacity and firms' recovery from Covid-19. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 209. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2021.110102

    Abstract

    "Can higher technological capacity help firms to recover quicker from recessions? Analysing the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on firm revenues in several countries, we find that firms headquartered in jurisdictions with better digital infrastructure generated relatively higher revenue during the shock period. Improving a country's technological capability by one standard deviation is associated with a relative increase in revenues of the average firm by around 4%. The positive effect of technology is more pronounced among smaller firms, suggesting that it could have helped the recovery of SMEs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The Gender Gap in Income and the COVID-19 Pandemic (2021)

    Doorley, Karina ; O'Donoghue, Cathal; Sologon, Denisa Maria;

    Zitatform

    Doorley, Karina, Cathal O'Donoghue & Denisa Maria Sologon (2021): The Gender Gap in Income and the COVID-19 Pandemic. (IZA discussion paper 14360), Bonn, 32 S.

    Abstract

    "The gender income gap is large and well documented for many countries. Recent research shows that it is mainly driven by differences in working patterns between men and women, but also by wage differences. The tax-benefit system cushions the gender income gap by redistributing between men and women. The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in unprecedented levels of unemployment in 2020 in many countries, with some suggestion that men and women have been differently affected. This research investigates the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on the gender gap in income in Ireland. Using nowcasting techniques and microsimulation, we model the effect of pandemic induced employment and wage changes on market and disposable income. We show how the pandemic and the associated tax-benefit support can be expected to change the income gap between men and women. Policy conclusions are drawn about future redistribution between men and women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Job retention schemes in Europe: A lifeline during the Covid-19 pandemic (2021)

    Drahokoupil, Jan; Müller, Torsten;

    Zitatform

    Drahokoupil, Jan & Torsten Müller (2021): Job retention schemes in Europe. A lifeline during the Covid-19 pandemic. (Working paper / European Trade Union Institute 2021.07), Brussels, 61 S.

    Abstract

    "This paper analyses the job retention schemes implemented in response to the Covid-19 crisis, showing quantitative trends and differences in terms of expenditure on the schemes and the number of workers involved. The key focus is on a qualitative analysis of the schemes’ key properties. In order to understand the diversity of job retention schemes implemented in the Covid-19 crisis, we first develop a typology, distinguishing between three underlying types: short-time work schemes, furlough schemes, and wage subsidies. We then provide a comparative overview of the different schemes implemented in the context of the crisis, considering their design as well as their size in terms of expenditure, and map adjustments made to them in the course of the crisis. The third section analyses the evolution of the take-up of the schemes in the course of 2020. The remaining sections discuss in detail such key properties as: eligibility criteria, the level of support for employees and employers, the role of collective bargaining and worker participation, dismissal protection, measures to avoid misuse, and training provisions. The paper concludes by drawing lessons from experiences with the Covid-19 pandemic in light of the discussion on whether and how permanent schemes should be established. It argues that the main issue is to find a design that balances the interests of all stakeholders. This would require meaningful financial participation on the part of employers, effective integration of the schemes into active labour market policies, and provisions to avoid misuse, including the effective involvement of worker participation and collective bargaining structures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Will the Economic Impact of COVID-19 Persist? Prognosis from 21st Century Pandemics (2021)

    Emmerling, Johannes ; Monteiro, Francisco Líbano; Ostry, Jonathan D.; Furceri, Davide; Pizzuto, Pietro; Loungani, Prakash; Tavoni, Massimo;

    Zitatform

    Emmerling, Johannes, Davide Furceri, Francisco Líbano Monteiro, Prakash Loungani, Jonathan D. Ostry, Pietro Pizzuto & Massimo Tavoni (2021): Will the Economic Impact of COVID-19 Persist? Prognosis from 21st Century Pandemics. (IMF working paper 2021,119), Washington, DC, 38 S.

    Abstract

    "COVID-19 has had a disruptive economic impact in 2020, but how long its impact will persist remains unclear. We offer a prognosis based on an analysis of the effects of five previous major epidemics in this century. We find that these pandemics led to significant and persistent reductions in disposable income, along with increases in unemployment, income inequality and public debt-to-GDP ratios. Energy use and CO2 emissions dropped, but mostly because of the persistent decline in the level of economic activity rather than structural changes in the energy sector. Applying our empirical estimates to project the impact of COVID-19, we foresee significant scarring in economic performance and income distribution through 2025, which be associated with an increase in poverty of about 75 million people. Policy responses more effective than those in the past would be required to forestall these outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Canada’s unemployment insurance in crisis (2021)

    Ferdosi, Mohammad;

    Zitatform

    Ferdosi, Mohammad (2021): Canada’s unemployment insurance in crisis. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 182-192. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12448

    Abstract

    "The past several decades in Canada have been marked by systematic attempts to restructure the federally regulated unemployment insurance system, despite growing unemployment and the need for labour market relief. Several program changes, including tightening eligibility requirements, lowering benefits, increasing administrative burdens, limiting enrolment duration and intensifying surveillance have significantly impacted the level and quality of support available to some of the most vulnerable sections of the population. Although Canada weathered the 2008 crisis relatively well, it undertook similar cuts as some of the worst hit European Union members. In line with OECD recommendations, Canadian measures have been rationalised as a means of strengthening work incentives, stimulating growth and reducing deficits. The effect of the coronavirus has been to challenge these longstanding assumptions and policies, pointing to the need for expanded state efforts to cushion social and economic risks in the face of clear evidence of market failure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Young People between Education and the Labour Market during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy (2021)

    Fiaschi, Davide ; Tealdi, Cristina ;

    Zitatform

    Fiaschi, Davide & Cristina Tealdi (2021): Young People between Education and the Labour Market during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy. (IZA discussion paper 14479), Bonn, 16 S.

    Abstract

    "We analyse the distribution and the flows between different types of employment (self-employment, temporary, and permanent), unemployment, education, and other types of inactivity, with particular focus on the duration of the school-to-work transition (STWT). The aim is to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy on the careers of individuals aged 15-34. We find that the pandemic worsened an already concerning situation of higher unemployment and inactivity rates and significantly longer STWT duration compared to other EU countries, particularly for females and residents in the South of Italy. In the midst of the pandemic, individuals aged 20-29 were less in (permanent and temporary) employment and more in the NLFET (Neither in the Labour Force nor in Education or Training) state, particularly females and non Italian citizens. We also provide evidence of an increased propensity to return to schooling, but most importantly of a substantial prolongation of the STWT duration towards permanent employment, mostly for males and non Italian citizens. Our contribution lies in providing a rigorous estimation and analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the carriers of young individuals in Italy, which has not yet been explored in the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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