Atypische Beschäftigung
Vollzeit, unbefristet und fest angestellt - das typische Normalarbeitsverhältnis ist zwar immer noch die Regel. Doch arbeiten die Erwerbstätigen heute vermehrt auch befristet, in Teilzeit- und Minijobs, in Leiharbeitsverhältnissen oder als Solo-Selbständige. Was sind die Konsequenzen der zunehmenden Bedeutung atypischer Beschäftigungsformen für die Erwerbstätigen, die Arbeitslosen und die Betriebe? Welche Bedeutung haben sie für die sozialen Sicherungssysteme, das Beschäftigungsniveau und die Durchlässigkeit des Arbeitsmarktes? Die IAB-Infoplattform bietet Informationen zum Forschungsstand.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
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Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht
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Literaturhinweis
Are there returns to experience at low-skill jobs?: evidence from single mothers in the United States over the 1990s (2016)
Looney, Adam; Manoli, Day;Zitatform
Looney, Adam & Day Manoli (2016): Are there returns to experience at low-skill jobs? Evidence from single mothers in the United States over the 1990s. (Upjohn Institute working paper 255), Kalamazoo, Mich., 55 S. DOI:10.17848/wp16-255
Abstract
"Policy changes in the United States in the 1990s resulted in sizable increases in employment rates of single mothers. We show that this increase led to a large and abrupt increase in work experience for single mothers with young children. We then examine the economic return to this increase in experience for affected single mothers. Despite the increases in experience, single mothers' real wages and employment have remained relatively unchanged. The empirical analysis suggests that an additional year of experience increases single mothers' wage rates by less than 2 percent, a percentage lower than previous estimates in the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Penalized or protected? Gender and the consequences of nonstandard and mismatched employment histories (2016)
Zitatform
Pedulla, David S. (2016): Penalized or protected? Gender and the consequences of nonstandard and mismatched employment histories. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 81, H. 2, S. 262-289. DOI:10.1177/0003122416630982
Abstract
"Millions of workers are employed in positions that deviate from the full-time, standard employment relationship or work in jobs that are mismatched with their skills, education, or experience. Yet, little is known about how employers evaluate workers who have experienced these employment arrangements, limiting our knowledge about how part-time work, temporary agency employment, and skills underutilization affect workers' labor market opportunities. Drawing on original field and survey experiment data, I examine three questions: (1) What are the consequences of having a nonstandard or mismatched employment history for workers' labor market opportunities? (2) Are the effects of nonstandard or mismatched employment histories different for men and women? and (3) What are the mechanisms linking nonstandard or mismatched employment histories to labor market outcomes? The field experiment shows that skills underutilization is as scarring for workers as a year of unemployment, but that there are limited penalties for workers with histories of temporary agency employment. Additionally, although men are penalized for part-time employment histories, women face no penalty for part-time work. The survey experiment reveals that employers' perceptions of workers' competence and commitment mediate these effects. These findings shed light on the consequences of changing employment relations for the distribution of labor market opportunities in the 'new economy.'" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Non-standard employment in post-industrial labour markets: an occupational perspective (2015)
Eichhorst, Werner; Marx, Paul;Zitatform
Eichhorst, Werner & Paul Marx (Hrsg.) (2015): Non-standard employment in post-industrial labour markets. An occupational perspective. Cheltenham: Elgar, 435 S. DOI:10.4337/9781781001721
Abstract
"Examining the occupational variation within non-standard employment, this book combines case studies and comparative writing to illustrate how and why alternative occupational employment patterns are formed.
Non-standard employment has grown significantly in most developed economies, varying between countries. Different institutional settings have been deemed accountable for this variation, although inadequate consideration has been given to differences within national labour markets. Through an occupational perspective, this book contends that patterns of non-standard employment are shaped by flexibility in hiring and firing practices and the dispensability of workers' skills. The framework integrates explanations based on labour market regulation, industrial relations and skill supply, filling the gaps in previous scholastic research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Career pathways for temporary workers: exploring heterogeneous mobility dynamics with sequence analysis (2015)
Zitatform
Fuller, Sylvia & Natasha Stecy-Hildebrandt (2015): Career pathways for temporary workers. Exploring heterogeneous mobility dynamics with sequence analysis. In: Social science research, Jg. 50, H. March, S. 76-99. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.11.003
Abstract
"Because temporary jobs are time-delimited, their implications for workers' economic security depend not only on their current characteristics, but also their place in longer-term patterns of mobility. Past research has typically asked whether temporary jobs are a bridge to better employment or trap workers in ongoing insecurity, investigating this question by analyzing single transitions. We demonstrate that this approach is ill-suited to assessing the often more complex and turbulent employment patterns characteristic of temporary workers. Our analysis instead employs sequence methods to compare a representative sample of temporary workers' month-by-month mobility patterns through 8 potential (non)employment states over five years. We derive a typology of trajectories and describe their relative precariousness in relation to employment stability and wage and earnings levels and growth. While some of the pathways correspond quite closely to frameworks used by past research, others reveal new and important distinctions. Multinomial logit models reveal job, employer, and worker characteristics associated with different pathways. Age, gender, and type of temporary work stand out as important factors shaping subsequent mobility patterns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work beyond the bounds: a boundary analysis of the fragmentation of work (2015)
Hatton, Erin;Zitatform
Hatton, Erin (2015): Work beyond the bounds. A boundary analysis of the fragmentation of work. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 29, H. 6, S. 1007-1018. DOI:10.1177/0950017014568141
Abstract
"Scholars have examined many different types of labour, including 'nonmarket', 'informal' and 'underground' work. Such studies elucidate the conditions and consequences for workers in these jobs, while also generally accepting as unproblematic the basic distinctions between such categories of labour and 'market' work. Yet such distinctions should be a central point of interrogation. This article probes these distinctions by analysing the overlapping social and legal boundaries which fragment work into categories of 'market', 'nonmarket', 'informal' and 'underground' labour. Instead of reifying these categorizations, however, this analysis shows them to be socially constructed categories that mutually constitute one another. By systematizing their points of connection and departure, the boundary map presented in this article provides the analytical structure for new comparative research across seemingly dissimilar categories of work, which will extend scholarly understanding of the fragmentation of work and the relationship between work and inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Temporary help employment in recession and recovery (2015)
Zitatform
Houseman, Susan N. & Carolyn J. Heinrich (2015): Temporary help employment in recession and recovery. (Upjohn Institute working paper 227), Kalamazoo, Mich., 56 S. DOI:10.17848/wp15-227
Abstract
"The temporary help industry, although small, plays a significant role in the macro economy, reflecting employers' growing reliance on temporary help agencies to provide flexibility in meeting staffing needs. Drawing on detailed temporary-help order data between 2007 and 2011 from a large, nationally representative staffing company, we provide insights into the characteristics of temporary help work, employers' use of temporary agencies to screen workers for permanent positions, and the industry's role in labor market adjustment over the business cycle. We estimate that the temporary help industry accounted for a large share of gross job losses and job gains over this period, as well as for a sizable share of net separations and hires. Nearly a third of assignments were observed to end prematurely due to worker performance problems (largely soft skills deficiencies) or quits, and hire rates of workers in temp-to-hire contracts were low. Although most temporary help assignments are short-lived, during the recession, companies lengthened temporary help assignments and reduced hiring from their pool of temps, possibly in response to economic uncertainty. Nominal wage growth among new temporary hires was weak over the five-year period and failed to keep pace with inflation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The recent decline of single quarter jobs (2015)
Hyatt, Henry R.; Spletzer, James R.;Zitatform
Hyatt, Henry R. & James R. Spletzer (2015): The recent decline of single quarter jobs. (IZA discussion paper 8805), Bonn, 41 S.
Abstract
"Rates of hiring and job separation fell by as much as a third in the U.S. between the late 1990s and the early 2010s. Half of this decline is associated with the declining incidence of jobs that start and end in the same calendar quarter, employment events that we call 'single quarter jobs.' We investigate this unique subset of jobs and its decline using matched employer-employee data for the years 1996-2012. We characterize the worker demographics and employer characteristics of single quarter jobs, and demonstrate that changes over time in workforce and employer composition explain little of the decline in these jobs. We find that the decline in these jobs accounts for about a third of the decline in the fraction of the population that holds a job in the private sector that occurred from the mid -2000s to the early 2010s. We also find little evidence that single quarter jobs are stepping stones into longer-term employment. Finally, we show that the inclusion or exclusion of these single quarter jobs creates divergent trends in average earnings and the dispersion of earnings for the years 1996-2012. To the extent that administrative records measure the volatile tail of the employment distribution better than conventional household surveys, these findings show that measurement of short duration jobs matters for economic analysis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Not profiting from precarity: the work of nonprofit service delivery and the creation of precariousness (2014)
Zitatform
Baines, Donna, John Campey, Ian Cunningham & John Shields (2014): Not profiting from precarity. The work of nonprofit service delivery and the creation of precariousness. In: Just Labour: A Canadian Journal of Work and Society, Jg. 22, H. Autumn, S. 74-93.
Abstract
"This paper examines the impact of precarity on the nonprofit service providing sector (NPSS). Using in depth qualitative interviews, recent empirically-based surveys of the Ontario nonprofit sector and key academic and grey literature, we explore the deeper meaning of precarity in this sector. We contend that the NPSS is a unique, and in many respects, an ideal location in which to explore the workings and impact of precarity. Looking at the nonprofit sector reveals that precarity operates at various levels, the: 1) nonprofit labour force; 2) organization structure and operation of nonprofit agencies; and, 3) clients and communities serviced by these nonprofit organizations. By observing the workings of precarity in this sector, precarity is revealed to be far more than an employment based phenomenon but also a force that negatively impacts organizational structures as well as vulnerable communities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zwischen Migration und Arbeit: Worker Centers und die Organisierung prekär und informell Beschäftigter in den USA (2014)
Benz, Martina;Zitatform
Benz, Martina (2014): Zwischen Migration und Arbeit. Worker Centers und die Organisierung prekär und informell Beschäftigter in den USA. Münster: Verl. Westfälisches Dampfboot, 272 S.
Abstract
"Die Studie untersucht Worker Centers anhand von Organisierungen in Gastronomie und Einzelhandel, des Kampfes von Hausarbeiterinnen für Anerkennung und Arbeitsrechte sowie der Strategie der Tagelöhnerzentren in Los Angeles. In diesen Auseinandersetzungen zentral ist die Dynamik der Prekarisierung und Informalisierung, des Ausschlusses und Vorenthaltens von Rechten. Eine besondere Rolle spielt deshalb die Frage nach juristischen Strategien und Rechte-basiertem Aktivismus im Verhältnis zu einer Verschiebung gesellschaftlicher Kräfteverhältnisse. In ihrer Analyse verdeutlicht Martina Benz nicht nur Stärken und Schwächen von Worker Centers, sondern kontextualisiert auch deren Entstehen und weitere Entwicklung im Hinblick auf politische, wirtschaftliche und soziale Rahmenbedingungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Consequences of flexibility stigma among academic scientists and engineers (2014)
Zitatform
Cech, Erin A. & Mary Blair-Loy (2014): Consequences of flexibility stigma among academic scientists and engineers. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 86-110. DOI:10.1177/0730888413515497
Abstract
"Flexibility stigma, the devaluation of workers who seek or are presumed to need flexible work arrangements, fosters a mismatch between workplace demands and the needs of professionals. The authors survey 'ideal workers' -- science, technology, engineering, and math faculty at a top research university -- to determine the consequences of working in an environment with flexibility stigma. Those who report this stigma have lower intentions to persist, worse work - life balance, and lower job satisfaction. These consequences are net of gender and parenthood, suggesting that flexibility stigma fosters a problematic environment for many faculty, even those not personally at risk of stigmatization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigration, citizenship and racialization at work: unpacking employment precarity in Southwestern Ontario (2014)
Zitatform
Goldring, Luin & Marie-Pier Joly (2014): Immigration, citizenship and racialization at work. Unpacking employment precarity in Southwestern Ontario. In: Just Labour: A Canadian Journal of Work and Society, Jg. 22, H. Autumn, S. 94- 121.
Abstract
"This paper examines the relationship between precarious employment, legal status, and racialization. We conceptualize legal status to include the intersections of immigration and citizenship. Using the PEPSO survey data we operationalize three categories of legal status: Canadian born, foreign-born citizens, and foreign-born non-citizens. First we examine whether the character of precarious work varies depending on legal status, and find that it does: Citizenship by birth or naturalization reduces employment precarity across most dimensions and indicators. Next, we ask how legal status intersects with racialization to shape precarious employment. We find that employment precarity is disproportionately high for racialized non-citizens. Becoming a citizen mitigates employment precarity. Time in Canada also reduces precarity, but not for non-citizens. Foreign birth and citizenship acquisition intersect with racialization unevenly: Canadian born racialized groups exhibit higher employment precarity than racialized foreign-born citizens. Our analysis underscores the importance of including legal status in intersectional analyses of social inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Temporary help work: earnings, wages, and multiple job holding (2014)
Hamersma, Sarah; Heinrich, Carolyn; Mueser, Peter;Zitatform
Hamersma, Sarah, Carolyn Heinrich & Peter Mueser (2014): Temporary help work. Earnings, wages, and multiple job holding. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 72-100. DOI:10.1111/irel.12047
Abstract
"Temporary help services (THS) employment has been growing in size, particularly among disadvantaged workers. An extended policy debate focuses on the low earnings, limited benefits, and insecurity that such jobs appear to provide. We investigate the earnings and wage differentials observed between THS and other jobs in a sample of disadvantaged workers. We find lower quarterly earnings at THS jobs but a $1 per hour wage premium. We reconcile these findings in terms of the shorter duration and lower hours worked at THS jobs. We interpret the premium as a compensating wage differential." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Not ideal: the association between working anything but full time and perceived unfair treatment (2014)
Zitatform
Kmec, Julie A., Lindsey Trimble O¿Connor & Scott Schieman (2014): Not ideal. The association between working anything but full time and perceived unfair treatment. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 63-85. DOI:10.1177/0730888413515691
Abstract
"Ideal-worker norms permeate workplaces, guiding employers' evaluation of workers and perceptions of workers' worth. The authors investigate how an ideal-worker norm violation -- working anything but full time -- affects workers' perception of unfair treatment. The authors assess gender and parental status differences in the relationship. Analyses using Midlife Development in the United States II data reveal that women who violate the norm when they have children perceive greater unfair treatment than women who violate the norm but do not have children in the study period. Men who work anything but full time do not perceive unfair treatment. The authors' findings inform efforts to challenge ideal-worker norms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Precarious employment and social outcomes (2014)
Lewchuk, Wayne; Laflèche, Michelynn;Zitatform
Lewchuk, Wayne & Michelynn Laflèche (2014): Precarious employment and social outcomes. In: Just Labour: A Canadian Journal of Work and Society, Jg. 22, H. Autumn, S. 45-50.
Abstract
Der Beitrag führt in das Schwerpunktthema der Ausgabe der Zeitschrift ein, in dem neuere Arbeiten aus dem Umfeld des PEPSO-Projekts (POVERTY & EMPLOYMENT PRECARITY IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO PROJECT) vorgestellt werden. Diese stützen sich zum Teil auf den Bericht "It's More than Poverty: Employment Precarity and Household Well-being", den das PEPSO-Projekt im Jahr 2013 veröffentlicht hat und der Ergebnisse einer Befragung von 4000 Personen aus dem Arbeitsmarktbezirk Toronto-Hamilton präsentiert. Zum anderen Teil stützen sie sich auf vertiefende und begleitende Untersuchungen prekär Beschäftigter. Die Beiträge fragen u.a. ob prekäre Beschäftigung gleichbedeutend ist mit Niedrigeinkommen, untersuchen Prekarität im Non-Profit-Sektor, in dem prekär Beschäftigte Dienstleistungen für andere prekär Beschäftigte erbringen, fragen nach dem Einfluss ethnischer Faktoren, speziell bei Einwanderinnen, oder nach der Besonderheit einer Beschäftigung von Saisonarbeitern in der Landwirtschaft im Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP). Außerdem wird der Erfolg städtischer Reinigungskräfte in Toronto dokumentiert, die verhindert haben, dass ihre Arbeitsplätze outgesourct und sie in die gewerbliche Wirtschaft überführt werden. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Is precarious employment low income employment?: the changing labour market in Southern Ontario (2014)
Lewchuk, Wayne; Viducis, Peter; Rosen, Dan; Laflèche, Michelynn; Shields, John; Meisner, Alan; Vrankulj, Sam; Dyson, Diane; Goldring, Luin; Procyk, Stephanie;Zitatform
Lewchuk, Wayne, Michelynn Laflèche, Diane Dyson, Luin Goldring, Alan Meisner, Stephanie Procyk, Dan Rosen, John Shields, Peter Viducis & Sam Vrankulj (2014): Is precarious employment low income employment? The changing labour market in Southern Ontario. In: Just Labour: A Canadian Journal of Work and Society, Jg. 22, H. Autumn, S. 51-73.
Abstract
"This paper examines the association between income and precarious employment, how this association is changing and how it is shaped by gender and race. It explores how precarious employment has spread to even middle income occupations and what this implies for our understanding of contemporary labour markets and employment relationship norms. The findings indicate a need to refine our views of who is in precarious employment and a need to re-evaluate the nature of the Standard Employment Relationship, which we would argue is not only becoming less prevalent, but also transitioning into something that is less secure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A study of the extent and potential causes of alternative employment arrangements (2013)
Cappelli, Peter H.; Keller, J. R.;Zitatform
Cappelli, Peter H. & J. R. Keller (2013): A study of the extent and potential causes of alternative employment arrangements. In: ILR review, Jg. 66, H. 4, S. 874-901. DOI:10.1177/001979391306600406
Abstract
"The notion of regular, full-time employment as one of the defining features of the U.S. economy has been called into question in recent years by the apparent growth of alternative or 'nonstandard' work arrangements - part-time hours, temporary help, independent contracting, and other configurations. Identifying the extent of these arrangements, whether they are increasing and where they occur, is the first step to understanding their implications for the economy and the society. But such steps have been difficult to take because of the lack of appropriate data. Based on a national probability sample of U.S. establishments, the authors present estimates of the extent of these practices, evidence on changes in their use over time, and analyses that contribute to understanding why alternatives have come into play." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does it pay to volunteer?: the relationship between volunteer work and paid work (2013)
Jorgensen, Helene;Zitatform
Jorgensen, Helene (2013): Does it pay to volunteer? The relationship between volunteer work and paid work. Washington, DC, 12 S.
Abstract
"It is widely believed that volunteering will improve workers' job prospects. The logic is that volunteering offers opportunities to expand work-related experience, develop new skills, and build a network of professional contacts. For young people with little history of paid employment it can also signal that a person would be a reliable and motivated employee. In spite of these widespread views about volunteering, surprisingly little research has been done on the effect of volunteering on employment and pay in the United States. This analysis examines volunteering as a pathway to employment during a period of high unemployment, when it is reasonable to expect the beneficial effects of volunteering to be especially pronounced." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Manufacturing plants' use of temporary workers: an analysis using census microdata (2013)
Ono, Yukako; Sullivan, Daniel;Zitatform
Ono, Yukako & Daniel Sullivan (2013): Manufacturing plants' use of temporary workers. An analysis using census microdata. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 52, H. 2, S. 419-443. DOI:10.1111/irel.12018
Abstract
"Using plant-level data from the plant capacity utilization survey, we explore how manufacturing plants' use of temporary workers is associated with the nature of their output fluctuations and other plant characteristics. We find that plants tend to use temporary workers when their output is expected to fall; this may indicate that firms use temporary workers to reduce costs associated with dismissing permanent employees. In addition, we find that plants whose future output levels are subject to greater uncertainty tend to use more temporary workers. We also examine the effects of wage and benefit levels for permanent workers, unionization rates, turnover rates, seasonal factors, and plant size and age on the use of temporary workers; based on our results, we discuss various views of why firms use temporary workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The ins and outs of unemployment in a two-tier labor market (2013)
Zitatform
Silva, Jose I. & Javier Vázquez-Grenno (2013): The ins and outs of unemployment in a two-tier labor market. In: Labour economics, Jg. 24, H. October, S. 161-169. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2013.08.009
Abstract
"This paper aims to shed some light on the dynamics of the Spanish labor market, using data from the Spanish Labor Force Survey for the period 1987 to 2010. We examine transition rates in a three-state model and compare our results with those reported for the UK and the US. Explicitly, introducing the employment duality present in the Spanish labor market, we study labor market dynamics in a four-state model set-up and we compute the contribution of the different transitions rates to unemployment fluctuations. Our main findings are as follows: i) around 85% the employment - unemployment gross flows involve temporary contracts; ii) the transition rates involving temporary employment account for around 60% of the fluctuations in the unemployment rate; iii) almost 80% of the unemployment rate volatility - explained by movements between unemployment and employment - involves the transition rates to/from temporary jobs. Our overall conclusion points out that the employment duality is the key to understanding the unemployment volatility and the functioning of the Spanish labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Older workers and short-term jobs: patterns and determinants (2012)
Cahill, Kevin E.; Quinn, Joseph F.; Giandrea, Michael D.;Zitatform
Cahill, Kevin E., Michael D. Giandrea & Joseph F. Quinn (2012): Older workers and short-term jobs. Patterns and determinants. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 135, H. 5, S. 19-32.
Abstract
"Data from the longitudinal Health and Retirement Study indicate that, among older Americans with work experience since age 50, approximately 12 percent of men and 32 percent of women never held a full-time career job; the retirement patterns of these non-full-time career older workers are diverse, just as they are for individuals with career jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
-
Atypische Beschäftigung insgesamt
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Erosion des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses
- Prekäre Beschäftigung
- Politik, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung
- Arbeits- und Lebenssituation atypisch Beschäftigter
- Betriebliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Rechtliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Gesundheitliche Aspekte atypischer Beschäftigung
- Beschäftigungsformen
- Qualifikationsniveau
- Alter
- geographischer Bezug
- Geschlecht