Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
-
Literaturhinweis
The timing of family commitments in the early work career: work-family trajectories of young adults in Flanders (2015)
Zitatform
Koelet, Suzana, Helga de Valk, Ignace Glorieux, Ilse Laurijssen & Didier Willaert (2015): The timing of family commitments in the early work career. Work-family trajectories of young adults in Flanders. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 32, S. 657-690. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2015.32.22
Abstract
"Objective: This article examines the diverse ways in which young adults develop both their professional career and family life in the years immediately after they complete their education. Building a career and starting a family often occur simultaneously in this stage of life. By studying the simultaneous developments in these life domains, we can gain a better understanding of this complex interplay.
Methods: The data consist of a sample of 1,657 young adults born in 1976 who were interviewed as part of the SONAR survey of Flanders at ages 23, 26, and 29 about their education, their entry into and early years on the labour market, and their family life. Sequence analysis is used to study the timing of union formation and having children among these young adults, as well as how these events are related to their work career. Multinomial regression analysis is applied to help us gain a better understanding of the extent to which these life course patterns are determined by education and economic status at the start of the career.
Results: The results reveal a set of work-family trajectories which vary in terms of the extent of labour market participation and the type and timing of family formation. Various aspects of the trajectory are found to be determined by different dimensions of an individual's educational career (duration, level, field of study). Education is more relevant for women than for men, as a man's trajectory is more likely than a woman's to be determined by the first job.
Conclusions: By using a simultaneous approach which takes into account both family and work, this life course analysis confirms that men have a head start on the labour market, and examines the factors which influence the distinct trajectories of young women and men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Gender unemployment dynamics: evidence from ten advanced economies (2015)
Koutentakis, Franciscos;Zitatform
Koutentakis, Franciscos (2015): Gender unemployment dynamics. Evidence from ten advanced economies. In: Labour, Jg. 29, H. 1, S. 15-31. DOI:10.1111/labr.12044
Abstract
"The paper investigates gender unemployment dynamics in 10 advances economies applying a recent methodology on widely available Labour Force Surveys data. We calculate the job finding and separation rates for each gender and use them to construct the steady-state unemployment gap as well as two counterfactual gender unemployment gaps: one generated by differences only in job finding rates and the other by differences only in separation rates. We find that in all countries the gender unemployment gap attributed to differences in the job finding rate is lower than the gap attributed to differences in the separation rate, suggesting that gender differences in the separation rate are the major factor behind the gender unemployment gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The parity penalty in life course perspective: motherhood and occupational status in 13 European countries (2014)
Zitatform
Abendroth, Anja-Kristin, Matt L. Huffman & Judith Treas (2014): The parity penalty in life course perspective. Motherhood and occupational status in 13 European countries. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 79, H. 5, S. 993-1014. DOI:10.1177/0003122414545986
Abstract
"Research documents a wage penalty for mothers compared to childless women. We demonstrate there is also an occupational status penalty to motherhood. Interrogating supply- and demand-side explanations of the motherhood penalty from the life course perspective, we formulate and test original hypotheses about the short-term and long-run career implications of parity-specific births. We analyze longitudinal data from the European Community and Household Panel for 13 European countries and eight time points between 1994 and 2001. Our fixed-effects models show that status losses for a first birth are not just short-term but accumulate over the career. The timing of a birth in a woman's life course matters only for older women, who experience a significant penalty to third births. Although the personal strategies that women use to minimize the career costs of motherhood (e.g., having only one child) prove ineffective, our cross-national evidence shows that public policies are linked to the motherhood penalty in occupational status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The gender gap of returns on education across West European countries (2014)
Mendolicchio, Concetta; Rhein, Thomas;Zitatform
Mendolicchio, Concetta & Thomas Rhein (2014): The gender gap of returns on education across West European countries. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 219-249., 2013-08-18.
Abstract
"We study the gender specific private returns on education (RE) in Europe in a comparative perspective. We extend the model of de la Fuente (2003) by estimating the parameters by gender and introducing maternity leaves and benefits. We analyse the impact of the public policy variables evaluating the elasticities with respect to unemployment benefits, marginal and average tax rates, maternity leave and childcare benefits.
We estimate the Mincerian coefficients, with the Heckman selection model, for 12 West European countries using the EU-SILC data (2007). We then use them as input to calibrate the decision model.
The RE of females tend to be higher than those of males in all the Europeans countries but Germany, Netherlands and Sweden. The gender gap can be explained mainly by the wage premia and labour income taxes which more than compensate the negative effects on females' returns triggered by higher unemployment rates and maternity-related benefits.
The tax system has the most pronounced effect on RE. An increase in the marginal tax rates has a negative impact. An increase in the average tax rates can have a negative or positive impact, depending on the progressivity of the tax system. An increase in unemployment benefits and maternity or child-care benefits has a negative but fairly small impact.
We compute the RE using a model which allows us to take into account and assess the significance of relevant variables: wage premium, income tax, some public transfers and benefits, costs of the investments. Moreover, we estimate the wage premia using relatively recent EU-SILC data. Finally, we compare 12 EU countries spanning quite different labour market conditions and institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Labor and love: wives' employment and divorce risk in its socio-political context (2013)
Cooke, Lynn Prince ; Erola, Jani ; Lyngstad, Torkild Hovde; Trappe, Heike; Mencarini, Letizia; Evertsson, Marie; Mignot, Jean-Francois; Jalovaara, Marika ; Härkönen, Juho ; Kan, Man-Yee ; Mortelmans, Dimitri ; Gähler, Michael; Poortman, Anne-Rigt; Schmitt, Christian; Hewitt, Belinda;Zitatform
Cooke, Lynn Prince, Jani Erola, Marie Evertsson, Michael Gähler, Juho Härkönen, Belinda Hewitt, Marika Jalovaara, Man-Yee Kan, Torkild Hovde Lyngstad, Letizia Mencarini, Jean-Francois Mignot, Dimitri Mortelmans, Anne-Rigt Poortman, Christian Schmitt & Heike Trappe (2013): Labor and love. Wives' employment and divorce risk in its socio-political context. In: Social Politics, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 482-509. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxt016
Abstract
"We theorize how social policy affects marital stability vis-a-vis macro and micro effects of wives' employment on divorce risk in 11 Western countries. Correlations among 1990s aggregate data on marriage, divorce, and wives' employment rates, along with attitudinal and social policy information, seem to support specialization hypotheses that divorce rates are higher where more wives are employed and where policies support that employment. This is an ecological fallacy, however, because of the nature of the changes in specific countries. At the micro level, we harmonize national longitudinal data on the most recent cohort of wives marrying for the first time and find that the stabilizing effects of a gendered division of labor have ebbed. In the United States with its lack of policy support, a wife's employment still significantly increases the risk of divorce. A wife's employment has no significant effect on divorce risk in Australia, Flanders, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In Finland, Norway, and Sweden, wives' employment predicts a significantly lower risk of divorce when compared with wives who are out of the labor force. The results indicate that greater policy support for equality reduces and may even reverse the relative divorce risk associated with a wife's employment." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
A policy mix for gender equality?: lessons from high-income countries (2013)
Gerecke, Megan;Zitatform
Gerecke, Megan (2013): A policy mix for gender equality? Lessons from high-income countries. (International Institute for Labour Studies. Discussion paper 215), Genf, 74 S.
Abstract
"Over the past 15 years, important gains have been made in gender equality. Gender gaps in educational attainment have shrunk substantially. In fact, in many high-income countries, young women's educational attainment now exceeds that of young men. At the same time, most countries have seen a significant increase in female employment rates - a trend which slowed only with the recent financial crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
"Das bisschen Haushalt ... sagt mein Mann" - Die politische Regulierung von Hausarbeit und Implikationen für die geschlechtliche Arbeitsteilung (2013)
Heimeshoff, Lisa-Marie; Schwenken, Helen;Zitatform
Heimeshoff, Lisa-Marie & Helen Schwenken (2013): "Das bisschen Haushalt ... sagt mein Mann" - Die politische Regulierung von Hausarbeit und Implikationen für die geschlechtliche Arbeitsteilung. In: Arbeit. Zeitschrift für Arbeitsforschung, Arbeitsgestaltung und Arbeitspolitik, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 199-211. DOI:10.1515/arbeit-2013-0305
Abstract
"Die ungleiche geschlechtliche Arbeitsteilung von Betreuungs- und Haushaltstätigkeiten ist persistent und wird, wie Zeitnutzungsstudien zeigen, auch nicht verändert durch eine partielle Auslagerung an Hausangestellte oder externe Dienstleister. In der EU wird der Sektor als Wachstumsmarkt begriffen. Der Beitrag analysiert Ansätze der politischen Regulierung von Haushalts- und Betreuungsarbeit in Bezug auf die sich daraus ergebenden Implikationen für die geschlechtliche und internationale Arbeitsteilung. Es wird die These vertreten, dass eine geschlechtergerechtere Arbeitsteilung kein Anliegen der Regulierungsanstrengungen ist und diese sogar eher restaurative Effekte zeigt, die auf die Externalisierung und weitere Kommodifizierung dieser Arbeiten deuten und einen Klassenbias in sich tragen. Der Beitrag nimmt die politischen Regulierungen in Deutschland sowie französische und belgische Haushaltsscheckmodelle in den Blick. Letztere gelten als gesellschaftlich breit akzeptierte Maßnahme zur Formalisierung des Sektors. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Problematisierung der in die Regulierungen eingelassenen Trennung von Produktions- und Reproduktionssphäre, die mit Ursache für die fortgesetzte geschlechterhierarchische Arbeitsteilung ist. Daher lohnt sich das Wiederaufgreifen von Vorschlägen zu integrierenderen Perspektiven, in denen die Kommodifizierung nicht weiter "banalisiert" (Jany-Catrice), sondern thematisiert wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
The gender wage gap and its institutional context: a comparative analysis of European graduates (2013)
Triventi, Moris;Zitatform
Triventi, Moris (2013): The gender wage gap and its institutional context. A comparative analysis of European graduates. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 27, H. 4, S. 563-580. DOI:10.1177/0950017012460322
Abstract
"This article examines whether there is a gender gap in monthly wages among recent graduates in 11 European countries, and which variables account for it. We extend previous works considering a broader range of variables including perceived skills, responsibility at work, family obligations and attitudes to family and work. Regression analyses applied to data from the 'Research into Employment and professional FLEXibility' (REFLEX) survey (2005) show that in all countries there is a significant 'raw wage gap', but with noticeable cross-country variation. Decomposition analyses show that the 'residual wage gap' (discrimination) is lower in Nordic countries and higher in the Czech Republic, with the United Kingdom, continental and southern European countries placed in between them. Employment characteristics and working hours are the most important factors accounting for the gender gap. Wage discrimination is lower in countries with high trade union density, centralized collective bargaining, family-friendly policies, and high level of women's empowerment in society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Work-family conflict and stress: indications of the distinctiveness of role combination stress for Belgian working mothers (2013)
Vercruyssen, Anina; Putte, Bart van de;Zitatform
Vercruyssen, Anina & Bart van de Putte (2013): Work-family conflict and stress: indications of the distinctiveness of role combination stress for Belgian working mothers. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 351-371. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2013.776515
Abstract
"Research on the relation between work-family conflict (WFC) and stress focuses either on domain/role-specific stress (e.g. work stress), which is by definition and, operationalisation attributed to the respective role, or it focuses on 'general' stress, which can be a too broad or too general concept to measure stress related to WFC. This study introduces the concept of 'role combination stress' to indicate a stress that is more specifically related to the work-family role system and WFC than general and role-specific stress. The analysis of data on 429 Flemish working mothers shows that role combination stress is indeed a distinct type of stress." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Kindererziehung und Pflegezeiten: Wie anpassungsfähig sind die Sozialversicherungssysteme?: Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich (2012)
Bothfeld, Silke;Zitatform
Bothfeld, Silke (2012): Kindererziehung und Pflegezeiten: Wie anpassungsfähig sind die Sozialversicherungssysteme? Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich. (ZeS-Arbeitspapier 2012/03), Bremen, 59 S.
Abstract
"Idealtypisch basieren Sozialversicherungssysteme Bismarck'scher Prägung auf dem Beitrags- und Äquivalenzprinzip, sie haben die Erwerbsarbeit zum Ausgangspunkt und die Lebensstandardsicherung der Beitragszahlenden (und deren Familien) zum Ziel. In Ländern wie Deutschland, Belgien, Österreich und Frankreich ist eine kontinuierliche, vollzeitige bzw. durchschnittlich entlohnte Erwerbsarbeit daher eine notwendige Voraussetzung für eine hinreichende Absicherung bei Arbeitslosigkeit oder im Alter. Für die Absicherung der 'neuen sozialen Risken' Kinderbetreuung und Pflege bieten sie somit tendenziell ungünstige Ausgangsbedingungen; betreuende und pflegende Personen sind durch das Konstrukt der 'Versorgerehe' auf den familiären Haushalt verwiesen.
Die vergleichende Wohlfahrtsstaatsforschung hat in den vergangenen Jahren ein wachsendes Interesse am Wandel des Bismarck'schen Wohlfahrtsstaates entwickelt, dem lange Zeit ein starkes Beharrungsvermögen bei gleichzeitig anwachsender Dysfunktionalität unterstellt wurde. Während über den Rückbau der Systeme umfassende Erkenntnisse vorliegen, ist relativ wenig bekannt über Expansionstendenzen, die dem Äquivalenzprinzip, aber auch der allgemeinen Tendenz des Rückbaus sozialer Sicherungssysteme entgegenlaufen. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Policies, die in den vier typischen Sozialversicherungsstaaten für die Absicherung von Pflegenden und Kinder Betreuenden in der Arbeitslosen- und Rentenversicherung in den vergangenen 20 Jahren institutionalisiert wurden.
Die mehrfach vergleichende Analyse macht Folgendes deutlich. Erstens, kommt der Versorgerehe trotz ihrer teilweisen 'Modernisierung' eine nach wie vor große Bedeutung zu - vor allem bei der Alterssicherung von Eltern und Pflegepersonen. Damit bleibt ein zentrales Strukturmotiv konservativ-korporatistischer Sozialstaaten weitgehend erhalten. Zweitens wird jedoch durch die arbeitsrechtliche Institutionalisierung von Freistellungsphasen und deren sozialrechtlicher Sicherung in allen vier Ländern der Verweis auf den ehelichen Kontext 'entschärft'. Allerdings gilt dies in vollem Maße nur für Kinder betreuende Personen, die sowohl in der Arbeitslosen- als auch der Rentenversicherung während der gesetzlichen Freistellungsphasen Erwerbstätigen vergleichbar gut abgesichert sind, während für Pflegepersonen nach wie vor wichtige Sicherungslücken entstehen können. Drittens lassen sich im internationalen Vergleich idiosynkratische Entwicklungen erkennen, so dass eine im Hinblick auf ein großzügiges Sicherungsniveau von Erziehenden und Pflegenden gerichtete Policy 'gute Praktiken' aus allen vier Ländern zusammenführen würde. Grundsätzlich gleichen spezifische Ausgleichsregeln jedoch immer nur die akute Unterbrechung an Beitragszahlungen aus, nicht aber die reduzierten Einkommens- und Aufstiegschancen, Senioritätsgewinne oder Arbeitsmarktrisiken, die durch Erwerbsunterbrechungen oder Teilzeitphasen entstehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Winners and losers: the consequences of welfare state policies for gender wage inequality (2012)
Mandel, Hadas;Zitatform
Mandel, Hadas (2012): Winners and losers: the consequences of welfare state policies for gender wage inequality. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 241-262. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcq061
Abstract
"Cross-national studies of the impact of welfare states on gender inequality tend to overlook socio-economic divisions among women. This article challenges the implicit assumption that welfare states have uniform effects on the economic attainments of women, arguing that the impact of state intervention is necessarily conditioned by women's relative advantage or disadvantage in the labour market. Based on Luxembourg Income Study microdata for 21 advanced countries, the paper analyses gender wage gaps among highly skilled and low skilled men and women. The findings suggest that welfare state policies interact with socio-economic position: they limit the economic rewards of highly skilled women, but do not adversely affect, and by some measures actually benefit, those who are less skilled. Highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of social policies for different groups of women, the article concludes that more research is needed to explore differentiated approaches to reconciling work and family, rather than addressing universal work - family tensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The effect of public sector employment on women's labour market outcomes (2011)
Anghel, Brindusa; Dolado, Juan J.; Rica, Sara de la;Zitatform
Anghel, Brindusa, Sara de la Rica & Juan J. Dolado (2011): The effect of public sector employment on women's labour market outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 5825), Bonn, 62 S.
Abstract
"This paper addresses the role played by Public Sector (PS) employment across different OECD labour markets in explaining: (i) gender differences regarding choices to work in either PS or private sector, and (ii) subsequent changes in female labour market outcomes. To do so, we provide some empirical evidence about cross-country gender differences in choice of employment in the PS vs. the private sector, using the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), in the light of different theories on gender behaviour in the labour market. We also analyze the main determinants of the hourly wage gaps across these two sectors for males and females separately. Finally, we document the main stylized facts about labour market transitions by male and female workers among inactivity, unemployment, working in the PS and working in the private sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender gaps across countries and skills: supply, demand and the industry structure (2011)
Olivetti, Claudia; Petrongolo, Barbara;Zitatform
Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2011): Gender gaps across countries and skills. Supply, demand and the industry structure. (CEP discussion paper 1093), London, 42 S.
Abstract
"The gender wage gap varies widely across countries and across skill groups within countries. Interestingly, there is a positive cross-country correlation between the unskilled-to-skilled gender wage gap and the corresponding gap in hours worked. Based on a canonical supply and demand framework, this positive correlation would reveal the presence of net demand forces shaping gender differences in labor market outcomes across skills and countries. We use a simple multi-sector framework to illustrate how differences in labor demand for different inputs can be driven by both within-industry and between-industry factors. The main idea is that, if the service sector is more developed in the US than in continental Europe, and unskilled women tend to be over-represented in this sector, we expect unskilled women to suffer a relatively large wage and/or employment penalty in the latter than in the former. We find that, overall, the between-industry component of labor demand explains more than half of the total variation in labor demand between the US and the majority of countries in our sample, as well as one-third of the correlation between wage and hours gaps. The between-industry component is relatively more important in countries where the relative demand for unskilled females is lowest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Maternity and labour market outcome: short and long term effects (2010)
Brugiavini, Agar; Pasini, Giacomo; Trevisan, Elisabetta;Zitatform
Brugiavini, Agar, Giacomo Pasini & Elisabetta Trevisan (2010): Maternity and labour market outcome. Short and long term effects. (Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging. Discussion paper 222), Mannheim, 12 S.
Abstract
"The aim of this paper is to till this gap by analyzing the long term effects of childbearing, i.e. the effect of motherhood on pension income at retirement, given the labour market participation of women at childbirth. Since labour market attachment is higher for younger generations, it is relevant for policy makers to Look at the behaviour of women who want to work excluding those who plan a 'family-life' (see also Lyberaki et al. in chapter 12 of this volume). SHARELIFE is particularly suitable for this analysis since it contains complete life time histories, including all the employment and maternity episodes experienced by European women currently aged 50 and over. Moreover, details on maternity leave provisions and other institutional features of the SHARE countries are collected and provided together with the survey data. These institutional features allow us to investigate if and how the presence of maternity benefits affects the labour market participation decisions of women after childbirth and, consequently, the impact of pension income at retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Mother's employment: cultural imprint or institutional governance?: Belgium, West and East Germany in comparison (2010)
Hummelsheim, Dina; Hirschle, Jochen;Zitatform
Hummelsheim, Dina & Jochen Hirschle (2010): Mother's employment: cultural imprint or institutional governance? Belgium, West and East Germany in comparison. In: European Societies, Jg. 12, H. 3, S. 339-366. DOI:10.1080/14616691003596973
Abstract
"In the public and scientific discussion on the political scope of action for improving employment opportunities for mothers, cultural aspects of female labour market participation often remain ignored. This study argues that employment decisions of mothers vary not only with the institutional settings but also with the dominant representative culture of a region. In order to study the effects of culture and institutions on maternal employment, Belgium, East, and West Germany are selected for empirical analysis. In a first step the article demonstrates that these regions differ considerably in terms of family political measures but also in terms of the cultural orientations with regard to female employment. While both Belgium and East Germany (but not West Germany) have well-developed public childcare systems for the under-3s, East Germans have a more favourable opinion towards female employment than Belgians. In a second step the study shows by means of panel analyses that these cultural differences strongly determine female employment behavior. Results indicate that both East and West German mothers have significantly higher employment probabilities in the long-run than Belgian mothers. The well-developed childcare infrastructure and the short parental leave lead only temporarily - right after childbirth - to higher employment rates among Belgian mothers. With increasing age of the child the significance of cultural dispositions result in higher overall employment probabilities among German mothers. These empirical findings support the theoretical approach of Pfau-Effinger in treating both institutional structures and culture as (equally) crucial factors in explaining cross-national differences in mothers' employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
A-typical work patterns of women in Europe: what can we learn from SHARELIFE? (2010)
Lyberaki, Antigone; Tinios, Platon; Papadoudis, George;Zitatform
Lyberaki, Antigone, Platon Tinios & George Papadoudis (2010): A-typical work patterns of women in Europe. What can we learn from SHARELIFE? (Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging. Discussion paper 221), Mannheim, 16 S.
Abstract
"The second half of the twentieth century was a time of rapid social transformation. Nowhere were the changes more radical than in women's participation in society and work. Women increasingly claimed a fuller and more active position in all societal functions. Though all parts of Europe and all social strata were affected, this process was unevenly distributed over time and space and driven by a variety of influences. Such influences could have been structural changes in production, transformations in the function of the family and last, but not least, attitudes in what woman's position ought to be, as reflected in shifts of policy priorities. This period of rapid change corresponds to the lifetime of individuals in the SHARE survey. When today's 50+ population were young girls, the world they were entering was very difficult from today. The long term social changes correspond to lived experience of women in the SHARE sample. The women in SHARE were witnesses to the foundation, flowering and restructuring of the Welfare State. Social policy stances towards maternity and family polices as well as labour market institutions were defining fissures between certain forms of the so-called 'European Social Model'. This paper begins exploring how these factors - labour and social policy transformation - were reflected in the lives of women in the SHARELIFE sample." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The employment of separated women in Europe: Individual and institutional determinants (2009)
Zitatform
Damme, Maike van, Matthijs Kalmijn & Wilfred Uunk (2009): The employment of separated women in Europe. Individual and institutional determinants. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 183-197. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcn042
Abstract
"Studies on the economic consequences of divorce for women have paid little attention to changes in employment. In this article, we investigate changes in employment for separating women and the impact of individual and institutional factors on these changes using data on 13 countries from the European Community Household Panel (1994-2001). Our dynamic analyses of the odds of employment entry and exit, and changes in working hours demonstrate that European women only modestly increase employment after separation, although in some countries this change is larger than in others. Important individual-level determinants of employment changes are education and labour market experience (positive effects), health (positive effect), and the presence of young children (negative effect). Institutional factors have opposing influences: more generous public childcare provisions encourage the employment of separated women, whereas more generous allowances for single parents discourage employment. The results underline the importance of distinguishing between income- and employment-related institutions in studying outcomes of union dissolution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
In search of gender differences in access to continuing training: is there a gender training gap and if yes, why? (2009)
Zitatform
Dieckhoff, Martina & Nadia Steiber (2009): In search of gender differences in access to continuing training. Is there a gender training gap and if yes, why? (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2009-504), Berlin, 35 S.
Abstract
"Geschlechterunterschiede im Zugang zu beruflicher Weiterbildung gelten weiterhin als wichtige Ursache weiter bestehender Ungleichheiten zwischen den Geschlechtern in Bezug auf deren Chancen am Arbeitsmarkt und deren beruflichen Erfolg. Allerdings schaffen empirische Studien bis dato keine Klarheit darüber, ob bzw. welche Geschlechterunterschiede im Weiterbildungsverhalten tatsächlich bestehen. Die vorliegende Analyse untersucht, auf Basis harmonisierter Survey-Daten des European Social Survey 2004, berufsbezogene Weiterbildungsaktivitäten in Europa und testet eine Reihe von mikroökonomischen und soziologischen Theorien (z.B. Humankapitaltheorie, Geschlechtersegregation am Arbeitsmarkt, Diskriminierung durch den Arbeitgeber etc.), die häufig zur Erklärung von Geschlechterunterschieden in der Teilnahme an Weiterbildung herangezogen werden. Der Beitrag untersucht die Mechanismen, die einem potenziell geschlechtsspezifischen Teilnahmeverhalten an beruflicher Weiterbildung zugrunde liegen. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse zeigen, dass männliche Arbeitnehmer, ceteris paribus, häufiger an berufsbezogener Weiterbildung teilnehmen als weibliche Arbeitnehmer. Als Fazit kann festgestellt werden, dass die vorherrschenden theoretischen Ansätze mehr Erklärungskraft für das Weiterbildungsverhalten von Männern als für jenes von Frauen haben. Vor allem in Bezug auf weibliches Weiterbildungsverhalten bei Präsenz von Betreuungspflichten für kleine Kinder zeigen sich vorherrschende Erklärungsmodelle als wenig valid." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern: institutionelle Steuerung oder kulturelle Prägung? Eine empirische Untersuchung am Beispiel von Belgien, West- und Ostdeutschland (2009)
Hummelsheim, Dina;Zitatform
Hummelsheim, Dina (2009): Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern. Institutionelle Steuerung oder kulturelle Prägung? Eine empirische Untersuchung am Beispiel von Belgien, West- und Ostdeutschland. Wiesbaden: VS, Verl. für Sozialwissenschaften, 213 S.
Abstract
"Die Studie geht der Frage nach, in welchem Ausmaß die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern von kulturellen Familienleitbildern einerseits und von familienpolitischen Maßnahmen andererseits geprägt wird. Im Rahmen eines Ländervergleichs zwischen Belgien, West- und Ostdeutschland werden Unterschiede im Hinblick auf das Wohlfahrtsregime, die familienpolitischen Maßnahmen und die kulturellen Leitbilder dargestellt. Die empirische Untersuchung wird mithilfe der Daten des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels (SOEP) und der Panelstudie belgischer Haushalte (PSBH) durchgeführt (Beobachtungszeitraum 1992-2003). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass trotz des gut ausgebauten Kinderbetreuungssystems in Belgien, sowohl ost- als auch westdeutsche Mütter langfristig höhere Erwerbswahrscheinlichkeiten besitzen. Die Ursache dafür ist im kulturellen Kontext zu sehen, der in Belgien am deutlichsten auf das traditionelle Familienmodell abzielt. Die Untersuchung veranschaulicht sowohl die Möglichkeiten als auch die Grenzen familienpolitischer Intervention." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Towards a framework for assessing family policies in the EU (2009)
Zitatform
Lohmann, Henning, Frauke H. Peter, Tine Rostgaard & Stephen P. Jenkins (2009): Towards a framework for assessing family policies in the EU. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 88), Paris, 94 S. DOI:10.1787/223883627348
Abstract
"This report presents the results of a first attempt to create a framework for assessing the performance of national family policies. The report is part of a joint EU and OECD project, which aims to help the EU Government Expert Group on Demographic Issues in evaluating national family policies. The idea behind the framework is that it allows individual countries to compare their overall performance in the area of family policies with the performance of other countries. The main focus of the report is policies for families with smaller children. The framework provides a set of cross-nationally comparable indicators on contexts, policy measures, and outcomes, organised on a systematic basis. The policy measure indicators presented in the report cover leave schemes, early childhood education and care, family benefits and workplace policies. The indicators build upon, interalia, previous work by the OECD in various studies on family-friendly policies that were carried out on a cross-national basis using different sets of indicators. Most of these indicators are today available in the OECD Family Database. Wherever the OECD Family Database contains indicators for the majority of EU member states and OECD countries, these data have been used in the present study. Otherwise, data from other cross-national databases have been included. Each indicator in the framework is presented as a single-standing indicator in the general absence of scientific consensus on different aggregation weights. In the report no explicit ranking of countries has been attempted, instead the relative position of countries has been illustrated with the help of standard deviation scores. In the last part of the report the linkages between policy aims and the various context, outcome and policy measures are indicated, which help construct 'score cards'. This 'score card-approach' is illustrated for three countries: Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom. The report offers tools for assessment that may be developed further, and should offer an approach to using the OECD Family Database, acknowledging this unique data source for cross-country comparisons in the field of family policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug