Digitale Arbeitswelt – Chancen und Herausforderungen für Beschäftigte und Arbeitsmarkt
Der digitale Wandel der Arbeitswelt gilt als eine der großen Herausforderungen für Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Wie arbeiten wir in Zukunft? Welche Auswirkungen hat die Digitalisierung auf Beschäftigung und Arbeitsmarkt? Welche Qualifikationen werden künftig benötigt? Wie verändern sich Tätigkeiten und Berufe?
Diese Infoplattform dokumentiert Forschungsergebnisse zum Thema Arbeit 4.0 in den verschiedenen Wirtschaftsbereichen.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Gesamtbetrachtungen/Positionen
- Arbeitsformen, Arbeitszeit und Gesundheit
- Qualifikationsanforderungen und Berufe
- Arbeitsplatz- und Beschäftigungseffekte
- Wirtschaftsbereiche
- Arbeits- und sozialrechtliche Aspekte
- Bundesländer
- andere Länder/ internationaler Vergleich
- Besondere Personengruppen
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Literaturhinweis
Innovation and the Labor Market: Theory, Evidence and Challenges (2023)
Zitatform
Corrocher, Nicoletta, Daniele Moschella, Jacopo Staccioli & Marco Vivarelli (2023): Innovation and the Labor Market: Theory, Evidence and Challenges. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16199), Bonn, 32 S.
Abstract
"This paper deals with the complex relationship between innovation and the labor market, analyzing the impact of new technological advancements on overall employment, skills and wages. After a critical review of the extant literature and the available empirical studies, novel evidence is presented on the distribution of labor-saving automation (namely robotics and AI), based on natural language processing of US patents. This mapping shows that both upstream high-tech providers and downstream users of new technologies—such as Boeing and Amazon—lead the underlying innovative effort." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
AI technologies and employment: micro evidence from the supply side (2023)
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Damioli, Giacomo, Vincent Van Roy, Daniel Vertesy & Marco Vivarelli (2023): AI technologies and employment: micro evidence from the supply side. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 30, H. 6, S. 816-821. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2021.2024129
Abstract
"In this work we investigate the possible job-creation impact of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, focusing on the supply side, where the development of these technologies can be conceived as product innovations in upstream sectors. The empirical analysis is based on a worldwide longitudinal sample (obtained by merging the EPO PATSTAT and BvD-ORBIS databases) of more than 3,500 front-runner companies that patented AI-related inventions over the period 2000–2016. Based on system GMM estimates of dynamic panel models, our results show a positive and significant impact of AI patent families on employment, supporting the labour-friendly nature of AI product innovation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The employment impact of AI technologies among AI innovators (2023)
Zitatform
Damioli, Giacomo, Vincent Van Roy, Daniel Vertesy & Marco Vivarelli (2023): The employment impact of AI technologies among AI innovators. (MSI discussion paper / KU Leuwen 2306),: KU Leuven, Faculty of Economics and Business (FEB), Department of Management, Strategy and Innovation, Leuven 36 S.
Abstract
"This study supports the labour-friendly nature of product innovation among developers of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. GMM-SYS estimates on a worldwide longitudinal dataset covering 3,500 companies that patented inventions related to AI technologies over the period 2000-2016 show a positive and significant impact of AI patent families on employment. The effect is small in magnitude and limited to service sectors and younger firms, which are front-runners of the AI revolution. We also detect some evidence of increasing returns suggesting that innovative companies more focused on AI technologies are those obtaining larger impacts in terms of job creation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Skills or Degree? The Rise of Skill-Based Hiring for AI and Green Jobs (2023)
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Ehlinger, Eugenia Gonzalez & Fabian Stephany (2023): Skills or Degree? The Rise of Skill-Based Hiring for AI and Green Jobs. (CESifo working paper 10817), München, 37 S.
Abstract
"For emerging professions, such as jobs in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) or sustainability (green), labor supply does not meet industry demand. In this scenario of labor shortages, our work aims to understand whether employers have started focusing on individual skills rather than on formal qualifications in their recruiting. By analyzing a large time series dataset of around one million online job vacancies between 2019 and 2022 from the UK and drawing on diverse literature on technological change and labor market signalling, we provide evidence that employers have started so-called “skill-based hiring” for AI and green roles, as more flexible hiring practices allow them to increase the available talent pool. In our observation period the demand for AI roles grew twice as much as average labor demand. At the same time, the mention of university education for AI roles declined by 23%, while AI roles advertise five times as many skills as job postings on average. Our analysis also shows that university degrees no longer show an educational premium for AI roles, while for green positions the educational premium persists. In contrast, AI skills have a wage premium of 16%, similar to having a PhD (17%). Our work recommends making use of alternative skill building formats such as apprenticeships, on-the-job training, MOOCs, vocational education and training, micro-certificates, and online bootcamps to use human capital to its full potential and to tackle talent shortages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als Working Paper 20/2023, Bruegel -
Literaturhinweis
Routinization of work processes, de-routinization of job structures (2023)
Zitatform
Fernández-Macías, Enrique, Martina Bisello, Eleonora Peruffo & Riccardo Rinaldi (2023): Routinization of work processes, de-routinization of job structures. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 1773-1794. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwac044
Abstract
"This article investigates changes in routine tasks and computer use in European jobs in the period 1995–2015, putting them in the context of the debates on the future of work and the impact of automation. Digital technologies not only affect employment shifts but also shape work organization. A shift-share analysis combining European Working Conditions Survey and European Labour Force Survey data assesses to what extent recent changes in tasks are the result of changes in the structure of employment (shifts in employment across jobs) or changes in the content of work itself (transformation in the task contents and methods within jobs). The results suggest contrasting trends between observed changes in tasks measures within jobs and compositional shifts in employment for routine tasks indexes. Employment structures are de-routinizing while work itself is becoming more routine. These results seem also related to the increased use of computers at work during the same period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job Satisfaction and the Digital Transformation of the Public Sector: The Mediating Role of Job Autonomy (2023)
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Fleischer, Julia & Camilla Wanckel (2023): Job Satisfaction and the Digital Transformation of the Public Sector: The Mediating Role of Job Autonomy. In: Review of Public Personnel Administration online erschienen am 12.01.2023, S. 1-22. DOI:10.1177/0734371X221148403
Abstract
"Worldwide, governments have introduced novel information and communication technologies (ICTs) for policy formulation and service delivery, radically changing the working environment of government employees. Following the debate on work stress and particularly on technostress, we argue that the use of ICTs triggers “digital overload” that decreases government employees’ job satisfaction via inhibiting their job autonomy. Contrary to prior research, we consider job autonomy as a consequence rather than a determinant of digital overload, because ICT-use accelerates work routines and interruptions and eventually diminishes employees’ freedom to decide how to work. Based on novel survey data from government employees in Germany, Italy, and Norway, our structural equation modeling (SEM) confirms a significant negative effect of digital overload on job autonomy. More importantly, job autonomy partially mediates the negative relationship between digital overload and job satisfaction, pointing to the importance of studying the micro-foundations of ICT-use in the public sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Evolution of Platform Gig Work, 2012-2021 (2023)
Garin, Andrew; Miller, Alicia; Jackson, Emilie; Koustas, Dmitri K.;Zitatform
Garin, Andrew, Emilie Jackson, Dmitri K. Koustas & Alicia Miller (2023): The Evolution of Platform Gig Work, 2012-2021. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31273), Cambridge, Mass, 72 S.
Abstract
"We document the dynamics of tax-based measures of work mediated by online platforms from 2012 through 2021. We present a measurement framework to account for high reporting thresholds on some information returns using returns from states with lower reporting thresholds to provide a more complete estimate of total platform work. Updating data through 2021 allows us to provide the most comprehensive estimates of the COVID-19 pandemic on tax filing behavior. We find that the number of workers receiving information returns not subject to the 1099-K gap increased dramatically during the pandemic, with least 5 million individuals receiving information returns from platform gig work by 2021, nearly all from transportation platforms. We present evidence that the availability of expanded unemployment insurance benefits resulted in many individuals who were platform workers in 2019 not reporting any self-employment income in 2020-2021. At the same time, other services done by platform gig workers increased dramatically by at least 3.1 million people between 2019 and 2021. Interestingly, the broader 1099-contract economy follows a different trend, declining during this period, suggesting the challenges for tax administration are largely concentrated among platform gig workers, at least through 2021." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The puzzle of changes in employment and wages in routine task-intensive occupations (2023)
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Ghosh, Pallab & Zexuan Liu (2023): The puzzle of changes in employment and wages in routine task-intensive occupations. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 65, H. 4, S. 1965-1980. DOI:10.1007/s00181-023-02394-x
Abstract
"Autor and Dorn (Am Econ Rev 103(5):1553–1597, 2013) provide an explanation of the polarization of US employment and wages for the period 1980–2005. Using the 1980 Census and 2005 American Community Survey data, this study replicates the estimation results of Autor and Dorn (2013) for employment polarization in all major occupation groups and qualitatively matches the wage polarization results. Also, we investigate the puzzle of why employment and wages changed in opposite directions only in clerical and administrative support occupations in 1980–2005." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Faire Arbeit in der österreichischen Plattformökonomie? (2023)
Griesser, Markus; Vogel, Laura; Gruber-Risak, Martin; Herr, Benjamin; Plank, Leonhard;Zitatform
Griesser, Markus, Martin Gruber-Risak, Benjamin Herr, Leonhard Plank & Laura Vogel (2023): Faire Arbeit in der österreichischen Plattformökonomie? (Materialien zu Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft 242), Wien, 94 S.
Abstract
"Die vorliegende Studie liefert eine branchenübergreifende Darstellung der ortsgebundenen Plattformarbeit in Österreich anhand einer Untersuchung von sechs Unternehmen aus vier unterschiedlichen Branchen (Essenslieferung, Lebensmittellieferung, Personentransport, Reinigungsarbeit). Sie entstand im Kontext des internationalen Fairwork-Netzwerks, das im Sinne der Aktionsforschung zur Verbesserung der Arbeitsbedingungen im Bereich der Plattformökonomie beitragen möchte. Dabei werden Unternehmen entlang von fünf Prinzipien (faire Bezahlung, faire Arbeitsbedingungen, faire Verträge, faire Management-Prozesse, faire Mitbestimmung) auf Basis eines multimethodischen Designs bewertet. Die Ergebnisse der Studie unterstreichen die große Heterogenität von ortsgebundener Plattformarbeit und verdeutlichen, dass die Auswirkungen für Beschäftigte stark von den gewählten Geschäftsmodellen der Unternehmen abhängen. Dabei schneiden jene Plattformen am besten ab, die geschäftliche Risiken und Verantwortung nicht einseitig auf Beschäftigte abschieben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The skill-specific impact of past and projected occupational decline (2023)
Hensvik, Lena; Skans, Oskar Nordström;Zitatform
Hensvik, Lena & Oskar Nordström Skans (2023): The skill-specific impact of past and projected occupational decline. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 81. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102326
Abstract
"Using population-wide data on a vector of cognitive abilities and productive non-cognitive traits among Swedish male workers, we show that occupational employment growth has been monotonically skill-biased in terms of these intellectual skills, despite a simultaneous (polarizing) decline in middle-wage jobs. Employees in growing low-wage occupations have more of these skills than employees in other low-wage occupations. Conversely, employees in declining, routine-task intensive, mid-wage occupations have comparably little of these skills. Employees in occupations that have grown relative to other occupations with similar wages have more intellectual skills overall but are particularly well-endowed with the non-cognitive trait “Social Maturity” and cognitive abilities in the “Technical” and “Verbal” domains. Projections from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics about future occupational labor demand do not indicate that the relationship between employment growth and skills is about to change in the near future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Robots, Natives and Immigrants in US local labor markets (2023)
Zitatform
Javed, Mohsin (2023): Robots, Natives and Immigrants in US local labor markets. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 85. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102456
Abstract
"I analyze the impact of industrial robots on the employment of natives and immigrants in US local labor markets between 1990 and 2014. The proposed mechanism, through which robot adoption affects the employment of natives and immigrants differentially, is based on two facts: first, robots tend to displace workers based on the task content of occupations, and second, natives and immigrants in the US differ in their task specialization. Therefore, robots should affect their employment unequally. Exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in robot exposure across US local labor markets over time, I test this mechanism and find that the effect on immigrants is roughly 1.76 times greater than that observed for natives. Specifically, I find that one more robot per thousand workers reduces the employment-to-population ratio of natives and immigrants by 0.38 and 0.67 percentage points, respectively. I attribute these results to the fact that immigrants specialize in jobs or tasks at risk of being automated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Robots and Wages: A Meta-Analysis (2023)
Jurkat, Anne; Klump, Rainer; Schneider, Florian;Zitatform
Jurkat, Anne, Rainer Klump & Florian Schneider (2023): Robots and Wages: A Meta-Analysis. (EconStor Preprints 274156), Kiel, 72 S.
Abstract
"The empirical evidence on how industrial robots affect employment and wages is very mixed. Our meta-study helps to uncover the potentially true effect of industrial robots on labor market outcomes and to identify drivers of the heterogeneous empirical results. By means of a systematic literature research, we collected 53 papers containing 2143 estimations for the impact of robot adoption on wages. We observe only limited evidence for a publication bias in favor of negative results. The genuine overall effect of industrial robots on wages is close to zero and both statistically and economically insignificant. With regard to the drivers of heterogeneity, we find that more positive results are obtained if primary estimations a) include more countries in their sample, b) control for ICT capital, demographic developments, or tenure, c) focus on employees that remain employed in the same sector, d) consider only non-manufacturing industries, e) are specified in long differences, and f) come from a peer-reviewed journal article. More negative effects, in turn, are reported for primary estimations that are i) weighted, ii) aggregated at country level, iii) control for trade exposure, iv) and consider only manufacturing industries. We also find some evidence for skill-biased technological change. The magnitude of that effect is albeit small and less robust than one might expect in view of skill-biased technological change. We find little evidence for data dependence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Measuring the technological bias of robot adoption and its implications for the aggregate labor share (2023)
Zitatform
Koch, Michael & Ilya Manuylov (2023): Measuring the technological bias of robot adoption and its implications for the aggregate labor share. In: Research Policy, Jg. 52, H. 9. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2023.104848
Abstract
"This paper investigates the technological bias of robot adoption using a rich panel data set of Spanish manufacturing firms over a 25-year period. We apply the production function estimation when productivity is multidimensional to the case of an automating technology, to reveal the Hicks-neutral and labor-augmenting technological change brought about by robot adoption within firms. Our results indicate a causal effect of robots on Hicks-neutral and labor-augmenting components of productivity. The biased technological change turns out to be an important determinant of the decline in the aggregate share of labor in the Spanish manufacturing sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Technology and Labor Displacement: Evidence from Linking Patents with Worker-Level Data (2023)
Kogan, Leonid; Seegmiller, Bryan; Papanikolaou, Dimitris; Schmidt, Lawrence D. W.;Zitatform
Kogan, Leonid, Dimitris Papanikolaou, Lawrence D. W. Schmidt & Bryan Seegmiller (2023): Technology and Labor Displacement: Evidence from Linking Patents with Worker-Level Data. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31846), Cambridge, Mass, 93 S.
Abstract
"We develop measures of labor-saving and labor-augmenting technology exposure using textual analysis of patents and job tasks. Using US administrative data, we show that both measures negatively predict earnings growth of individual incumbent workers. While labor-saving technologies predict earnings declines and higher likelihood of job loss for all workers, labor-augmenting technologies primarily predict losses for older or highly-paid workers. However, we find positive effects of labor-augmenting technologies on occupation-level employment and wage bills. A model featuring labor-saving and labor-augmenting technologies with vintage-specific human capital quantitatively matches these patterns. We extend our analysis to predict the effect of AI on earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Trade Unions and the Process of Technological Change (2023)
Zitatform
Kostøl, Fredrik B. & Elin Svarstad (2023): Trade Unions and the Process of Technological Change. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 84. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102386
Abstract
"We investigate how trade unions influence the process of technological change at the workplace level. Using matched employer-employee data, comprising all Norwegian workplaces and working individuals in the period 2000-2014, we exploit exogeneous changes in the tax rules for union members to identify how changes in unionization rates affect the structural composition of occupations within workplaces. Making a distinction between routine and non-routine workers, based on their estimated probabilities of being replaced by automation technologies, we show how labor unions contribute to raising the relative wage of routine workers over non-routine workers. As routine workers on average have lower earnings than non-routine workers, unions thereby contribute to compress wages at the workplace level. The direct implication of this policy is shown to reduce the relative demand for routine workers over non-routine workers in unionized establishments. However, our results also suggest that unions influence the relative demand for routine workers, conditional on relative wages. Our findings thus give some support to bargaining theories where unions force firms off their demand curves." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Capital-skill complementarity and regional inequality: A spatial general equilibrium analysis (2023)
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Lecca, Patrizio, Damiaan Persyn & Stelios Sakkas (2023): Capital-skill complementarity and regional inequality: A spatial general equilibrium analysis. In: Regional Science and Urban Economics, Jg. 102. DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2023.103937
Abstract
"This paper employs a large scale numerical spatial general equilibrium model featuring capital-skill complementarities in production to study the distributional implications of a capital-augmenting technological shift across regions and skills groups. Similarly to the existing literature, we find a negative relationship between the labour income share and the capital labour-ratio. Our counterfactual shows that the effects are quite uneven across skills and regions, benefiting mostly high-skilled workers at the detriment of the low and the medium skilled. This is particularly so in more developed regions compared with less developed ones. We show that the effects stem from regional initial conditions, and in particular the regional capital–labour ratio, trade linkages and unemployment rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The future of employment revisited: how model selection affects digitization risks (2023)
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Lorenz, Hanno, Fabian Stephany & Jan Kluge (2023): The future of employment revisited: how model selection affects digitization risks. In: Empirica, Jg. 50, H. 2, S. 323-350. DOI:10.1007/s10663-023-09571-2
Abstract
"The uniqueness of human labour is at question in times of smart technologies. As computing power and data available increases, the discussion on technological unemployment reawakens. Prominently, Frey and Osborne (Technol Forecast Soc Change 114:254–280, 2017) estimated that half of US employment must be considered exposed to computerization within the next 20 years; followed by a series of papers expanding the research with information on heterogeneous job-specific tasks within the same jobs diminishing digitization potentials to only smaller fractions of workers at high risk. The main contribution of our work is to show that the diversity of previous findings regarding the degree of digitization is additionally driven by model selection. For our case study, we consult experts in machine learning and industry professionals on the susceptibility to digital technologies in the Austrian labour market. Our results indicate that, while clerical computer-based routine jobs are likely to change in the next decade, professional activities, such as the processing of complex information, are less prone to digital change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Undeclared activities on digital labour platforms: an exploratory study (2023)
Zitatform
Mațcu, Mara, Adriana Zaiț, Rodica Ianole-Călin & Ioana Alexandra Horodnic (2023): Undeclared activities on digital labour platforms: an exploratory study. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 43, H. 7/8, S. 740-755. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-07-2022-0186
Abstract
"Purpose: This paper aims to explore the prevalence of undeclared activities conducted on digital labour platforms, and then to discuss what policies are likely to be more effective in order to prevent the growth of the informal activities on these platforms. Design/methodology/approach: To depict the profile of the digital worker conducting undeclared activities, the sectors where undeclared activities are more prevalent and the effectiveness of deterrent policies, data are reported from 2019 Special Eurobarometer survey covering the European Union member states and the UK. Findings: The finding is that 13% of undeclared activities are conducted on digital labour platforms. This practice is more common amongst men, those married or remarried, those living in small/middle towns, in sectors such as repairs/renovations, selling goods/services, assistance for dependant persons, gardening and help moving house. The higher the perceived sanction, the lower the likelihood of undertaking undeclared activities on digital labour platforms. Intriguing, a higher risk of detection is associated with a higher likelihood to use digital labour platform for undeclared activities.Practical implications The attitudes toward risk can be interpreted closer to the gaming context, and not to the working environment, looking at platform workers as being involved in a state versus individual game. Policy makers should consider improving the correspondence of laws and regulations between countries and offering operational assistance for suppliers and consumers. Originality/value: This is the first paper to explore the prevalence of undeclared activities conducted on digital labour platforms and to outline the policy measures required to reduce this practice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Informalization in gig food delivery in the UK: The case of hyper-flexible and precarious work (2023)
Zitatform
Mendonça, Pedro, Nadia K. Kougiannou & Ian Clark (2023): Informalization in gig food delivery in the UK: The case of hyper-flexible and precarious work. In: Industrial Relations, Jg. 62, H. 1, S. 60-77. DOI:10.1111/irel.12320
Abstract
"This article examines the process of informalization of work in platform food delivery work in the UK. Drawing on qualitative data, this article provides new analytical insight into what drives individual formal couriers to both supply and demand informalized sub-contracted gig work to undocumented migrants, and how a platform company enables informal work practices through permissive HR practices and technology. In doing so, this article shows how platform companies are enablers of informal labor markets and contribute to the expansion of hyper-precarious working conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Digitalisation and the labour market: Worker-level evidence from Slovenia (2023)
Miho, Antonela; Borowiecki, Martin; Hoj, Jens;Zitatform
Miho, Antonela, Martin Borowiecki & Jens Hoj (2023): Digitalisation and the labour market: Worker-level evidence from Slovenia. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1767), Paris, 25 S. DOI:10.1787/d2bb40db-en
Abstract
"This paper provides evidence on the effects of digitalisation on the labour market in Slovenia using a unique dataset of Slovenian workers and firms for the years 2016 to 2020. Results show that at the firm level, digitalisation – measured in terms of ICT investment, is associated with positive and statistically significant effects on employment. However, job growth is not evenly distributed: High-skilled workers and younger workers benefit the most from employment gains, whereas there is little to no employment increases for low- and medium-skilled workers and older workers aged 50 or more. Furthermore, employment effects from digitalisation are strongest for private manufacturing firms. In contrast, ICT investment by state-owned firms is not associated with employment gains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Gesamtbetrachtungen/Positionen
- Arbeitsformen, Arbeitszeit und Gesundheit
- Qualifikationsanforderungen und Berufe
- Arbeitsplatz- und Beschäftigungseffekte
- Wirtschaftsbereiche
- Arbeits- und sozialrechtliche Aspekte
- Bundesländer
- andere Länder/ internationaler Vergleich
- Besondere Personengruppen