Abstract

In der Reihe werden die Ergebnisse der Beschäftigungssituation Älterer vor dem Hintergrund des demographischen Wandels in insgesamt sieben Ländern zusammengestellt und untersucht. Dabei werden besonders die spezifischen politischen Maßnahmen zur Förderung von 'Active Aging' durch Erwerbsarbeit und bürgerschaftliches Engagement beleuchtet. Dieser Band beschäftigt sich mit den Maßnahmen für Ältere in Neuseeland. (IAB2)

Abstract

In der Reihe werden die Ergebnisse der Beschäftigungssituation Älterer vor dem Hintergrund des demographischen Wandels in insgesamt sieben Ländern zusammengestellt und untersucht. Dabei werden besonders die spezifischen politischen Maßnahmen zur Förderung von 'Active Aging' durch Erwerbsarbeit und bürgerschaftliches Engagement beleuchtet. Dieser Band beschäftigt sich mit den Maßnahmen für Ältere in Großbritannien. (IAB2)

Abstract

"Germany currently finds itself amidst profound demographic change. The tasks of the future workplace will fall on the shoulders of a smaller and older potential workforce. The 2006 Carl Bertelsmann Prize for Active Aging in Economy and Society is founded on the belief that combining growth and innovation with a high employment rate while preserving social cohesion can only succeed if we foster and utilize the employment potential of every individual. In view of demographic changes, we need to preserve the value-generating potential, skills and experience of older people in particular for our economy and society, and promote their (re)integration into the workplace. In light of high unemployment levels among seniors - and not just in Germany - keeping older people in the workforce longer will demand integrated efforts in various social sectors and on various social levels. This publication presents and discusses challenges, perspectives and strategies that could be very significant as elements of a comprehensive strategy for active aging in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2006): Ageing and Employment Policies. Ireland. (Ageing and employment policies), Paris, 119 S.

Abstract

"This report, part of a series covering around 21 OECD countries, contains a survey of Ireland's main barriers to employment for older workers, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers, and a set of policy recommendations to further action by public authorities and social partners. These recommendations are designed to alleviate some of the pension and health care pressures governments are facing because of ageing populations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) (en)

Zitatform

Durand, Martine & Anne Sonnet (2005): Jobs and older workers. In: OECD observer H. 251, S. 30-34.

Abstract

"France's labour market is a two-sided coin. On one side, it boasts one of the highest productivity rates per employed worker in the OECD, but an the other, there are whole sections of the adult population not in work. Apart from unemployment, which is stubbornly high, the employment of older people is now absorbing considerable public attention. Mobilising these people into the labour market would not only help strengthen French economic performance further, but reduce pressure an pensions and public finances." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Frerichs, Frerich & Philip Taylor (2005): The greying of the labour market. What can Britain and Germany learn from each other? London, 58 S.

Abstract

"In Germany and the UK, the issue of the employment of older workers has moved up the policy agenda in recent years. After decades of early retirement, concerns about the sustainability of public pension systems and future labour shortages have resulted in a new policy consensus around the need to integrate older workers. Policies are now emerging which are aimed at extending the end of working lives, closing of early retirement pathways and making continued employment more attractive, and educating employers and encouraging them to recruit older workers. Yet the degree of progress should not be overstated. Considering active labour market policies specifically, reviewing the evidence, the report concludes that: 1. While a recent shift towards strategies and measures for older unemployed people has taken place, they remain under-represented in general labour market measures such as the promotion of vocational training, self-employment and job-placement activities. 2. In particular, strategies and measures to facilitate lifelong learning and provide training for all age groups are underdeveloped. 3. Even where measures have been implemented, they have concentrated on more advantaged and easier to place older unemployed people, with risk groups such as those with low skill levels or disabilities under-represented." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Irving, Pat, Jennifer Steels & Nicola Hall (2005): Factors affecting the labour market participation of older workers. Qualitative research. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 281), London, 218 S.

Abstract

"The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) commissioned this qualitative study to expand knowledge and understanding about factors influencing participation in, and withdrawal from, the labour market, to explore the retirement process fully and to examine the barriers to continued labour market participation by older workers (aged 50-69). The research aims were to:
- provide an understanding of the relationships between the different factors that affect people's retirement decisions;
- explore the factors associated with people leaving the labour market prior to reaching state pension age (SPA);
- explore the barriers to continued labour market participation and identify what support people need to remain in work;
- identify what the Government could do to enable and encourage people to work for longer and to promote work opportunities for those not actively seeking work; and
- explore general attitudes towards work and training for people aged 50 to 69.
To help older workers to stay in work and extend their working lives, respondents made the following suggestions:
- the Government should support flexible working practices by targeting information at employers, employees and health professionals;
- steps should be taken to allow for earlier identification and provision of support for older workers at risk of exiting the labour market;
- the Government should also consider policies towards rewarding people for working longer, for example by removing tax on income earned from work after SPA; and
- the Government needs to make efforts to ensure that people understand that the extending working lives agenda is about choice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Sproß, Cornelia (2005): Beschäftigungspotenziale älterer Arbeitnehmer. Beispiele und Strategien anderen Länder (Teil 1). In: Arbeit und Beruf, Jg. 56, H. 9, S. 260-264.

Abstract

In Deutschland sind weniger ältere Arbeitnehmer beschäftigt als in anderen europäischen Ländern. Gegenüber Ländern wie Großbritannien oder Finnland weist Deutschland eine niedrigere Erwerbsquote und eine höhere Arbeitslosenquote der Altergruppe 55 bis 64 Jahre auf. Am Beispiel Großbritanniens und Finnlands wird verdeutlicht, dass eine Vielzahl von Handlungsmöglichkeiten existiert, um die Beschäftigungspotenziale älterer Arbeitnehmer zu nutzen und eine hohe Beschäftigungsbeteiligung zu ermöglichen. Nach dem Konzept der Beschäftigungsfähigkeit muss ganzheitlich vorgegangen werden, um die Beschäftigungsfähigkeit älterer Arbeitnehmer in einer sich zunehmend dynamischen Wissensgesellschaft zu erhalten und zu verbessern. Die auf politischer Ebene durchgeführten Maßnahmen in Finnland basieren auf einer integrativen Strategie, welche alle relevanten Arbeitsmarktakteure in die Entscheidungsprozesse einbezieht. In Großbritannien werden Unternehmen durch staatliche Maßnahmen und Initiativen beeinflusst und der einzelne wird durch staatliche Programme aktiviert, um einer Beschäftigung nachzugehen. Aufgrund der niedrigen Erwerbstätigenquote älterer Arbeitnehmer setzt auch die Bundesregierung Maßnahmen durch, die jedoch nicht ausreichen, das Beschäftigungspotenzial auszuschöpfen. Empfohlen wird, wie in Finnland, auf mehreren Ebenen aktiv zu sein. Gleichzeitig ist eine intensivere Betreuung älterer Arbeitsloser wir in Großbritannien wichtig. (IAB)

Zitatform

Wadman, Mats (2005): Country report Sweden. Labour supply - Sweden's demographic trend and the council recommendations. In: E. Hönekopp (Hrsg.) (2005): The report of the European employment task force : impetus to European employment policy - impulses for Germany (Beiträge zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, 293), S. 95-100.

Abstract

Der Arbeitsmarkt in Schweden zeichnet sich durch eine hohe Erwerbsbeteiligung aus. Dies gilt auch für Frauen und ältere Arbeitnehmer. Der Beitrag skizziert die Gründe hierfür, die vor allem in den steuerpolitischen, familienpolitischen und arbeitsrechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen gesehen werden. Dennoch ist angesichts der drohenden demographischen Entwicklung die Erhöhung der Erwerbsbeteiligung eine zentrale Herausforderung in Schweden. Vor allem Immigranten, junge Menschen, ältere Menschen und Rehabilitanden sind hier beschäftigungspolitische Zielgruppen. (IAB)

Zitatform

(2005): National accord on older workers. In: European Industrial Relations Review H. 383, S. 26-28.

Abstract

"A new national agreement aims to increase the labour market participation rate of older workers in France. The agreement focuses an changing attitudes to older workers, ensuring career development by means of training and adapting jobs to suit the worker, and encouraging people to return to the labour market by eliminating discrimination and examining arrangements for workers to receive pensions alongside pay. It is hoped that these provisions will allow France to meet the EU target of a 50% older workers' participation rate by 2010." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005): Ageing and employment policies. Australia. (Ageing and employment policies), Paris, 164 S.

Abstract

"In the face of rapid population ageing and the trend towards early retirement, there is a need to promote better employment opportunities for older people. Much has been said about the need for reform of old-age pensions and early retirement schemes but this may not be sufficient to raise employment rates for older people significantly or to reduce the future risk of labour shortages. Both governments and firms will need to take active measures to adapt wage-setting practices to ageing workforces, to address the extent to which other welfare schemes act as pathways to early retirement, to tackle age discrimination and to improve the job skills and working conditions of older workers. In addition, older workers will need to change their own attitudes towards working longer and acquiring new skills. Little is known about what countries have been doing or should be doing in these areas. This report on Australia is part of a series of around 20 OECD country reports that are intended to fill this gap. Each report contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for older workers, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers and a set of policy recommendations for further action by the public authorities and social partners. The chapters are about
- the challenge ahead
- the labour market situation of older workers
- striking the right balance: income support and work incentives for older people
- encouraging employers to retain and hire older people
- helping older workers to carry on working
- ensuring policies are comprehensive and coherent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005): Ageing and employment policies. Canada. (Ageing and employment policies), Paris, 138 S.

Abstract

"Giving Canadians more opportunity to remain in the workforce longer will benefit both the economy and the workers themselves. If Canadians continue to retire early, population ageing will lead to a pronounced slowdown in labour force growth and hence to weaker economic growth. There is a human dimension as well - many older Canadians would prefer to remain in paid employment for longer if the appropriate policies and workplace practices were in place. The OECD's report on Canada outlines the main barriers to employment facing older workers, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers and policy recommendations for further action by the Canadian government, employers, trade unions and older workers themselves. The OECD's report notes that Canada is better placed to meet the challenges of population ageing, than many other OECD countries. First, Canada's population is not expected to age as rapidly or as extensively as in Japan and many European countries. Second, past reform has strengthened the financial sustainability of public expenditures on old-age pensions. Third, the labour market situation of older Canadians has improved considerably in recent years. Nevertheless, the OECD argues, Canada should do more to improve employment opportunities for older Canadians whose participation rates are still below the levels in several other OECD countries. Though there have been some recent improvements, to successfully meet the challenges of population ageing Canada will need to adopt a co-ordinated and comprehensive package of measures to encourage older workers to work longer." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005): Ageing and employment policies. Denmark. (Ageing and employment policies), Paris, 126 S.

Abstract

"Part of the OECD series on Ageing and Employment Policies, the OECD report on Denmark outlines the main barriers to employment facing older workers, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers and policy recommendations for further action by the Danish government, social partners and older workers themselves. Recommendations for reform The OECD's report acknowledges that in some respects Denmark is better placed to meet the challenges of population ageing than many other OECD countries. First, population ageing is occurring less rapidly than in many other OECD countries. Second, labour market participation rates of older women and men are already among the highest in the OECD area. Third, a number of disincentives to continue working as well as the employability of older workers have already been addressed. Nevertheless, the OECD notes that many older Danes continue to withdraw from the labour market well before reaching the official retirement age of 65. To remove the barriers that many older workers face to carry on working, the OECD calls on the Danish authorities to adopt a coordinated and comprehensive package of measures. These include: Abolish the voluntary early retirement pension (VERP). Despite past reforms, the VERP remains a major disincentive to working at an older age and should be abolished. Avoid unemployment benefits being used as a pathway to early retirement. The older unemployed should be granted benefits for the same maximum period of four year as the younger unemployed. This would mean reducing the maximum period from nine years currently for the age group 51-59 but extending the limit from two-and-a-half years currently for the age group 60 and over. Re-enforce mutual obligations for the 58- to 60-year-olds. Unemployed people aged 58 to 60 may be excluded from various obligations to actively seek work or participate in training if they satisfy the conditions for entering the VERP at the age of 60. As a result, unemployment rates are two to three times higher in this age group compared with the national average. This group should be subject to the same mutual obligations as other age groups in exchange for more help to find them jobs. Allow for well-designed flexible work-retirement pathways through the public pension system. It is currently not possible to obtain a reduced public pension before the official retirement age of 65. If the VERP is phased out, there may be pressures for allowing more flexible retirement options through the public pension system. This can be done by making it possible to apply for actuarially reduced benefits before age 65 and to combine pension benefits with work income so that there is a financial gain from gradual retirement. Promote an age-friendly environment in firms. In particular, mandatory retirement clauses available in collective agreements need to be abolished and awareness among employers of age-discrimination legislation raised. Also, there is a need for expanding training opportunities for older and low-skilled workers, through a life course perspective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005): Ageing and employment policies. Germany. (Ageing and employment policies), Paris, 167 S.

Abstract

"Today, many older Germans stop working well before reaching the statutory retirement age of 65. As a result, only two out of five people in Germany between the ages of 55 and 64 are employed, well below the ratio in most other OECD countries. By comparison, about three out of five people in this age group are still active in Britain and the US and more than 70% in Sweden.
Unless this situation changes, Germany could face labour shortages, slowing economic growth and worsening public finances, the OECD report warns. The problem is especially acute in the former East German states, where birth rates are lower and many younger, skilled workers have emigrated to take advantage of job opportunities in western Germany.
The report on Germany outlines barriers to the employment of older workers and gives policy recommendations for action to overcome them, aimed at both the German government, employers, trade unions and older workers themselves.
While a lot has been done in recent years to encourage older workers to carry on working, it is important that the new government keeps up the momentum of reform. Specifically, the OECD recommends that Germany should:
- raise the retirement age in line with rising life expectancy. While the OECD welcomes the incoming government's plans to raise the retirement age in the long term to 67, it says action may be needed earlier than in 2008, as currently planned.
- introduce job-search requirements for all, irrespective of age. Incentives to retire before the official retirement age or to withdraw from the labour market by taking advantage of disability pensions or unemployment benefits combined with exemptions from job-search requirements should be removed. Early retirement schemes for the long-term unemployed should be phased out faster. Every person registered as unemployed should be required to look for a job.
- improve the employability of older workers. Training programmes for older workers, especially for the low and medium-skilled, are urgently needed in order to help older workers who lose their jobs to find new employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005): Ageing and employment policies. Netherlands. (Ageing and employment policies), Paris, 144 S.

Abstract

"In the Netherlands, the proportion of persons aged 65 and over to the working-age population will rise to 40% by 2050. Without policy changes, this could lead to higher public expenditures, labour force shortages, and slower economic growth. This report surveys of the main barriers to employment for older workers, assesses of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers and presents a set of policy recommendations for further action by the public authorities and social partners. It examines the balances between income support and work incentives, methods for encouraging employers to hire and retain workers, and policies for ensuring the employability of older workers. The chapters are about
- The Challenge Ahead
- Older Workers in the Dutch Labour Market
- Income Support and Work Initiatives: Striking the Right Balance
- Encouraging Employers to Hire and Retain Older Workers
- Ensuring the Employability of Older Workers
- Ensuring that Policies are Comprehensive and Conherent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005): Ageing and employment policies. United States. (Ageing and employment policies), Paris, 193 S.

Abstract

"In some respects, the United States is better placed than many other OECD countries to cope with population ageing. First, its population is projected to age less rapidly over the next half century than in most OECD countries. Second public expenditure an old-age pensions is quite low by OECD standards and is expected to increase only modestly over the next half century relative to GDP. Third, labour market outcomes for older people in the United States are generally better than in many OECD countries. For instance, over two-thirds of all Americans aged 50-64 are working - which places the United States in the top third of OECD countries - and, while only about one-fifth of Americans aged 65-74 are working, this is still well above the OECD average. And, last but not least, life expectancy and health outcomes more generally are expected to continue to improve over the coming decades, opening up greater opportunities for older Americans to both extend their working lives and enjoy more years of retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005): Alterung und Beschäftigungspolitik. Deutschland. (Ageing and employment policies), Paris, 187 S.

Abstract

"Angesichts der rasch fortschreitenden Bevölkerungsalterung und des Trends zum vorzeitigen Arbeitsmarktrückzug muss für bessere Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten für ältere Menschen gesorgt werden. Über die Notwendigkeit einer Reform der Rentensysteme und der Vorruhestandsregelungen wurde bereits viel gesagt, die bisherigen Maßnahmen sind jedoch u.U. unzureichend, um die Beschäftigungsquoten der älteren Arbeitskräfte deutlich anzuheben oder das Risiko künftiger Arbeitskräfteverknappungen einzudämmen. Regierungen ebenso wie Unternehmen werden aktive Maßnahmen ergreifen müssen, um die Lohnfindungsmechanismen auf eine alternde Erwerbsbevölkerung abzustimmen, um zu verhindern, dass andere Sozialtransfersysteme als alternative Wege in die Frührente genutzt werden, um Altersdiskriminierung zu bekämpfen und um die Arbeitsplatzkompetenzen und Arbeitsbedingungen der älteren Arbeitskräfte zu verbessern. Außerdem müssen die älteren Arbeitskräfte selbst ihre Einstellung zu einem längeren Verbleib im Erwerbsleben und zur Aneignung neuer Kompetenzen ändern. Es ist nur wenig darüber bekannt, was die Länder in diesem Bereich unternehmen bzw. unternehmen sollten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

Die EU steht wie noch nie zuvor einem demografischen Wandel gegenüber, der beträchtliche Auswirkungen auf Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft haben wird. Die Menschen leben länger und gesünder, und die Geburtenrate ist auf 1,5 Kind pro Frau gesunken. Laut Basisszenario der Bevölkerungsvorausschätzungen von Eurostat wird im Jahr 2030 die Anzahl der Kinder und Jugendlichen in Europa um 18 Millionen abgenommen haben. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt wird es in der EU 24 Millionen mehr ältere Arbeitnehmer im Alter von 55 bis 64 Jahren als heute geben sowie 34,7 Millionen Menschen, die älter als 80 sind (verglichen mit 18,8 Millionen heute). Wie können wir diese Herausforderungen annehmen? Wie sollen wir die Tendenz zum Bevölkerungsrückgang umkehren? Wie sollen wir mit den Auswirkungen einer alternden Bevölkerung fertig werden und gleichzeitig den Jüngsten unter uns neue Chancen anbieten? Dies sind einige der Fragen, die in dem Grünbuch der Kommission aufgegriffen werden, das zum Ziel hat, eine Debatte zu starten, an der alle Betroffenen aufgerufen sind sich zu beteiligen. Für die Europäische Union werden folgende Prioritäten herausgestellt: 1. Förderung der Geburtenraten durch eine angemessene Familienpolitik; 2. Sicherstellung eines Gleichgewichts zwischen den Generationen sowie 3. Schaffung neuer Übergänge zwischen den Lebensabschnitten. (IAB)

Abstract

"Die sozialpolitischen Agenda stellt den Rahmen für die beschäftigungs- und sozialpolitischen Maßnahmen in den Jahren 2005 bis 2010 der Europäischen Union dar und enthält den Fahrplan für die Modernisierung und Verbesserung des europäischen Sozialmodells. Ziel der Agenda ist es, die Lissabon-Strategie stärker mit der Beschäftigungs- und Sozialpolitik zu verzahnen. Die skizzierten Maßnahmen sind an zwei Schwerpunkten ausgerichtet: Beschäftigung sowie Bekämpfung der Armut und Förderung der Chancengleichheit. Als Ziele werden formuliert: Vollbeschäftigung, die Fortentwicklung des Arbeitsrecht, die Förderung von Sozialpartnerschaft, die Beseitigung von Mobilitätsbarrieren zur Schaffung eines europäischen Arbeitsmarktes sowie eine solidarische Gesellschaft, die durch soziale Integration, Vielfalt und Nichtdiskriminierung gekennzeichnet ist. Neben Rechtsvorschriften und sozialem Dialog, ESF und Mainstreaming soll zur Umsetzung der sozialpolitischen Ziele auch die Methode der offenen Koordinierung zur Unterstützung der Mitgliedstaaten in ihrem Bemühen um eine Modernisierung der Beschäftigungs- und Sozialschutzsysteme eingesetzt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005): Vieillissement et politiques d'emploi. France. (Ageing and employment policies), Paris, 171 S.

Abstract

"In the face of rapid population ageing and the trend towards early retirement, there is a need to promote better employment opportunities for older people. Much has been said about the need for reform of old-age pensions and early retirement schemes but this may not be sufficient to raise employment rates for older people significantly or to reduce the future risk of labour shortages. Both governments and firms will need to take active measures to adapt wage-setting practices to ageing workforces, to address the extent to which other welfare schemes act as pathways to early retirement, to tackle age discrimination and to improve the job skills and working conditions of older workers. In addition, older workers will need to change their own attitudes towards working longer and acquiring new skills. In France, an overall strategy is needed: 1. Better mobilising the players on the ground; 2. Promoting employment for older people and offering them greater choice when they take retirement; 3.Removing obstacles to continuing employment and recruitment after the age of 50; 4. Promoting the employability of workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))