Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Modern fathers' dilemma of work-family reconciliation. Findings from the German Youth Institute Survey AID:A II (2023)
Zitatform
Li, Xuan & Claudia Zerle-Elsäßer (2023): Modern fathers' dilemma of work-family reconciliation. Findings from the German Youth Institute Survey AID:A II. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 35, S. 103-123. DOI:10.20377/jfr-792
Abstract
"Fragestellung: Diese Studie untersucht, wie die beruflichen und familialen Anforderungen und Ressourcen mit den wahrgenommenen Konflikten zwischen Familie und Beruf deutscher Väter zusammenhängen. Hintergrund: Die steigenden Erwartungen an mehr familienbezogenes Engagement bei anhaltend zentraler Bedeutung der Erwerbstätigkeit im männlichen Lebensverlauf stellen Väter vor die Herausforderung, diese Lebensbereiche miteinander zu verbinden. Die meisten Studien zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf konzentrieren sich jedoch nach wie vor auf Mütter und untersuchen Konflikte zwischen Beruf und Familie (work-to-family) sowie zwischen Familie und Beruf (family-to-work) getrennt. Methode: Zunächst haben wir mit Hilfe einer Clusteranalyse eine Typologie aus vier Gruppen ermittelt, die je unterschiedliche Ausprägungen der work-to-family- und family-to-work-Konflikte haben. Anschließend haben wir den Zusammenhang mit relevanten beruflichen und familialen Anforderungen und Ressourcen in einer multinominalen logistischen Regression von 5.226 deutschen Kernfamilien mit mindestens einem Kind unter 18 Jahren mit analysiert. Ergebnisse: Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der größte Anteil der Väter (38,2 %) angab, hauptsächlich von der Arbeit unter Druck gesetzt zu werden (= work-to-family-Konflikte überwiegen), 19,8 % hauptsächlich von der Familie (= family-to-work-Konflikte überwiegen). Weitere 13,4 % gaben an, Druck aus beiden Richtungen zu spüren; nur 28,6 % der Väter gaben an, mehr oder weniger frei von Konflikten zu sein. Die Ergebnisse der multinominalen logistischen Regression deuteten darauf hin, dass lange Arbeitszeiten, familienunfreundliche Arbeitsanforderungen und langes Pendeln mit den Konflikten zwischen Beruf und Familie oder doppelten Konflikten der Väter in Zusammenhang stehen. Je höher der Umfang der geleisteten Stunden an Kinderbetreuung unter der Woche und je besser die Paar- und Familienbeziehung erachtet wird, desto geringer die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass Väter Konflikte zwischen Beruf und Familie oder Konflikte in beide Richtungen erlebten, ohne die Wahrscheinlichkeit von family-to-work-Konflikten zu erhöhen. Darüber hinaus stehen ein höheres Familieneinkommen und eine nicht erwerbstätige Partnerin in negativem Zusammenhang mit den Konflikten zwischen Familie und Beruf bei den Vätern. Schlussfolgerung: Diese Ergebnisse haben starke Implikationen für die Praxis der Familienbildung und Familienberatung sowie der Familienpolitik, die Väter in ihrer schwierigen Position zwischen Arbeits- und Familienpflichten besser unterstützen sollten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Working longer with working-time flexibility: Only when job commitment is high and family commitment is low? (2023)
Zitatform
Lott, Yvonne (2023): Working longer with working-time flexibility. Only when job commitment is high and family commitment is low? In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 35, S. 372-392. DOI:10.20377/jfr-852
Abstract
"Objective: This study investigates (a) whether job commitment and family commitment moderate the positive association between flexible working-time arrangements and work hours, and (b) whether childless women and men and mothers and fathers with the same levels of job and family commitment work equally long hours with flexible working-time arrangements. Background: As working-time flexibility increases at many workplaces due to digital technologies and work overload, so too does the risk of working longer hours. Although previous research has neglected job and family commitment as potential moderators of the relationship between working-time flexibility and long working hours, it has found gender inequalities in working hours among employees with flexible working-time arrangements, which have been attributed inter alia to men’s higher commitment to work and lower commitment to family. Method: Multivariate analyses were conducted based on German Family Panel (pairfam) data for 2018, 2019, and 2020. The sample comprised data from 4,568 employee-years, 1,666 part-time employee-years, and 2,902 full-time employee-years. Results: Among full-time employees, only those with high job commitment and low family commitment worked longer hours with employer-driven flexibility and working-time autonomy. Mothers with these arrangements worked fewer hours than childless women, childless men, and fathers, unless they had the same levels of job and family commitment as the latter three groups. Conclusion: These results suggest, first, that among full-time employees with flexible working-time arrangements, job and family commitment are driving factors for working long hours; second, that gender differences in work hours are shaped by parental status; and third, that these differences are due, at least in part, to differences in connectedness to job and family roles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do households live the family model they prefer? Household's work patterns across European policy regimes (2023)
Zitatform
Lütolf, Meret & Isabelle Stadelmann-Steffen (2023): Do households live the family model they prefer? Household's work patterns across European policy regimes. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 1421-1443. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwac023
Abstract
"Studies have investigated the equalizing effect of childcare provision and parental leave schemes on gendered work patterns. However, as the relationship between policies and individual time allocations to paid work is complex and challenging to empirically assess, previous research has clarified single aspects of this complexity. The present study theoretically and empirically combines a household perspective by considering the work behaviors of two partners within one household (i.e. a household's lived family model) with a comparative approach to systematically analyze relationships between specific policy designs and households' paid work patterns in a large sample. The findings imply that extensive childcare policies are systematically related to an egalitarian household organization, mostly among those with small children. This association can be observed across households with varying levels of egalitarian norms. Conversely, the findings suggest that the current design of parental leave policies in the 21 European countries does not allow for a true assessment of the potential of leave schemes to influence the within-household division of labor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Reiches Land - arme Frauen: Was gegen strukturelle Benachteiligung von Frauen getan werden muss (2023)
Mandrysch, Claudia;Zitatform
(2023): Reiches Land - arme Frauen. Was gegen strukturelle Benachteiligung von Frauen getan werden muss. (Theorie und Praxis der sozialen Arbeit. Sonderband 2023), Weinheim: Juventa Verlag, 146 S.
Abstract
"Männer und Frauen sind in Deutschland noch immer nicht gleichberechtigt. Angesichts ausdifferenzierter Lebenslagen von Frauen steht die Frauen- und Gleichstellungspolitik vor großen Herausforderungen. Die politischen Themen, die dringend diskutiert werden müssen, sind vielfältig: etwa die Ungleichheiten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und in der Entlohnung, die ungerechte Verteilung von unbezahlter Arbeit im Haushalt oder bei der häuslichen Pflege. Der Diskurs um Geschlechtergerechtigkeit muss noch mehr geführt werden. Die AWO hat notwendige Gleichberechtigungsdiskussionen immer schon angestoßen und geführt. Der vorliegende Sonderband steht in dieser Tradition." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
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Literaturhinweis
The Division of Routine and Non-Routine Housework Among Migrant and Native Couples in Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Nutz, Theresa, Lisa Schmid & Reinhard Pollak (2023): The Division of Routine and Non-Routine Housework Among Migrant and Native Couples in Germany. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 48. DOI:10.12765/cpos-2023-15
Abstract
"Gender inequality in the division of household chores is a persistent issue over time and across country contexts, while differences within and between native and migrant couples remain largely unclear. Relying on the German country case, this study examines the association between partners’ migration constellations and the division of housework. We differentiate between natives and first-generation migrants, and within first-generation migrants, we differentiate by their regions of origin. For the division of housework, we analyse traditionally female routine tasks and male non-routine tasks. Following gender and resource explanations, this study expects gendered variation in the way native, migrant, and mixed (i.e., native/migrant) couples divide housework. Utilising novel data from the German Family Demography Panel Study (FReDA-GGS sample, 2021), the paper employs OLS regression models to predict the division of housework among 11,223 cohabiting different-sex couples. The study finds a gender-traditional divide in routine household tasks among migrant couples, with heterogeneity across regions of origin. Specifically, women in Asian and Eastern European couples tend to do more routine tasks than their native counterparts, while the division of routine housework in couples from Western countries is more egalitarian. In mixed couples, the division of routine tasks is highly unequal if the male partner is a migrant. Non-routine tasks in mixed couples are, however, mostly performed by the native partner, irrespective of gender. The results suggest that the division of routine housework conforms to traditional gender roles across most migrant groups, while non-routine housework, such as financial tasks that require country-specific knowledge, is influenced by the native status, which serves as a resource in itself." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Commuting to work and gender norms by sexual orientation (2023)
Zitatform
Oreffice, Sonia & Dario Sansone (2023): Commuting to work and gender norms by sexual orientation. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 85. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102451
Abstract
"We assess the role of gender-conforming social norms in household decision-making and gender inequalities in the labor market with a parsimonious household model that endogenizes commuting time. Using the American Community Survey 2008-2019, we test the model predictions and find that women in same-sex couples have a longer commute to work than working women in different-sex couples, whereas the commute to work of men in same-sex couples is shorter than the one of working men in different-sex couples, even after controlling for demographic characteristics, partner's characteristics, location and urbanicity, fertility, marital status, industry and occupation. These differences among men and women amount to a sizable portion of the gender commuting gap estimated in the literature, and are particularly stark among married couples with children. Within-couple gaps in commuting time are also significantly smaller in same-sex couples, and labor supply disparities mimic the commuting ones. According to our model, these differences are interpreted as gender-conforming social norms leading women in different-sex couples into jobs with a shorter commute and fewer hours worked while their male partners or spouses hold jobs with a longer commute and more hours worked, thus reinforcing gender inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work-family habits? Exploring the persistence of traditional work-family decision making in dual-earner couples (2023)
Radcliffe, Laura; Cassell, Catherine; Spencer, Leighann;Zitatform
Radcliffe, Laura, Catherine Cassell & Leighann Spencer (2023): Work-family habits? Exploring the persistence of traditional work-family decision making in dual-earner couples. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 145. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2023.103914
Abstract
"Decisions made within the family have long been recognised as a central obstacle to achieving gender equality, not only in the home, but also in the workplace due to the interdependent relationship between work and family domains. Here we focus particularly on how couple-level work-family decision-making processes influence (non)egalitarian work-family decisions. We draw on a qualitative diary study with 60 participants, comprising 30 heterosexual, dual-earner couples situated in the UK, to examine work-family decision-making in daily practice. Our findings suggest that egalitarian family identities, previously highlighted as important, are necessary but insufficient in enabling egalitarian work-family decisions. Instead, our findings highlight the important role played by the decision-making processes couples engage in, particularly in relation to their frequently habitual nature. Thus, we show how, while family identities held by men and women may be converging, habitual decision-making processes often continue to prevent egalitarian daily arrangements. We introduce the concept of ‘work-family habits’ and develop a novel framework depicting daily work-family decision making processes engaged in by dual-earner couples, revealing how each of these processes can contribute to either more traditional or egalitarian work-family practices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hausarbeit und Kinderbetreuung (2023)
Zitatform
Schulz, Florian & Anja Steinbach (2023): Hausarbeit und Kinderbetreuung. In: O. A. Becker, K. Hank & A. Steinbach (Hrsg.) (2023): Handbuch Familiensoziologie, Wiesbaden, Springer VS S. 469-490. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-35219-6_19
Abstract
"Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Aufteilung der unbezahlten Arbeit in Paarbeziehungen und Familien. Es werden die wichtigsten theoretischen Positionen und zentrale empirische Befunde aus diesem Forschungsbereich vorgestellt. Der Fokus liegt auf einer dynamischen Perspektive, die Entwicklungen im Zeit- und Lebensverlauf aufzeigt. Es wird herausgearbeitet, dass nach wie vor eine große geschlechtsspezifische Ungleichheit im Hinblick auf die Zuständigkeit und Zeitverwendung für Hausarbeit und Kinderbetreuung besteht. Frauen übernehmen deutlich häufiger regelmäßig anfallende Routineaufgaben und leisten auch insgesamt mehr Reproduktionsarbeit als Männer. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern scheinen sich seit einigen Jahrzehnten jedoch langsam zu verringern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer)
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Literaturhinweis
Enabled but not transformed – narratives on parental involvement among first-time mothers and fathers in Germany in the context of parental leave policy design (2023)
Zitatform
Sievers, Tjorven (2023): Enabled but not transformed – narratives on parental involvement among first-time mothers and fathers in Germany in the context of parental leave policy design. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 26, H. 3, S. 356-372. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2022.2099248
Abstract
"Assuming that policy design can impact gender equity in caretaking, this paper examines how expectant mothers and fathers understand and respond to specific parental leave policy elements when shaping their parenting practices. Taking Germany as a case study, this research draws on semi-structured interviews conducted between October 2019 and March 2020 with 18 couples, who were expecting their first child at the time of the interview. Germany’s parental leave policy has shifted substantially since 2007, most notably with the establishment of non-transferable parental leave months for fathers. Exploring the link between policy design at the macro-level and parental involvement at the micro-level, this paper focuses on how mothers and fathers make sense of their leave entitlements when dividing leave, which (policy) aspects they consider as helping or hindering an equal leave division and how mothers and fathers anticipate using parental leave benefits. Results indicate that the current parental leave policy design enables greater equity in caretaking by normalizing some leave-taking by fathers. However, by providing an option for fathers’ leaves to be split and to be taken concurrently with mothers the policy limits fathers’ solo parenting responsibility and consequently prevents a transformation of gendered parenting practices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effects on Labor Supply of Living with Older Family Members Needing Assistance with Activities of Daily Living (2023)
Zitatform
Wilcox, Virginia & Herman Sahni (2023): The Effects on Labor Supply of Living with Older Family Members Needing Assistance with Activities of Daily Living. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 44, H. 4, S. 900-918. DOI:10.1007/s10834-022-09880-x
Abstract
"Using a sample of 18,201 observations of working age respondents drawn from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 1996–2018, this research examined the labor supply effects for younger family members of living with older persons needing assistance with activities of daily living. We report the effects for three labor supply outcomes of younger family members: working hours, full-time work, and occupational flexibility of working hours. Our results indicate that living with an older family member needing assistance significantly reduced younger women's working hours and the probability of working full-time among younger women, but increased both of these labor outcomes among younger men. In addition, living with an older family member needing help led younger women to work in occupations with significantly larger average variances in working hours. This suggests that these women occupied positions that allowed greater flexibility of working hours. We found little effect on flexibility of working hours for younger men. We conclude that the need for assistance among older family members has important effects on the labor market outcomes of younger family members." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Participation in Job-Related Training: Is There a Parenthood Training Penalty? (2023)
Zitatform
Zoch, Gundula (2023): Participation in Job-Related Training: Is There a Parenthood Training Penalty? In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 274-292. DOI:10.1177/09500170221128692
Abstract
"Gender inequalities in paid and unpaid work are well documented, but patterns of advantage or disadvantage in further job-related training have been less explored. Previous cross-sectional studies indicate gender differences in further training, with lower participation rates and shorter training sessions for women, especially mothers. Based on the National Educational Panel Study for Germany (adult cohort, 2008–2020), this study is the first to examine gendered parenthood effects on participation in non-formal further job-related training using panel analyses. The results from fixed-effects regressions provide evidence of parenthood training penalties that are particularly pronounced for mothers and in the first years after childbirth. While fatherhood training penalties are mostly explained, motherhood gaps remain robust when accounting for a large number of time-varying characteristics. The results point towards further relevant changes in mothers’ aspirations or employer support. Thus, they underline the importance of training opportunities for reducing childbirth-related inequalities later in life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employed parents' reactions to work-family conflicts: Adaptive strategies of scaling back in Germany (2022)
Zitatform
Adams, Ayhan & Katrin Golsch (2022): Employed parents' reactions to work-family conflicts: Adaptive strategies of scaling back in Germany. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 1101-1125. DOI:10.20377/jfr-712
Abstract
"Objective: This study investigates the extent to which employed mothers and fathers scale back on working hours or job pressures in response to work-to-family conflicts (WFC). Background: Drawing on the concept of adaptive family strategies, it is assumed that WFC is an antecedent to a reduction in work demands. Considering partners’ gender ideology net of other resources and characteristics, we can expect to see gender differences in the adoption of this strategy. Relatively little research has been conducted on associations among WFC, gender ideology, gender, and work-related coping strategies. Method: We use six waves of the German Family Panel (pairfam, release 11.0), covering the survey years 2012-2019, to examine the effect of WFC and gender ideology on employed mothers’ and fathers’ work-related coping strategies (N=791 mothers and N=1292 fathers). OLS regression is used to estimate the effect of WFC at and gender ideology on changes in job pressure and working hours between and. Results: Parents who experience WFC are more likely to reduce their job pressure and less likely to scale back on working hours. Gender differences in the reaction between mothers and fathers on WFC only occur in connection with traditional gender ideology. Conclusion: Scaling back seems not to be a commonly used strategy to react to WFC." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsmarktintegration von Müttern mit Migrationshintergrund – Analyse der Maßnahmenerfolge des Bundesprogramms "Stark im Beruf" (2022)
Zitatform
Boll, Christina, Laura Castiglioni, Thomas Eichhorn, Till Nikolka & Corinna Zollner (2022): Arbeitsmarktintegration von Müttern mit Migrationshintergrund – Analyse der Maßnahmenerfolge des Bundesprogramms "Stark im Beruf". München, 44 S. DOI:10.36189/DJI202212
Abstract
"Das durch das Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) geförderte Bundesprogramm des Europäischen Sozialfonds (ESF) „Stark im Beruf – Mütter mit Migrationshintergrund steigen ein“ soll Müttern mit Migrationshintergrund den Erwerbseinstieg erleichtern und ihren Zugang zu vorhandenen Angeboten zur Arbeitsmarktintegration verbessern. Der vorliegende Bericht präsentiert eine Auswertung der im Rahmen des Programms „Stark im Beruf“ erhobenen Daten zu den durch die Teilnehmerinnen erzielten Programmerfolge vor dem Hintergrund individueller Merkmale, regionaler Kontextfaktoren sowie der Belegung unterschiedlicher Programmmodule. Hierzu werden auf Grundlage theoretischer Überlegungen zunächst Hypothesen zur Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen Programmerfolg in Abhängigkeit von potentiellen Erklärfaktoren abgeleitet, die danach mithilfe eines multivariaten Regressionsmodells getestet werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Teilnehmerinnen kurze Zeit nach Programmabschluss mit einer höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Beschäftigung aufnehmen, wenn sie bei Programmeintritt bessere Voraussetzungen hinsichtlich ihres übertragbaren Humankapitals und ihrer Nähe zum Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland mitbringen. Teilnehmerinnen, die über einen längeren Zeitraum arbeitslos gemeldet sind oder sich im SGB II-Bezug befinden, haben nach Programmabschluss hingegen eine niedrigere Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Beschäftigung aufzunehmen. Außerdem zeigt sich, dass Teilnehmerinnen mit kleinen Kindern, die mit größeren Herausforderungen bezüglich der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie konfrontiert sind, das „Stark im Beruf“ Programm mit einer geringeren Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit abschließen. Entgegen der Erwartungen bestätigt sich kein systematischer Zusammenhang zwischen dem Aufenthaltsstatus oder der Aufenthaltsdauer der Teilnehmerinnen in Deutschland und einem erfolgreichen Programmabschluss. Neben individuellen Merkmalen der Teilnehmerinnen beziehen wir auch Informationen zur regionalen Arbeitsmarkt- und Bevölkerungsstruktur sowie Angaben zur Belegung unterschiedlicher Modulkategorien im „Stark im Beruf“ Programm in unsere Analysen ein. Es zeigt sich, dass Teilnehmerinnen, die eher berufsorientierte Module belegen, auch unter Berücksichtigung aller weiteren beobachtbaren Merkmale eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen Programmerfolg haben als Teilnehmerinnen, die andere Programmmodule belegen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
15 Jahre Elterngeld: Erfolge, aber noch Handlungsbedarf: Ein Blick auf partnerschaftliche Arbeitsteilung und Karrieren (2022)
Zitatform
Brehm, Uta, Mathias Huebener & Sophia Schmitz (2022): 15 Jahre Elterngeld: Erfolge, aber noch Handlungsbedarf. Ein Blick auf partnerschaftliche Arbeitsteilung und Karrieren. In: Bevölkerungsforschung aktuell, Jg. 43, H. 6, S. 3-7.
Abstract
"Im Jahr 2022 wird das Elterngeld 15 Jahre alt. Diese zentrale familienpolitische Maßnahme stellte einen Paradigmenwechsel in der deutschen Familienpolitik dar, mit dem Ziel, die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern zu stärken und auch die partnerschaftliche Aufteilung der Kinderbetreuung und Hausarbeit zu verbessern. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die zeitlichen Veränderungen in der Nutzung des Elterngeldes durch Mütter und Väter sowie deren Aufteilung der Sorge- und Hausarbeit nach der Elternzeit. Außerdem wird betrachtet, wie sich Karriereverläufe von Müttern und Vätern entwickelt haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Grandmothers' Labor Supply (2022)
Zitatform
Frimmel, Wolfgang, Martin Halla, Bernhard Schmidpeter & Rudolf Winter-Ebmer (2022): Grandmothers' Labor Supply. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 57, H. 5, S. 1645-1689. DOI:10.3368/jhr.58.1.0419-10144R1
Abstract
"We use high-quality administrative data from Austria to estimate the effect of grandmotherhood on the labor supply decision of older workers. Assuming that grandmothers cannot predict the exact date of conception of their grandchild, we identify the effect of the first grandchild on employment. Our Timing-of-Events approach shows that a first grandchild increases the probability of leaving the labor market by 9 percent. This effect is stronger when informal childcare is more valuable, and when grandmothers live close to the grandchild. To assess the effect of an additional grandchild, we also use twin-births among the first grandchild as instruments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work-Family Policies and Gender Inequalities in Childcare Time (2022)
Zitatform
Gao, Melody Ge & Hangqing Ruan (2022): Work-Family Policies and Gender Inequalities in Childcare Time. In: Socius, Jg. 8, S. 1-14. DOI:10.1177/23780231221142677
Abstract
"The United States is the only country to admit the majority of its immigrants on the basis of kinship ties. Although policy makers typically view family migration as less favorable and assume that family immigrants do not contribute to the U.S. economy, this argument is oversimplified and ignores the role of gender and the various ways that family immigration works. This study captures the multiple aspects of immigrants’ entry visas and its intersection with gender to examine the employment behavior of college-educated immigrant men and women who arrived in the United States via several family-based and skill-based categories. Using nationally representative data from 2010, 2013, and 2015 National Survey of College Graduates, the author finds that immigrants’ initial entry pathways into the United States continue to stratify their employment behavior and trajectories, especially for immigrant women. The conditions of family-sponsored immigration matter; temporary migration as a spouse is negatively associated with immigrant women’s employment but not permanent family migration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Culture, Children and Couple Gender Inequality (2022)
Zitatform
Jessen, Jonas (2022): Culture, Children and Couple Gender Inequality. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 150. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104310
Abstract
"This paper examines how culture impacts within-couple gender inequality. Exploiting the setting of Germany's division and reunification, I compare child penalties of East Germans who were socialised in a more gender egalitarian culture to West Germans socialised in a gender-traditional culture. Using a household panel, I show that the long-run child penalty on the female income share is 23.9 percentage points for West German couples, compared to 12.9 for East German couples. The arrival of children also leads to a greater increase in the female share of housework and child care for West Germans. I add to the main findings by using time-use diary data from the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and reunified Germany, which provides a rare insight into gender inequality in the GDR and allows me to compare the effect of having children in the GDR to the effects in East and West Germany after reunification. Lastly, I show that attitudes towards maternal employment are more egalitarian among East Germans, but that the arrival of children leads to more traditional attitudes for both East and West Germans. The findings confirm that socialisation has a strong impact on child penalties and that family policies may have an impact on gender inequality through social learning in the long run." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Kind – und dann? Wandel partnerschaftlicher Erwerbsverläufe drei Jahre nach dem Übergang in die Elternschaft (2022)
Zitatform
Kelle, Nadiya, Laura Romeu Gordo & Julia Simonson (2022): Kind – und dann? Wandel partnerschaftlicher Erwerbsverläufe drei Jahre nach dem Übergang in die Elternschaft. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 74, H. 3, S. 329-351. DOI:10.1007/s11577-022-00860-5
Abstract
"Der Übergang in die Elternschaft markiert für viele Elternpaare den Übergang in geschlechterspezifische Erwerbsarrangements, oft unabhängig von der gelebten vorgeburtlichen Arbeitsteilung. Dabei können die Entscheidungen über die Erwerbsarrangements nach der Geburt des ersten Kindes richtungsgebend für die zukünftigen Erwerbsverläufe und Alterssicherung sein. Vor diesem Hintergrund fokussiert der Beitrag auf zwei Fragen: erstens, ob sich gerade für jüngere Elternpaare der in den 1980er-Jahren Geborenen eine Konvergenz in den Erwerbsverläufen nach dem Übergang in die Elternschaft im Vergleich zu den in den 1970er-Jahren geborenen Elternpaaren zeigt und zweitens, ob die Arbeitsteilung vor dem Übergang in die Elternschaft eine zunehmende Rolle für die Erwerbskonstellationen danach spielt. Unter Verwendung der Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) werden anhand sequenz-, cluster- und regressionsanalytischer Verfahren Erwerbsverläufe von 900 Paaren über 36 Monate nach dem Übergang in die Elternschaft analysiert. Für die Kohorte der in den 1980er-Jahren Geborenen setzt sich die Bedeutungsabnahme traditioneller Erwerbsarrangements fort. Zudem gibt es immer mehr Elternpaare, in denen beide Elternteile relativ schnell nach der Geburt eines Kindes in die Erwerbstätigkeit zurückkehren. Kaum zu beobachten ist, dass Väter ihre Erwerbstätigkeit zunehmend zugunsten einer stärkeren Einbindung in Haushalts- oder Familientätigkeiten einschränken. Hingegen scheinen die Konvergenzen in den Erwerbsverläufen zwischen Müttern und Vätern vielmehr ein Resultat zunehmender Erwerbsdiskontinuitäten zu sein. Darüber hinaus hat die vorgeburtliche Arbeitsteilung auch für die jüngeren Elternpaare einen eher geringen Einfluss auf ihre nachgeburtlichen Erwerbskonstellationen. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass der Abbau von geschlechterspezifischen Ungleichheiten am Arbeitsmarkt verstärkt voranzutreiben ist, damit weitere Anreize für die gleichmäßigere Erwerbsaufteilung im Paarkontext entstehen können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)
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Literaturhinweis
Work-family conflict and partners' agreement on fertility preferences among dual-earner couples: Does women's employment status matter? (2022)
Zitatform
Latshaw, Beth A. & Deniz Yucel (2022): Work-family conflict and partners' agreement on fertility preferences among dual-earner couples: Does women's employment status matter? In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 1151-1174. DOI:10.20377/jfr-689
Abstract
"Objective: This study tests the effects of work-family conflict, in both directions, on partners' agreement on fertility preferences among dual-earner couples, as well as whether this relationship varies by women's employment status. Background: Few studies have examined the relationship between work-family conflict and fertility preferences. Given the high percentages of women working part-time in Germany, it is important to investigate the role working women’s employment status plays to further understand this relationship. Method: Using data from 716 dual-earner couples in Wave 10 of the German Family Panel (pairfam), we use dyadic data analysis to test whether work-family conflict impacts one’s own ("actor effects") and/or one’s partner’s ("partner effects") reports of agreement on fertility preferences. We also run multi-group analyses to compare whether these effects vary in "full-time dual-earner" versus "modernized male breadwinner" couples. Results: There are significant actor effects for family-to-work conflict in both types of couples, and for work-to-family conflict in modernized male breadwinner couples only. Partner effects for family-to-work conflict exist only among modernized male breadwinner couples. While there are no gender differences in actor or partner effects, results suggest differences in the partner effect (for family-to-work conflict only) between these two couple types. Conclusion: These findings indicate that work-family conflict is associated with greater partner disagreement on fertility preferences and highlight the differential impact incompatible work and family responsibilities have on fertility decisions when women work full-time versus part-time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gendered occupational aspirations among German youth: Role of parental occupations, gender division of labour, and family structure (2022)
Zitatform
Law, Helen & Pia Schober (2022): Gendered occupational aspirations among German youth: Role of parental occupations, gender division of labour, and family structure. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 643-668. DOI:10.20377/jfr-603
Abstract
"Objective: This study investigates how multiple domains of parental gender role socialisation as well as parent-child relationships and family structure may shape adolescents’ gendered occupational aspirations. Background: Young people with gender-typical aspirations have a higher chance of choosing gender-typical post-secondary education fields and are more likely to work in gender-typical occupations as adults. Gender norms, family structures and parent-child relationships have undergone profound changes in recent decades. We extend the intergenerational transmission literature by considering whether the influence of parental role modelling may vary according to parent-child relationships and family structure. Method: We draw on data from 2,235 adolescents from the German Socio-Economic Panel and apply logistic regressions. Results: Children whose fathers were employed in gender-typical jobs had a greater likelihood of aspiring to a more gender-typical occupation. This relationship was not significant among sons who did not live continuously with both parents since birth, who were generally more likely to aspire to gender-typical occupations. Surprisingly, the gender-typicality of fathers' occupations seemed more influential among daughters whose parents had separated than among those who lived continuously with both parents. Regarding the parental gender division of paid and unpaid work, only mothers' continuous non-employment was associated with daughters being more likely to aspire to a gender-typical occupation. Conclusion: On the whole, our findings suggest a rather weak influence of parental gender role modelling on children’s persistently gendered occupational aspirations in Germany. Yet, our study extends existing family research by pointing to significant variations across family structures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug