Der Arbeitsmarkt für Akademikerinnen und Akademiker
Studieren macht sich bezahlt. Nicht nur was das Einkommen von Akademiker/innen anbelangt, sondern höhere Bildung schützt in Krisenzeiten auch besser vor Arbeitslosigkeit. Das zeigen Analysen der qualifikationsspezifischen Arbeitslosenquoten seit langem. Allerdings sind die Aussichten nicht auf allen akademischen Teilarbeitsmärkten gleich gut.
Diese Infoplattform dokumentiert Literatur, Forschungsprojekte, einschlägige Institutionen und sonstige relevante Informationsquellen zur Qualifikation und Beschäftigung von Hochschulabsolvent/innen insgesamt sowie zu Arbeitsmarktchancen und Beschäftigungsbedingungen für Absolvent/innen verschiedener Studienfächer und Fächergruppen.
- Beschäftigungssituation von Akademiker/innen
- Teilarbeitsmärkte für Akademiker/innen
- Besondere Personengruppen und Aspekte
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Literaturhinweis
Measuring physicians' response to incentives: evidence on hours worked and multitasking (2018)
Shearer, Bruce; Habib Somé, Nibene; Fortin, Bernard;Zitatform
Shearer, Bruce, Nibene Habib Somé & Bernard Fortin (2018): Measuring physicians' response to incentives. Evidence on hours worked and multitasking. (IZA discussion paper 11565), Bonn, 51 S.
Abstract
"We measure the response of physicians to monetary incentives using matched administrative and time-use data on specialists from Québec (Canada). These physicians were paid feefor- service contracts and supplied a number of different services. Our sample covers a period during which the Québec government changed the prices paid for clinical services. We apply these data to a multitasking model of physician labour supply, measuring two distinct responses. The first is the labour-supply response of physicians to broad-based fee increases. The second is the response to changes in the relative prices of individual services. Our results confirm that physicians respond to incentives in predictable ways. The ownprice substitution effects of a relative price change are both economically and statistically significant. Income effects are present, but are overridden when prices are increased for individual services. They are more prominent in the presence of broad-based fee increases. In such cases, the income effect empirically dominates the substitution effect, which leads physicians to reduce their supply of clinical services." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The state of the economy at graduation, wages, and catch-up paths: evidence from Switzerland (2018)
Shvartsman, Elena;Zitatform
Shvartsman, Elena (2018): The state of the economy at graduation, wages, and catch-up paths. Evidence from Switzerland. (IZA discussion paper 11622), Bonn, 33 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyses whether the short- and mid-term labour market outcomes of Swiss university graduates are affected by the state of the domestic economy at the time of labour market entry, where the economic conditions are captured by the regional unemployment rate at the time of graduation. This analysis contributes to the question as to whether labour market outcomes are determined inter alia by luck even under fairly stable labour market conditions. The study provides empirical evidence demonstrating that less favourable economic conditions at the time of labour market entry have a negative impact on the individuals' wages one year after graduation. However, there appears to be a partial catchup towards luckier cohorts in the subsequent four years, which is primarily explained by higher job mobility with respect to the number of jobs an individual has held since his graduation as well as tenure with the first job. Finally, there is strong evidence in favour of heterogeneous effects with respect to, for instance, individuals employed in part-time, for whom the negative effects appear to be most pronounced, while at the same time it is found that the probability of part-time employment rises under less favourable entry conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Das Elend des Wissensprekariat (2018)
Starzmann, Maria Theresia;Zitatform
Starzmann, Maria Theresia (2018): Das Elend des Wissensprekariat. In: Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik, Jg. 63, H. 10, S. 105-112.
Abstract
Die Autorin setzt sich kritisch mit der zunehmenden Gewinnorientierung deutscher und amerikanischer Universitäten auseinander, die sich auch im Umgang mit ihren Beschäftigten zeigt. Die Lehrtätigkeit wird immer weiter in sogenannte Gigs ausgelagert: 'befristete Verträge, Teilzeitjobs und Werkverträge, die hierarchisch verwaltet werden. Das führt nicht nur zu einer immer weiteren Spreizung zwischen Verwaltungs- und Lehrstellen, sondern auch zu einer neuen Form der Ausbeutung kognitiver Arbeit'. Bei immer weiter steigenden Studiengebühren sinkt die Qualität des Studiums. Die akademischen Arbeitsbedingungen sind gekennzeichnet durch Entgrenzung, Prekarität, Konkurrenz und Vereinzelung. Viele Akademiker sind daher mutlos und 'zu erschöpft für den Arbeitskampf'. Die Autorin konstatiert einen 'völligen Mangel an Solidarität' unter den Akademikern. Sie plädiert abschließend für die Organisation von Akademikern in Gewerkschaften, Vereinen und Arbeitsgruppen zur Durchsetzung ihrer Interessen und zur Verbesserung ihrer Arbeitsbedingungen. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Job tasks and the gender wage gap among college graduates (2018)
Stinebrickner, Todd R.; Stinebrickner, Ralph; Sullivan, Paul J.;Zitatform
Stinebrickner, Todd R., Ralph Stinebrickner & Paul J. Sullivan (2018): Job tasks and the gender wage gap among college graduates. (NBER working paper 24790), Cambrige, Mass., 31 S. DOI:10.3386/w24790
Abstract
"Gender differences in current and past job tasks may be crucial for understanding the gender wage gap. We use novel task data to address well-known measurement concerns, including that standard task measures assume away within-occupation gender differences in tasks. We find that unique measures of task-specific experience, in particular high-skilled information experience, are of particular importance for understanding the substantial widening of the wage gap early in the career. Highlighting the importance of these measures, traditional work-related proxies for gender differences in human capital accumulation are not informative because general work experience is similar by gender for our recent graduates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Beauty, job tasks, and wages: A new conclusion about employer taste-based discrimination (2018)
Stinebrickner, Todd R.; Sullivan, Paul J.; Stinebrickner, Ralph;Zitatform
Stinebrickner, Todd R., Ralph Stinebrickner & Paul J. Sullivan (2018): Beauty, job tasks, and wages: A new conclusion about employer taste-based discrimination. (NBER working paper 24479), Cambrige, Mass., 33 S. DOI:10.3386/w24479
Abstract
"We use novel data from the Berea Panel Study to reexamine the labor market mechanisms generating the beauty wage premium. We find that the beauty premium varies widely across jobs with different task requirements. Specifically, in jobs where existing research such as Hamermesh and Biddle (1994) has posited that attractiveness is plausibly a productivity enhancing attribute - those that require substantial amounts of interpersonal interaction - a large beauty premium exists. In contrast, in jobs where attractiveness seems unlikely to truly enhance productivity - jobs that require working with information and data - there is no beauty premium. This stark variation in the beauty premium across jobs is inconsistent with the employer-based discrimination explanation for the beauty premium, because this theory predicts that all jobs will favor attractive workers. Our approach is made possible by unique longitudinal task data, which was collected to address the concern that measurement error in variables describing the importance of interpersonal tasks would tend to bias results towards finding a primary role for employer taste-based discrimination. As such, it is perhaps not surprising that our conclusions about the importance of employer taste-based discrimination are in stark contrast to all previous research that has utilized a similar conceptual approach." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Skills, job tasks, and productivity in teaching: evidence from a randomized trial of instruction practices (2018)
Taylor, Eric S.;Zitatform
Taylor, Eric S. (2018): Skills, job tasks, and productivity in teaching. Evidence from a randomized trial of instruction practices. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 36, H. 3, S. 711-742. DOI:10.1086/696144
Abstract
"I study how teachers' assigned job tasks - the practices they are asked to use in the classroom - affect the returns to math skills in teacher productivity. The results demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between workers' skills and job tasks. I examine a randomized trial of different approaches to teaching math, each codified in a set of day-to-day tasks. Teachers were tested to measure their math skills. Teacher productivity - measured by student test scores - is increasing in math skills when teachers use conventional 'direct instruction': explaining and modeling rules and procedures. The relationship is weaker, perhaps negative, for newer 'student-led' methods." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Intergenerational Mobility at the Top of the Educational Distribution (2018)
Torche, Florencia;Zitatform
Torche, Florencia (2018): Intergenerational Mobility at the Top of the Educational Distribution. In: Sociology of education, Jg. 91, H. 4, S. 266-289. DOI:10.1177/0038040718801812
Abstract
"Research has shown that intergenerational mobility is higher among individuals with a college degree than those with lower levels of schooling. However, mobility declines among graduate degree holders. This finding questions the meritocratic power of higher education. Prior research has been hampered, however, by the small samples of advanced degree holders in representative surveys. Drawing on a large longitudinal data set of PhD holders - the Survey of Doctorate Recipients - this study examines intergenerational mobility among the American educational elite, separately for men and women and different racial/ethnic groups. Results show substantial mobility among PhD holders. The association between parents’ education and adult children’s earnings is moderate among men and nonexistent among women with doctoral degrees. However, women’s earnings converge to an average level that is much lower than men’s, signaling ‘‘perverse openness’’ for women even at the top of the educational distribution. Among men, there is variation in mobility by race and ethnicity. The intergenerational socioeconomic association is null for Asian men, small for white and black men, and more pronounced for Hispanics. Educational and occupational mediators account for intergenerational association among blacks and whites but not Hispanic men. A doctoral degree largely detaches individuals from their social origins in the United States, but it does not eliminate all sources of inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do employers prefer overqualified graduates?: a field experiment (2018)
Zitatform
Verhaest, Dieter, Elene Bogaert, Jeroen Dereymaeker, Laura Mestdagh & Stijn Baert (2018): Do employers prefer overqualified graduates? A field experiment. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 361-388. DOI:10.1111/irel.12212
Abstract
"We test whether employers prefer overqualified to adequately qualified job candidates. To this end, duos of fictitious applications by bachelor's and master's graduates are sent to real job openings with a bachelor's degree as a minimum requirement. For the overall sample, we find that overqualified master's graduates are 19 percent more likely to be directly invited for a job interview and 11 percent more likely to get any positive reaction. This relative advantage for overqualified workers is found to be higher for bottleneck occupations. Relative preferences also differ across employers within labor-market segments." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Insight into job search self-regulation: effects of employment self-efficacy and perceived progress on job search intensity (2018)
Zitatform
da Motta Veiga, Serge P. & Daniel B. Turban (2018): Insight into job search self-regulation. Effects of employment self-efficacy and perceived progress on job search intensity. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 108, H. October, S. 57-66. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2018.06.010
Abstract
"This study builds on a self-regulation framework to examine the influence of employment self-efficacy and perceived progress on job search intensity. Results from a repeated-measures study with new labor market entrants indicated that job seekers with higher between-person chronic employment self-efficacy put more intensity in their job search compared to those with lower chronic employment self-efficacy. Notably, however, within-person analyses indicated that as employment self-efficacy increased, job search intensity subsequently decreased. These results provide support for social cognitive theory for between-person employment self-efficacy, and for control theory for within-person employment self-efficacy. Furthermore, increased perceived progress was positively related to subsequent job search intensity. The positive relationship of perceived progress with subsequent job search intensity was moderated by chronic employment self-efficacy, such that the relationship was positive only for job seekers with lower chronic employment self-efficacy." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
From college to labor market: a transition indicator for Italian universities (2017)
Agovino, Massimiliano; Busato, Francesco;Zitatform
Agovino, Massimiliano & Francesco Busato (2017): From college to labor market: a transition indicator for Italian universities. In: Quality & quantity, Jg. 51, H. 6, S. 2577-2604. DOI:10.1007/s11135-016-0410-6
Abstract
"Following ILO guidelines (ILO school-to-work transition survey: a methodological guide, International Labor Office, Geneva, 2009), this paper constructs an original transition indicator from college to the labor market for selected Italian universities based on the method of penalty coefficient of variation (or Mazziotta - Pareto Index). The methodology offers the opportunity to build a single transition measure, capable to take into account the idiosyncratic (e.g., region specific) characteristics of the labor market. The analysis focuses on universities in Campania (one of the most economically important Southern Italy regions), being part of a recently completed (fall 2015) statistical project designed to study labor market dynamics and university performance. This is relevant since our sample can be considered a proxy for Southern Italy, and probably for Southern European regions, for the duality of the labor market, the presence of a large underground sector, the characteristics of labor demand side (small firms, operating into manufacturing). The paper shows that these universities rank just below the average value of the transition indicator. We identify two main reasons: (i) the lack of contractual instruments that allow adequate work and training experience that should have been acquired during the college years; (ii) the relatively low labor demand for highly educated workers due to the production structure concentrated on traditional manufacturing sectors (and by this end, characterized by intensive use of unskilled labor). Eventually, selected policy issues are discussed." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender gaps in performance: evidence from young lawyers (2017)
Azmat, Ghazala; Ferrer, Rosa;Zitatform
Azmat, Ghazala & Rosa Ferrer (2017): Gender gaps in performance: evidence from young lawyers. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 125, H. 5, S. 1306-1355. DOI:10.1086/693686
Abstract
"This paper documents the gender gap in performance among high-skilled professionals in the United States. On the basis of widely used performance measures in law firms, we find that male lawyers bill 10 percent more hours and bring in more than twice as much new client revenue as female lawyers. The differential impact across genders in the presence of young children and differences in aspirations to become a law firm partner account for a large share of the difference in performance. We show that accounting for performance has important consequences for gender gaps in lawyers' earnings and subsequent promotion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: CEP discussion paper , 1136 -
Literaturhinweis
Higher education funding reforms: a comprehensive analysis of educational and labor market outcomes in England (2017)
Azmat, Ghazala; Simion, Stefania;Zitatform
Azmat, Ghazala & Stefania Simion (2017): Higher education funding reforms. A comprehensive analysis of educational and labor market outcomes in England. (IZA discussion paper 11083), Bonn, 49 S.
Abstract
"This paper investigates the impact of changes in the funding of higher education in England on students' choices and outcomes. Over the last two decades - through three major reforms in 1998, 2006 and 2012 - undergraduate university education in public universities moved from being free to students and state funded to charging substantial tuition fees to all students. This was done in conjunction with the government offering generous means-tested maintenance grants and loans. Using detailed longitudinal micro-data that follows all students attending state schools in England (more than 90 percent of all school-aged children) from lower education to higher education, we document the socio-economic distributional effects of the 2006 and 2012 policy reforms on a comprehensive set of outcomes, including enrolment, relocation decisions, selection of institution, program of study, and performance within university. For a subset of students, we track them after completing higher education, allowing us to study the labor market effects of the policy reforms. Despite the substantial higher education funding reforms, we do not find large aggregate effect on student enrolment or on other margins. Moreover, the small negative impacts found on the enrolment were largely borne on those in higher parts of the wealth distribution - reducing the enrolment gap across socio-economic groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: CEP discussion paper , 1529 -
Literaturhinweis
Does the gender composition of scientific committees matter? (2017)
Bagues, Manuel; Sylos-Labini, Mauro; Zinovyeva, Natalia;Zitatform
Bagues, Manuel, Mauro Sylos-Labini & Natalia Zinovyeva (2017): Does the gender composition of scientific committees matter? In: The American economic review, Jg. 107, H. 4, S. 1207-1238. DOI:10.1257/aer.20151211
Abstract
"We analyze how a larger presence of female evaluators affects committee decision-making using information on 100,000 applications to associate and full professorships in Italy and Spain. These applications were assessed by 8,000 randomly selected evaluators. A larger number of women in evaluation committees does not increase either the quantity or the quality of female candidates who qualify. Information from individual voting reports suggests that female evaluators are not significantly more favorable toward female candidates. At the same time, male evaluators become less favorable toward female candidates as soon as a female evaluator joins the committee." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die Bedeutung von Auslandsaufenthalten auf dem Weg zur Professur: drei Karrieresysteme im Vergleich (2017)
Beyer, Stephanie; Massih-Tehrani, Nilgun;Zitatform
Beyer, Stephanie & Nilgun Massih-Tehrani (2017): Die Bedeutung von Auslandsaufenthalten auf dem Weg zur Professur. Drei Karrieresysteme im Vergleich. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 70, H. 5, S. 330-339., 2017-01-16. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2017-5-330
Abstract
"Im Kontext der Internationalisierung von Wissenschaft und der zunehmenden Relevanz von Rankings orientieren sich Reformen im europäischen Hochschulraum vor allem am US-amerikanischen System. Als ein Resultat dieser Entwicklung wird es für den Karriereerfolg europäischer Nachwuchswissenschaftler zunehmend wichtiger, einen Auslandsaufenthalt zu absolvieren - vorzugsweise an einer englischsprachigen Eliteuniversität. Die Bedeutung von Auslandsaufenthalten ist jedoch auch von den nationalen akademischen Karrieresystemen und der jeweiligen Wissenschaftstradition einer Disziplin geprägt. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen die Autorinnen Auslandsaufenthalte von Wissenschaftlern des Fachs Soziologie in Deutschland, Frankreich und den USA. Die Ergebnisse veranschaulichen, dass sich die Bedeutung von Auslandsaufenthalten stark unterscheidet. Anhand von Netzwerkanalysen wird gezeigt, dass solche Aufenthalte in der Phase zwischen Promotion und erster Professur insbesondere in der deutschen Soziologie von zentraler Bedeutung sind, während sie in Frankreich bisher kaum eine Rolle spielen und US-amerikanische Soziologieprofessoren meist erst ins Ausland gehen, nachdem sie eine Professur auf Lebenszeit erreicht haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Moving home again? Never! The locational choices of graduates in Sweden (2017)
Zitatform
Bjerke, Lina & Charlotta Mellander (2017): Moving home again? Never! The locational choices of graduates in Sweden. In: The annals of regional science, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 707-729. DOI:10.1007/s00168-016-0777-2
Abstract
"Two major challenges in Europe's rural areas are an aging population and the diminishing share of human capital. While this pattern has been occurring for a long time, the effects are becoming acutely visible and impactful. The long-term loss of younger individuals has in many ways 'drained' the labor market and the economic market power of rural areas. This is the context of our research: the locational choice of university graduates from an urban - rural perspective. Using micro data covering the entire Swedish population, we identify all university graduates from the year 2001. We analyze them with respect to whether they live in a rural or urban region before starting university and where they live after graduation at two points in time: 5 and 10 years. We use a series of multinomial logit regressions to determine what factors affect their short-term and long-term choices of location. We find that having children is one of the most influential factors for moving back home after graduation, irrespective of type of region. We find only minor differences between the two time perspectives." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Income inequalities for recently graduated French workers: a multilevel modeling approach (2017)
Zitatform
Bunel, Mathieu & Jean-Pascal Guironnet (2017): Income inequalities for recently graduated French workers. A multilevel modeling approach. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 755-778. DOI:10.1007/s00181-016-1130-4
Abstract
"This paper presents a simultaneous study of the impact of gender, occupational and localization inequalities on the earnings of higher education graduates. The framework draws on both individual level (i.e., pertaining to the individual elements of groups) and aggregate level (i.e., pertaining to the group as a whole) data under a single specification. To take into account the selection process for employment, our multilevel model uses the Heckman two-step procedure. Occupational Groups (OG) are found to capture around 40 % of the wage heterogeneity, whereas Employment Area (EA) nests capture less than 10 %. Higher wages are offered to young workers in (1) OG dominated by seniors and (2) OG dominated by men. These group characteristics also influence gender inequalities: there is a higher wage penalty for women in (1) OG dominated by men and (2) OG dominated by senior workers. In contrast to gender inequality, immigrant inequalities manifest closer links to EA." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
PhDs' early career trajectories strongly differentiated (2017)
Calmand, Julien; Prieur, Marie- Hélène; Wolber, Odile;Zitatform
Calmand, Julien, Marie- Hélène Prieur & Odile Wolber (2017): PhDs' early career trajectories strongly differentiated. (Training and Employment 127), 4 S.
Abstract
"For those who obtained their PhDs in 2010, research remains the main opening. If they embark on careers in public-sector research, their trajectories during the first five years of their working lives are synonymous with periods of temporary employment of varying lengths. These trajectories contrast sharply with those of PhDs who seek employment in the private sector at a very early stage in their careers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Why do they return? Beyond the economic drivers of graduate return migration (2017)
Zitatform
Crescenzi, Riccardo, Nancy Holman & Enrico Orru' (2017): Why do they return? Beyond the economic drivers of graduate return migration. In: The annals of regional science, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 603-627. DOI:10.1007/s00168-016-0762-9
Abstract
"This paper explores the factors that shape the location choices of formerly mobile graduates (FMGs) initially resident in Sardinia, Italy, a less developed European region. Combining qualitative and quantitative techniques, the paper examines the reasons why some individuals decide to return after their studies, the factors that shape their decisions and how these choices unfolded in space and time. It counters the literature, which suggests that migration is a one-off linear process driven only by wealth-maximising behaviour, positing rather that access to opportunities in open meritocratic job markets and circular migration trajectories are far more salient to FMGs. This suggests that policy makers should concentrate on promoting labour market opportunities and invest in social networks that will aid brain circulation." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
International mobility and wages: an analysis of Italian Ph.D. graduates (2017)
Zitatform
DiCintio, Marco & Emanuele Grassi (2017): International mobility and wages: an analysis of Italian Ph.D. graduates. In: The annals of regional science, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 759-791. DOI:10.1007/s00168-016-0749-6
Abstract
"Following a recent stream of research that focuses on the migration of high-skilled workers, this paper examines the wage performance of two cohorts of Italian Ph.D. graduates associated with international mobility. After controlling for the endogeneity of the migration decision, we find that labor mobility is associated with higher wages and that selection on unobservable traits is essential to address the issue of the returns to migration. Additionally, we do not find evidence of individual heterogeneity in the response of wages to migration. We also show that our results are always confirmed when we include two exclusion restrictions in the empirical model and when we restrict the analysis to different subpopulations." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Access to management jobs for young men and women: apparent equality misleading (2017)
Zitatform
DiPaola, Vanessa, Arnaud Dupray, Dominique Epiphane & Stéphanie Moullet (2017): Access to management jobs for young men and women. Apparent equality misleading. (Training and Employment 132), 4 S.
Abstract
"In 2013, the share of young women employed in management positions1 three years after their entry into the labour market reached parity for the first time with that for young men. Nevertheless, their access to management jobs at the beginning of their working lives still does not match the scale of their investment in education. The process of catching up with their male counterparts by accessing management jobs in much greater numbers than previously is not keeping pace with the rise in their levels of qualification." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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