Zitatform

Möhring, Katja (2018): Is there a motherhood penalty in retirement income in Europe? The role of lifecourse and institutional characteristics. In: Ageing and society, Jg. 38, H. 12, S. 2560-2589. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X17000812

Abstract

"This study examines the retirement income of women in Europe, focusing on the effect of motherhood. Due to their more interrupted working careers compared to non-mothers and fathers, mothers are likely to accumulate fewer pension entitlements, and consequently, to receive lower incomes in later life. However, pension systems in Europe vary widely in the degree to which they compensate for care-related career interruptions by means of redistributive elements or pension care entitlements. Therefore, care interruptions may matter for the retirement income of women in some countries, but may be rather irrelevant in others. On the basis of life history data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARELIFE) for women aged between 60 and 75 years in 13 European countries, the interplay of individual lifecourse characteristics with institutional and structural factors is examined. The results show that the lower retirement income of mothers is mainly a result of fewer years in employment and lower-status jobs throughout the lifecourse. The analysis of institutional factors reveals that pension care entitlements are not able to provide a compensation for care-related cutbacks in working life. A generally redistributive design of the pension system including basic or targeted pension schemes, in contrast, appears as an effective measure to balance differences in employment participation over the lifecourse." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schurer, Stefanie & Kristian Trajkovski (2018): Understanding the mechanisms through which adverse childhood experiences affect lifetime economic outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 11450), Bonn, 47 S.

Abstract

"Over the past two decades, researchers have shown a growing interest in the role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) - children's confrontation with maltreatment and household dysfunction - in shaping lifetime opportunities. However, this is the first study to quantify the economic penalties of ACEs and identify the mechanisms which produce the relationship. We source data from the National Child Development Study to construct an ACE index based on prospective childhood information and estimate an earnings penalty of 7.3 percent for each additional ACE, a 53.1 percent higher probability of being welfare dependent, and a 34 percent higher probability of poverty at age 55, controlling for important background factors measured in childhood. The results are driven by parental neglect, a component of the ACE index based on teacher assessments. Observed differences in later-life earnings between children with and without neglect exposure can be fully explained by observable differences in human capital accumulated by age 33. The productivity loss in an economy due to parental failures to nurture and protect their children is likely to be high. Our findings contribute to a wider discussion on the multidimensionality and expanding definitions of childhood poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schwandt, Hannes & Till M. von Wachter (2018): Unlucky cohorts: Estimating the long-term effects of entering the labor market in a recession in large cross-sectional data sets. (NBER working paper 25141), Cambrige, Mass., 68 S. DOI:10.3386/w25141

Abstract

"This paper studies the differential persistent effects of initial economic conditions for labor market entrants in the United States from 1976 to 2015 by education, gender, and race using labor force survey data. We find persistent earnings and wage reductions especially for less advantaged entrants that increases in government support only partly offset. We confirm the results are unaffected by selective migration and labor market entry by also using a double-weighted average unemployment rate at labor market entry for each birth cohort and state-of-birth cell based on average state migration rates and average cohort education rates from Census data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Aaberge, Rolf, Anthony B. Atkinson & Jorgen Modalsli (2017): On the measurement of long-run income inequality. Empirical evidence from Norway, 1875-2013. (IZA discussion paper 10574), Bonn, 85 S.

Abstract

"In seeking to understand inequality today, a great deal can be learned from history. However, there are few countries for which the long-run development of income inequality has been charted. Many countries have records of incomes, taxes and social support. This paper presents a new methodology constructing income inequality indices from such data. The methodology is applied to Norway, for which rich historical data sources exist. Taking careful account of the definition of income and population and the availability of micro data starting in 1967, an upper and lower bound for the pre-tax income Gini coefficient is produced." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Adda, Jérôme, Christian Dustmann & Katrien Stevens (2017): The career costs of children. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 125, H. 2, S. 293-337. DOI:10.1086/690952

Abstract

"We estimate a dynamic life cycle model of labor supply, fertility, and savings, incorporating occupational choices, with specific wage paths and skill atrophy that vary over the career. This allows us to understand the trade-off between occupational choice and desired fertility, as well as sorting both into the labor market and across occupations. We quantify the life cycle career costs associated with children, how they decompose into loss of skills during interruptions, lost earnings opportunities, and selection into more child-friendly occupations. We analyze the long-run effects of policies that encourage fertility and show that they are considerably smaller than short-run effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bhuller, Manudeep, Magne Mogstad & Kjell G. Salvanes (2017): Life-cycle earnings, education premiums, and internal rates of return. In: Journal of Labor Economics, Jg. 35, H. 4, S. 993-1030. DOI:10.1086/692509

Abstract

"Using Norwegian population panel data with nearly career-long earnings histories, we provide a detailed picture of the causal relationship between schooling and earnings over the life cycle. To address selection bias, we apply three commonly used identification strategies. We find that additional schooling gives higher lifetime earnings and a steeper age-earnings profile, in line with predictions from human capital theory. Our preferred estimates imply an internal rate of return of around 11%, suggesting that it was highly profitable to acquire additional schooling. Our analysis reveals that Mincer regressions dramatically understate the returns to schooling because key assumptions are violated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Boll, Christina, Malte Jahn & Andreas Lagemann (2017): The gender lifetime earnings gap - exploring gendered pay from the life course perspective. (HWWI research paper 179), Hamburg, 50 S.

Abstract

Research on the gender earnings divide so far mostly focuses on the gender gap in hourly wages which, due to its snapshot nature, is inappropriate to capture the biographical dimension of gendered pay. With the 'gender lifetime earnings gap' (GLEG), we introduce a new measure that meets this requirement. Based on a group of 93,511 German individuals born 1950-64 from the 'Sample of Integrated Labour Market Biographies' (SIAB 7510), we find that at the end of the employment career, women accumulated 49.8 % less earnings than men. Thus, the GLEG is more than twice as high as the current German gender pay gap. The GLEG is the largest (smallest) at the bottom (top) of the earnings distribution. It most prominently widens during the period of family formation (age 25-35). Relatedly, gender differences in endowments, mainly in terms of experience and hours, answer for three quarters of the GLEG. For younger cohorts, family breaks tend to lose importance whereas the role of work hours remains unchanged. Furthermore, the GLEG notably differs between occupational segments.

Zitatform

Brunello, Giorgio, Guglielmo Weber & Christoph T. Weiss (2017): Books are forever. Early life conditions, education and lifetime earnings in Europe. In: The economic journal, Jg. 127, H. 600, S. 271-296. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12307

Abstract

"We estimate the effect of education on lifetime earnings by distinguishing between individuals who lived in rural or urban areas during childhood and between individuals with access to many or few books at home at age 10. We instrument years of education using compulsory school reforms and find that, whereas individuals in rural areas were most affected by the reforms, those with many books enjoyed substantially higher returns to their additional education. We show that books retain explanatory power even when we select relatively homogeneous groups in terms of the economic position of the household." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Guvenen, Fatih, Greg Kaplan, Jae Song & Justin Weidner (2017): Lifetime incomes in the United States over six decades. (NBER working paper 23371), Cambrige, Mass., 76 S. DOI:10.3386/w23371

Abstract

"Using panel data on individual labor income histories from 1957 to 2013, we document two empirical facts about the distribution of lifetime income in the United States. First, from the cohort that entered the labor market in 1967 to the cohort that entered in 1983, median lifetime income of men declined by 10% - 19%. We find little-to-no rise in the lower three-quarters of the percentiles of the male lifetime income distribution during this period. Accounting for rising employer-provided health and pension benefits partly mitigates these findings but does not alter the substantive conclusions. For women, median lifetime income increased by 22% - 33% from the 1957 to the 1983 cohort, but these gains were relative to very low lifetime income for the earliest cohort. Much of the difference between newer and older cohorts is attributed to differences in income during the early years in the labor market. Partial life-cycle profiles of income observed for cohorts that are currently in the labor market indicate that the stagnation of lifetime incomes is unlikely to reverse. Second, we find that inequality in lifetime incomes has increased significantly within each gender group. However, the closing lifetime gender gap has kept overall lifetime inequality virtually flat. The increase within gender groups is largely attributed to an increase in inequality at young ages, and partial life-cycle income data for younger cohorts indicate that the increase in inequality is likely to continue. Overall, our findings point to the substantial changes in labor market outcomes for younger workers as a critical driver of trends in both the level and inequality of lifetime income over the past 50 years." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Haan, Peter, Daniel Kemptner & Victoria Prowse (2017): Insurance, redistribution, and the inequality of lifetime income. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1716), Berlin, 53 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we study how the tax-and-transfer system reduces the inequality of lifetime income by redistributing lifetime earnings between individuals with different skill endowments and by providing individuals with insurance against lifetime earnings risk. Based on a dynamic life-cycle model, we find that redistribution through the tax-and-transfer system offsets around half of the inequality in lifetime earnings that is due to differences in skill endowments. At the same time, taxes and transfers mitigate around 60% of the inequality in lifetime earnings that is attributable to employment and health risk. Progressive taxation of annual earnings provides little insurance against lifetime earnings risk. The lifetime insurance effects of taxation may be improved by moving to a progressive tax on lifetime earnings. Similarly, the lifetime insurance and redistributive effects of social assistance may be improved by requiring wealthy individuals to repay any social assistance received when younger." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Haan, Peter, Daniel Kemptner & Holger Lüthen (2017): The rising longevity gap by lifetime earnings. Distributional implications for the pension system. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1698), Berlin, 49 S.

Abstract

"This study uses German social security records to provide novel evidence about the heterogeneity in life expectancy by lifetime earnings and, additionally, documents the distributional implications of this earnings-related heterogeneity. We find a strong association between lifetime earnings and life expectancy at age 65 and show that the longevity gap is increasing across cohorts. For West German men born 1926-28, the longevity gap between top and bottom decile amounts to about 4 years (about 30%). This gap increases to 7 years (almost 50%) for cohorts 1947-49. We extend our analysis to the household context and show that lifetime earnings are also related to the life expectancy of the spouse. The heterogeneity in life expectancy has sizable and relevant distributional consequences for the pension system: when accounting for heterogeneous life expectancy, we find that the German pension system is regressive despite a strong contributory link. We show that the internal rate of return of the pension system increases with lifetime earnings. Finally, we document an increase of the regressive structure across cohorts, which is consistent with the increasing longevity gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kochskämper, Susanna & Judith Niehues (2017): Entwicklung der Lebensverhältnisse im Alter. In: IW-Trends, Jg. 44, H. 1, S. 117-133. DOI:10.2373/1864-810X.17-01-07

Abstract

"Die Entwicklung der Lebensverhältnisse und der Teilhabe der Älteren am gesellschaftlichen Wohlstand nimmt eine zentrale Rolle in der Gerechtigkeitsdebatte ein. Eine deskriptive Analyse der Lebensverhältnisse in Deutschland auf Basis des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels zeigt, dass sich seit Mitte der 1980er Jahre die relative Einkommensposition Älterer deutlich verbessert hat. Über die vergangenen drei Jahrzehnte konnte die Ruhestandsbevölkerung im Durchschnitt höhere Realeinkommenszuwächse verbuchen als jüngere Alterskohorten. Entsprechend ist der Anteil älterer Menschen gesunken, die sich im unteren Einkommensfünftel der Gesellschaft befinden. Im Vergleich zu den 1980er Jahren leben dafür immer mehr Ältere in den mittleren und oberen Einkommensschichten. Hierzu passt, dass das Armutsrisiko im Alter erkennbar unter dem Durchschnitt jüngerer Vergleichsgruppen liegt. Allerdings unterscheidet sich die Wohlfahrtsposition im Alter stark nach dem vormaligen Erwerbsstatus und nach den ergänzenden Einkommensquellen. Erwerbseinkommen spielen beispielsweise bei (ehemals) Selbstständigen und im oberen Einkommensbereich der Rentner eine größere Rolle als bei ehemals abhängig Beschäftigten. Auch die Haushaltsstruktur ist relevant für die Einkommensposition im Alter. Anders als in der Gesamtbevölkerung hat sich im Betrachtungszeitraum seit Mitte der 1980er Jahre der Anteil alleinlebender Älterer deutlich reduziert. Auch dies dürfte einen dämpfenden Einfluss auf die Entwicklung des Armutsrisikos gehabt haben. Angesichts des relativ hohen Anteils an Singlehaushalten und armutsgefährdeten Personen in Ostdeutschland drohen dort aber künftig steigende Armutsrisiken im Alter, sollten vor allem die jüngeren Kohorten nicht ihr relativ hohes Armutsrisiko senken können. Insgesamt begründen die empirischen Befunde allein noch keinen politischen Handlungsbedarf, zumal bei korrigierenden Eingriffen in das gesetzliche Umlagesystem der Rentenversicherung immer auch die Verteilungswirkungen auf die jüngeren Generationen zu berücksichtigen sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lecavelier des Etangs-Levallois, Céline (2017): Overview of intergenerational earnings mobility in Germany. (THEMA working paper / Université de Cergy-Pontoise 2017-11), Cergy-Pontoise, 30 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyses intergenerational earnings mobility in Germany, reviewing the recent literature, further investigating the impact of sampling and methodological strategies and presenting alternative results. Using data from the German SocioEconomic Panel (SOEP), the aim is to evaluate the role of father’s earnings level on son’s one, taking a close look at attenuation and life-cycle biases. We first estimate the association of current and lifetime earnings over the life-cycle. We then estimate the intergenerational elasticity at 0.3. We average fathers’ earnings over different periods of time to evaluate and reduce attenuation bias, and we handle life-cycle bias by controlling son’s age span or adding the interaction between son’s age and father’s earnings in the regression equation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mohanty, Madhu S. & Aria Golestani (2017): How is the worker's weekly hour related to wage over the life cycle? The U.S. evidence. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 49, H. 26, S. 2532-2544. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2016.1243210

Abstract

"The current study estimates the relationship between weekly hours and weekly wage over the life cycle of a representative sample of workers. Recognizing the endogeneity of these two variables, the study estimates both equations in a simultaneous equations framework and demonstrates that the relationship between weekly hours and weekly wage is not uniform over the worker's life cycle. These two variables are negatively related when the workers are young and have a positive relationship when they are matured adults. This conclusion remains valid for both men and women. Our robustness check further confirms that workers respond to wage increases differently at different stages of their working career. This has interesting policy implications. Any policy to influence the worker's hours decision through wage incentive must consider the stage of his/her working career." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Neumeier, Christian, Todd Sorensen & Douglas Webber (2017): The implicit costs of motherhood over the lifecycle. Cross-cohort evidence from administrative longitudinal data. (IZA discussion paper 10558), Bonn, 29 S.

Abstract

"The explicit costs of raising a child have grown over the past several decades. Less well understood are the implicit costs of having a child, and how they have changed over time. In this paper we use longitudinal administrative data from over 70,000 individuals in the Synthetic SIPP Beta to examine the earnings gap between mothers and non-mothers over the lifecycle and between cohorts. We observe women who never have children beginning to out earn women who will have children during their 20s. Gaps increase monotonically over the lifecycle, and decrease monotonically between cohorts from age 26 onwards. In our oldest cohort, lifetime gaps approach $350,000 by age 62. Cumulative labor market experience profiles show similar patterns, with experience gaps between mothers and non-mothers generally increasing over the lifecycle and decreasing between cohorts. We decompose this cumulative gap in earnings (up to age 43) into portions attributable to time spent out of the labor force, differing levels of education, years of marriage and a number of demographic controls. We find that this gap between mothers and non-mothers declines from around $220,000 for women born in the late 1940s to around $160,000 for women born in the late 1960s. Over 80% of the change in this gap can be explained by variables in our model, with changes in labor force participation by far the best explanation for the declining gap. Comparing our oldest cohort as they approach retirement to the projected lifecycle behavior of the 1965 cohort, we find that the earnings gap is estimated to drop from $350,000 (observed) to $282,000 (expected) and that the experience gap drops from 3.7 to 2.1 years. We also explore the intensive margin costs of having a child. A decomposition of earnings gaps between mothers of one child and mothers of two children also controls for age at first birth. Here, we find a decline in the gap from around $78,000 for our oldest cohorts to around $37,000 for our youngest cohorts. Our model explains a smaller share of the intensive margin decline. Changes in absences from the labor market again explain a large amount of the decline, while differences in age at first birth widen the gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nybom, Martin & Jan Stuhler (2017): Biases in standard measures of intergenerational income dependence. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 52, H. 3, S. 800-825. DOI:10.3368/jhr.52.3.0715-7290R

Abstract

"Estimates of the most common mobility measure, the intergenerational elasticity, can be severely biased if snapshots are used to approximate lifetime income. However, little is known about biases in other popular dependence measures. Using long Swedish income series, we provide such evidence for log-linear and rank correlations, and rank-based transition probabilities. Attenuation bias is considerably weaker in rank-based measures. Life-cycle bias is strongest in the elasticity, moderate in log-linear correlations, and small in rank-based measures. However, there are important exceptions: persistence in the tails of the distribution is considerably higher and long-distance downward mobility lower than estimates from short-run income suggest." (Author's abstract, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

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Piopiunik, Marc & Ludger Wößmann (2017): Einkommenserträge von Bildungsabschlüssen im Lebensverlauf. Aktuelle Berechnungen für Deutschland. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 70, H. 7, S. 19-30.

Abstract

"Was bringt ein höherer Bildungsabschluss unter dem Strich? Wer eine Lehre macht, nimmt während der Ausbildungszeit als Lehrling Einkommenseinbußen im Vergleich zu einer ungelernten Tätigkeit in Kauf, hofft dann in der Folge aber auf höhere Arbeitseinkommen. Noch viel mehr gilt dies für jemanden, der ein Studium aufnimmt: Statt in Vollzeit zu arbeiten, verzichtet er im Vergleich zur Lehre für mehrere Jahre auf Erwerbseinkommen - in der Hoffnung, später ein höheres Einkommen erzielen zu können. Aber reichen die späteren Einkommenszuwächse aus, um die ursprünglichen Einkommenseinbußen zu kompensieren? Wie sieht das auf dem zweiten Bildungsweg aus? Und lohnt sich das mehr als ein Meisterabschluss? Diesen Fragen ist das ifo Zentrum für Bildungsökonomik in einem Projekt im Auftrag von Union Investment nachgegangen. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse sind hier zusammengefasst. Es zeigt sich, dass sich die Investition in einen höheren Bildungsabschluss wirtschaftlich lohnt. Ein höherer Abschluss geht mit höheren Monatseinkommen einher, mit einem geringeren Risiko, arbeitslos zu werden, sowie insgesamt mit sechsstelligen Zuwächsen beim Lebenseinkommen. Über das gesamte Arbeitsleben betrachtet liegt das Einkommen von Personen mit einer Lehrausbildung um 143 000 Euro über dem Lebenseinkommen von Personen ohne beruflichen Ausbildungsabschluss. Bei Personen mit Meister-/Technikerabschluss wiederum fällt das Lebenseinkommen 129 000 Euro höher aus als bei Personen, deren höchster Abschluss eine Lehre ist; bei Fachhochschulabsolventen sind es 267 000 Euro, bei Universitätsabsolventen 387 000 Euro. Dabei zeigen sich aber auch große Unterschiede nach Region, Geschlecht und insbesondere Fachrichtung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Stockhausen, Maximilian (2017): Wie der Vater, so der Sohn? Zur intergenerationalen Einkommensmobilität in Deutschland. In: IW-Trends, Jg. 44, H. 4, S. 57-74. DOI:10.2373/1864-810X.17-04-05

Abstract

"Soziale Ungleichheiten sind komplex und vielschichtig. Was ein gutes Leben ausmacht und was gerecht ist, wird sehr unterschiedlich beurteilt. Ähnliches gilt für die soziale Mobilität, die in der Ökonomie zumeist den Zusammenhang zwischen den Einkommen von Eltern und ihren Kindern meint. Einkommen stehen im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung, da sie die Entwicklungs- und Teilhabemöglichkeiten von Menschen in unserer Gesellschaft maßgeblich beeinflussen. Letztlich geht es um das Ideal, dass es den Kindern einmal besser gehen soll als ihren Eltern. Deshalb wird untersucht, welche absolute und relative Einkommensmobilität über die Generationen besteht. Es zeigt sich, dass 63 Prozent der westdeutschen Söhne der Jahrgänge von 1955 bis 1975 ein zum Teil deutlich höheres Arbeitseinkommen als ihre Väter erzielten. Dabei gelang den Söhnen mit Vätern aus dem untersten Einkommensbereich besonders häufig der soziale Aufstieg. Die Analyse konzentriert sich auf Väter und ihre Söhne, da Mütter und Töchter noch immer über unstetere Erwerbsbiografien verfügen, die eine verknüpfende Analyse deutlich erschweren. Ostdeutschland bleibt wegen des Strukturbruchs durch die Wende und des zu kurzen Beobachtungszeitraums unberücksichtigt. Ein direkter Vergleich mit den USA macht deutlich, dass in Deutschland eine höhere Einkommensmobilität besteht. Das betrifft die absolute wie die relative Einkommensmobilität. Sozialer Aufstieg ist in Deutschland möglich und den heutigen Erwachsenen geht es mehrheitlich besser als ihren Eltern. Das wirtschaftliche Wachstum konnte in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten in Deutschland breiter verteilt werden, sodass große Bevölkerungsteile an dem gestiegenen Wohlstand teilhaben konnten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Stüber, Heiko (2017): Bildungsrenditen beruflicher und akademischer Abschlüsse. In: J. Lange (Hrsg.) (2017): Ausbildung oder Studium? : Bildungsangebot und Berufsfindung zwischen individuellen Wünschen und gesellschaftlichen Bedarfen (Loccumer Protokolle, 2015,58), S. 35-43, 2016-08-26.

Abstract

"Zentrale Risikofaktoren für Arbeitslosigkeit sind eine geringe schulische Qualifikation und eine fehlende berufliche Ausbildung. Daher sollte es zur Vermeidung von (Jugend-) Arbeitslosigkeit arbeitsmarktpolitisch hohe Priorität haben, Jugendliche und Personen ohne Berufsausbildung zu motivieren, eine Berufsausbildung abzuschließen und sie nach dem Abschluss möglichst schnell in den Arbeitsmarkt zu integrieren.
Eine berufliche Ausbildung verringert nicht nur die Wahrscheinlichkeit arbeitslos zu werden, durch sie erreicht man durchschnittlich auch ein höheres Lebenseinkommen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Austen, Siobhan & Astghik Mavisakalyan (2016): Gender gaps in long-term earnings and retirement wealth. The effects of education and parenthood. In: The journal of industrial relations, Jg. 60, H. 4, S. 492-516. DOI:10.1177/0022185618767474

Abstract

"We measure gender gaps in long-term earnings and retirement wealth over the 15-year period from 2001 to 2015. Our analysis of data from the Housing, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey generates new estimates of the effects of education on men's and women's long-term earnings. These show that whilst university qualifications improve women's long-term earnings, university education does not, on average, lift women's earnings above those attained by men with a high school qualification. The increment in long-term earnings associated with parenthood also shows a large gender gap favouring men. Parenthood is associated with higher long-term earnings for men but on average this factor has a strong negative association with women's earnings. The article also maps the consequences of the gender gap in long-term earnings for retirement wealth in the form of superannuation. The results show how the large gender gaps in retirement wealth reflect in large part the economic costs arising from the gendered division of roles associated with parenthood in many Australian households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bachmann, Ronald, Peggy Bechara, Rahel Felder, Sylvi Rzepka & Sandra Schaffner (2016): Risiken atypischer Beschäftigungsformen für die berufliche Entwicklung und Erwerbseinkommen im Lebensverlauf. Endbericht. (Lebenslagen in Deutschland. Armuts- und Reichtumsberichterstattung der Bundesregierung 05), Berlin, 215 S.

Abstract

"Vom Normalarbeitsverhältnis abweichende Beschäftigungsformen werden unter dem Begriff 'atypische Beschäftigung' zusammengefasst. Das Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die Auswirkungen von Perioden in atypischer Beschäftigung auf die Erwerbsbiografie zu untersuchen. Insbesondere ist dabei von Interesse, ob atypische Beschäftigung eher zur Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt beiträgt (Brückeneffekt) oder aber vielmehr zum Verbleib in atypischer Beschäftigung führt (Einsperreffekt). Zur Beurteilung dieser Frage sollen neben der Ausprägung der Beschäftigung als solche auch andere die Erwerbsbiografie betreffende Aspekte betrachtet werden. Die Analysen basieren auf der Verbindung von Daten des Nationalen Bildungspanels (Startkohorte Erwachsene) und administrativen Daten des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Diese erlauben die Unterscheidung von Teilzeitbeschäftigung, geringfügiger Beschäftigung, Befristung, Arbeitnehmerüberlassung und freier Mitarbeit. Methodisch kommen insbesondere fixed-effects-Regressionen und dynamische Panelmodelle zum Einsatz." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bastholm Andrade, Stefan (2016): Class origin and sibling similarities in long-term income. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 59, H. 4, S. 309-331. DOI:10.1177/0001699316647430

Abstract

"Sibling correlations have gained increasing prominence in inequality studies as a measurement of the total impact of family background on individual outcomes. Whilst previous studies have tended to use traditional socio-economic measures such as parent's income or education, this paper introduces an analytical class approach to sibling studies by analysing how much of the influence that siblings share in their long-term income results from class origin. Data are from Statistics Denmark and consist of 290,399 individuals born between 1963 and 1973. Models are estimated which - in addition to parents' education and income - include modifications of the Erikson - Goldthorpe - Portocarero schemes ranging from 3 to 15 classes and Grusky's microclass scheme of 72 classes. The results show that although class adds to explanations of the family influence on children's income, most of the sibling similarities are not explained by parental education, income or class. Depending on gender, the class schemes explain between 8 and 13 per cent of the sibling similarities and 15 to 20 per cent when parents' income and educations are also included. Models with different class schemes demonstrate that elaborated versions of the EGP class scheme add little to the explanation of similarities between brothers, sisters and mixed siblings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bauer, Thomas K., Florian Beyer, Julia Bredtmann, Sebastian Otten, Julia Piel, Katja Sabisch & Magdalena A. Stroka (2016): Die Auswirkungen von Familienarbeit auf die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation, das (Alters-)Einkommen und die Gesundheit von Frauen. Eine empirische Analyse. (RWI-Materialien 102), Essen, 67 S.

Abstract

"Nicht zuletzt aufgrund des zu erwartenden Fachkräftemangels in Deutschland ist eine fortlaufende Analyse der Faktoren, die einer Erhöhung der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen entgegenstehen, wirtschafts- und gesellschaftspolitisch zwingend erforderlich. Eine von den politischen Akteuren weniger beachtete und in der Öffentlichkeit seltener diskutierte jedoch ungleich bedeutendere Ursache für die geringere Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen ist deren höhere Belastung durch 'Familienarbeit'. Als Familienarbeit werden unbezahlte Tätigkeiten im Haushalt, wie die Erziehung von Kindern oder die Pflege Angehöriger, bezeichnet. Das interdisziplinär angelegte empirische Forschungsprojekt versucht, auf Basis soziologischer und ökonomischer Theorien zur Organisation von Familien und unter Verwendung einer Vielfalt empirischer Methoden und verschiedener innovativer Datensätze (i) belastbare empirische Evidenz zu dem Ausmaß geschlechterspezifischer Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Engagements in unbezahlter Arbeit zu generieren und (ii) die Konsequenzen einer höheren Belastung mit Familienarbeit für die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation, das Einkommen, die Alterssicherung und die Gesundheit der Betroffenen zu analysieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Brandt, Gesche (2016): Einkommensunterschiede von Akademikerinnen und Akademikern im Erwerbsverlauf. In: Beiträge zur Hochschulforschung, Jg. 38, H. 4, S. 40-61.

Abstract

"In Deutschland verdienen weibliche Hochschulabsolventen sowohl beim Berufseinstieg als auch langfristig deutlich weniger als männliche. Dafür können sowohl Unterschiede in den Studienmerkmalen verantwortlich sein als auch Unterschiede in den beruflichen Werdegängen. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht, wie sich die Erklärungskraft verschiedener Faktoren für diese Einkommensdifferenzen über die ersten zehn Berufsjahre verändert. In der Phase des Berufseinstiegs lassen sich Einkommensunterschiede von Frauen und Männern zu großen Teilen dadurch erklären, dass im Studium andere Fähigkeiten und Qualifikationen erworben wurden, die mit den jeweils gewählten Studienfächern zusammenhängen. Zehn Jahre nach dem Abschluss wird die Einkommensdifferenz überwiegend durch die im Beruf erworbenen Fähigkeiten und Erfahrungen bestimmt. Eine besondere Rolle spielen dabei Erwerbsunterbrechungen durch Elternzeit oder Teilzeit- und Nichterwerbsphasen, die überwiegend Frauen betreffen und das Einkommen negativ beeinflussen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Carr, Michael D. & Emily E. Wiemers (2016): The decline in lifetime earnings mobility in the U.S. Evidence from survey-linked administrative data. Chicago, 40 S.

Abstract

"There is a sizable literature that examines whether intergenerational mobility has declined as inequality has increased. This literature is motivated by a desire to understand whether increasing inequality has made it more difficult to rise from humble origins. An equally important component of economic mobility is the ability to move across the earnings distribution during one's own working years. We use survey-linked administrative data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation to examine trends in lifetime earnings mobility since 1981. These unique data allow us to produce the first estimates of lifetime earnings mobility from administrative earnings across gender and education subgroups. In contrast to much of the existing literature, we find that lifetime earnings mobility has declined since the early 1980s as inequality has increased. Declines in lifetime earnings mobility are largest for college-educated workers though mobility has declined for men and women and across the distribution of educational attainment. One striking feature is the decline in upward mobility among middle-class workers, even those with a college degree. Across the distribution of educational attainment, the likelihood of moving to the top deciles of the earnings distribution for workers who start their career in the middle of the earnings distribution has declined by approximately 20% since the early 1980s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Daly, Moira, Dmytro Hryshko & Iourii Manovskii (2016): Improving the measurement of earnings dynamics. (NBER working paper 22938), Cambrige, Mass., 58 S. DOI:10.3386/w22938

Abstract

"The stochastic process for earnings is the key element of incomplete markets models in modern quantitative macroeconomics. We show that a simple modification of the canonical process used in the literature leads to a dramatic improvement in the measurement of earnings dynamics in administrative and survey data alike. Empirically, earnings at the start or end of earnings spells are lower and more volatile than the observations in the interior of earnings histories, reflecting the effects of working less than the full year as well as deviations of wages due to e.g. tenure effects. Ignoring these properties of earnings, as is standard in the literature, leads to a substantial mismeasurement of the variances of permanent and transitory shocks and induces the large and widely documented divergence in the estimates of these variances based on fitting the earnings moments in levels or growth rates. Accounting for these effects enables more accurate analysis using quantitative models with permanent and transitory earnings risk, and improves empirical estimates of consumption insurance against permanent earnings shocks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Leung, Man Yee Mallory, Fane Groes & Raul Santaeulalia-Llopis (2016): The relationship between age at first birth and mother's lifetime earnings. Evidence from Danish data. In: PLoS one, Jg. 11, H. 1, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0146989

Abstract

"Background: Having children creates career interruptions and reductions in labor income for women. This study documents the relation between the age at first birth (AFB) and women's labor income. We study these dynamics in the short run (i.e. ratio between labor income at AFB and two years prior to AFB) and long run (i.e., positive/negative differences in total lifetime labor income).
Methods: Using unique Danish administrative register data for the entire Danish population, we estimate the age-income profiles separately for college and non-college women conditional on marital status, and mothers' age at first birth (AFB). We compute the lifetime labor income differentials by taking the differences between the labor income of women with and without children at each AFB.
Results: The short-run loss in labor income, defined as the difference in percentages between the income earned two years prior to AFB and income earned at AFB, ranges from 37% to 65% for college women and from 40% to 53% for non-college women. These losses decrease monotonically with respect to AFB for both education groups. Our results on the lifetime labor income differentials between mothers and women without children also show a net effect that is monotonic (from negative to positive) in AFB. With AFB<25, the lifetime labor income loss for college women is -204%of their average annual labor income and this figure is -252% for non-college women. There are lifetime labor income gains with AFB>31. The largest gains for college women are 13% of their average annual income and this figure is 50% for non-college women.
Conclusion: Women have a large and unambiguous short-run reduction in labor income at their AFB. In terms of lifetime labor income, both college and non-college women, compared to childless women, are associated with lower income of more than twice their respective average annual income when bearing a child at AFB<25. In other words, women with AFB<25 are associated with a lower lifetime income of more than two years of annual labor income. The lifetime labor incomes for college and non-college women associated with AFB>31 are relatively higher." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nybom, Martin & Jan Stuhler (2016): Heterogeneous income profiles and life-cycle bias in intergenerational mobility estimation. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 51, H. 1, S. 239-268. DOI:10.3368/jhr.51.1.239

Abstract

"Using short snapshots of income in intergenerational mobility estimation causes 'lifecycle bias' if the snapshots cannot mimic lifetime outcomes. We use uniquely long series of Swedish income data to show that this bias is large and to examine current strategies to reduce it. We confirm that lifecycle bias is smallest when incomes are measured around midlife, a central implication from a widely adopted generalization of the classical errors-in-variables model. However, the model cannot predict the ideal age of measurement or eliminate lifecycle bias at other ages. We illustrate how extensions of this model can reduce the bias further." (Author's abstract, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

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Stüber, Heiko (2016): Berufsspezifische Lebensentgelte: Qualifikation zahlt sich aus. (IAB-Kurzbericht 17/2016), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Bildung zahlt sich generell aus - bei den Einkommen im Laufe eines Erwerbslebens spielen die Berufswahl und eine qualifikationsadäquate Beschäftigung allerdings eine wesentliche Rolle. Berechnungen des IAB belegen, dass die durchschnittlichen Brutto-Lebensentgelte mit dem Anforderungsniveau der Tätigkeiten steigen. Daneben ist auch der Beruf selbst relevant für die Höhe der Einkommen. Der Autor zeigt für vier Anforderungsniveaus (Experten, Spezialisten, Fachkräfte und Helfer) sowie für vier Qualifikationsniveaus (Hochschulabschluss, Fortbildungsabschluss, Berufsausbildung und ohne Berufsausbildung), welche Brutto-Lebenseinkommen in unterschiedlichen Berufen durchschnittlich erzielt werden können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Suprinovič, Olga, Stefan Schneck & Rosemarie Kay (2016): Einmal Unternehmer, immer Unternehmer? Selbstständigkeit im Erwerbsverlauf. (IfM-Materialien 248), Bonn, 68 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Studie analysiert die Erwerbsverläufe von Selbstständigen unterschiedlicher Geburtskohorten. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die meisten Selbstständigen nur eine Selbstständigkeitsphase in ihrem Lebensverlauf aufweisen und ein großer Anteil von ihnen dauerhaft in der Selbstständigkeit verbleibt. Zugleich zeigt sich in jüngerer Vergangenheit eine zunehmende Diskontinuität der Erwerbsverläufe: Die Wechsel zwischen unterschiedlichen Erwerbsformen nehmen zu. Die Selbstständigkeit wird zudem immer häufiger frühzeitig wieder aufgegeben. Auch das Gründungsgeschehen wird zunehmend vielfältiger. So gewinnen in jüngerer Vergangenheit hybride Formen der Selbstständigkeit an Bedeutung, bei denen die Selbstständigkeit parallel zu einem anderen Erwerbsstatus aufgenommen wird. Die hybride Gründung gleicht jedoch nur bedingt einem Sprungbrett in eine ausschließliche Selbstständigkeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, dass Frauen über die Erwerbsspanne hinweg in der Tat um ein Vielfaches höhere Einkommenseinbußen hinnehmen müssen als es die Momentaufnahme des 'Gender Pay Gap' nahelegt. Familienbedingte Auszeiten sind langfristig keinesfalls lohnneutral, wie bspw. die Studie von Görlich & de Grip (2007) - allerdings mit weitaus jüngeren Daten - ergab, im Gegenteil: Frauen erleiden, zumindest bis zum Simulationshorizont im Alter 45, beträchtliche Einkommensverluste gegenüber durchgängig vollzeitbeschäftigten Frauen gleicher Bildung. Insofern unterstützen die Ergebnisse dieser Studie die Ergebnisse von Beblo & Wolf (2003) sowie Kunze (2002) und Boll (2011). Die Unterbrechungseffekte sind im Umfang weitaus höher als die Geschlechtereffekte. Dennoch bestehen auch zwischen durchgängig vollzeitbeschäftigten Frauen und Männern nennenswerte Einkommensunterschiede. Schließlich bestimmt auch die Berufswahl die Einkommensentwicklung der Männer und Frauen. Ein genderuntypisches Berufswahlverhalten junger Frauen führt jedoch nicht generell zu höheren Fraueneinkommen. Im Gegenteil: Insbesondere in sozialpflegerischen Berufen können Frauen, die auf Unterbrechungen ihrer Vollzeitbeschäftigung weitgehend verzichten, höhere Einkommen als Männer und zudem höhere Einkommen als Frauen in männerdominierten gewerblichen Berufen erzielen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bönke, Timm, Matthias Giesecke & Holger Lüthen (2015): The dynamics of earnings in Germany. Evidence from social security records. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1514), Berlin, 41 S.

Abstract

"Dieses Papier untersucht Erwerbseinkommensdynamiken und ihre langfristigen Trends in Deutschland. Wir zerlegen die gesamte Varianz der Einkommen in kurzfristige Unsicherheit (transitorische Varianz) und langfristige Einkommensungleichheit (permanente Varianz). Die verwendeten Daten erfassen die vollständigen Erwerbsbiographien westdeutscher Männer aus 40 Geburtskohorten (1935 - 1974). Die Analyse basiert auf sozialversicherungspflichtigen Einkommen, die im primären Erwerbsalter zwischen dem 25. und 59. Lebensjahr erzielt wurden. Im Beobachtungszeitraum von 1960 bis 2009 durchläuft der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt einen ausgeprägten Transformationsprozess. Charakterisierende Entwicklungen sind eine starke Deregulierung, ein abnehmender gewerkschaftlicher Organisationsgrad und eine Verlagerung der Beschäftigung aus dem industriellen Sektor in den Dienstleistungssektor. Unsere Ergebnisse reflektieren die spezifischen Entwicklungsphasen am deutschen Arbeitsmarkt und zeigen insgesamt einen deutlichen Anstieg der Einkommensvolatilität sowohl in der permanenten als auch der transitorischen Komponente. Der Anstieg in der transitorischen Komponente ist für junge Arbeitnehmer in den frühen 1970er Jahren und den 1990er Jahren besonders ausgeprägt, während die permanente Komponente insbesondere bei älteren Arbeitnehmern in den frühen 1980er Jahren und den 2000er Jahren ansteigt. Diese Ergebnisse deuten nicht nur auf einen deutlich erschwerten Arbeitsmarkteinstieg hin, sondern zeigen auch einen starken Anstieg der Lohnspreizung unter etablierten Arbeitnehmern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bönke, Timm, Giacomo Corneo & Holger Lüthen (2015): Lifetime earnings inequality in Germany. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 33, H. 1, S. 171-208. DOI:10.1086/677559

Abstract

"We employ German social security records to investigate intragenerational lifetime earnings inequality and mobility of yearly earnings for 35 cohorts, starting with the birth year 1935. Our main result is a striking secular rise of intragenerational inequality in lifetime earnings: West German men born in the early 1960s are likely to experience about 85% more lifetime inequality than their fathers. In contrast, both short-term and long-term intragenerational mobility are stable. Longer unemployment spells of workers at the bottom of the distribution of younger cohorts contribute to explaining 20% - 40% of the overall increase in lifetime earnings inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dietz, Martin & Christopher Osiander (2015): Qualifizierung und Weiterbildung von Arbeitslosen. Rechtlicher Rahmen, Schwierigkeiten und Lösungsansätze. In: C. Kreklau (Hrsg.) (2015): Handbuch der Aus- und Weiterbildung : Grundlagen der Bildungsarbeit - Ausbildungsfoerderung, S. 1-12, 2015-03-02.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit IAB-Forschungsergebnissen zum Themenkomplex Weiterbildung. Es werden drei zentrale Themen erläutert: Die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen der Qualifizierung von Arbeitslosen in Deutschland, Ergebnisse einer Studie zu Schwierigkeiten und Herausforderungen im Rahmen möglicher Weiterbildungsteilnahmen und Lösungsansätze. Zudem wird auf die finanziellen Erträge eingegangen, die sich durch Bildung und Ausbildung im Lebensverlauf im Durchschnitt ergeben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hanushek, Eric A., Guido Schwerdt, Simon Wiederhold & Ludger Wößmann (2015): Returns to skills around the world. Evidence from PIAAC. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 73, H. January, S. 103-130. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2014.10.006

Abstract

"Existing estimates of the labor-market returns to human capital give a distorted picture of the role of skills across different economies. International comparisons of earnings analyses rely almost exclusively on school attainment measures of human capital, and evidence incorporating direct measures of cognitive skills is mostly restricted to early-career workers in the United States. Analysis of the new PIAAC survey of adult skills over the full lifecycle in 23 countries shows that the focus on early-career earnings leads to underestimating the lifetime returns to skills by about one quarter. On average, a one-standard-deviation increase in numeracy skills is associated with an 18 percent wage increase among prime-age workers. But this masks considerable heterogeneity across countries. Eight countries, including all Nordic countries, have returns between 12 and 15 percent, while six are above 21 percent with the largest return being 28 percent in the United States. Estimates are remarkably robust to different earnings and skill measures, additional controls, and various subgroups. Instrumental-variable models that use skill variation stemming from school attainment, parental education, or compulsory-schooling laws provide even higher estimates. Intriguingly, returns to skills are systematically lower in countries with higher union density, stricter employment protection, and larger public-sector shares." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lindahl, Mikael, Mårten Palme, Sofia Sandgren Massih & Anna Sjögren (2015): Long-term intergenerational persistence of human capital. An empirical analysis of four generations. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 1-33.

Abstract

"Most previous studies of intergenerational transmission of human capital are restricted to two generations: how parents influence their children. In this study, we use a Swedish data set that links individual measures of lifetime earnings for three generations and data on educational attainment for four generations. We find that estimates obtained from data on two generations severely underestimate long-run intergenerational persistence in both labor earnings and educational attainments. Long-run social mobility is hence much lower than previously thought. We attribute this additional persistence to 'dynastic human capital' - the influence on human capital of more distant family members than parents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nybom, Martin & Jan Stuhler (2015): Biases in standard measures of intergenerational income dependence. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2015,13), Uppsala, 25 S.

Abstract

"Estimates of the most common mobility measure, the intergenerational elasticity, can be severely biased if snapshots are used to approximate lifetime income. However, little is known about biases in other popular dependence measures. We use long Swedish income series to provide such evidence for linear and rank correlations, and rank-based transition probabilities. Attenuation bias is considerably weaker in rank-based measures. Life-cycle bias is strongest in the elasticity; moderate in the linear correlation; and small in rank-based measures. However, with important exceptions: persistence in the tails of the distribution is considerably higher, and long-distance downward mobility considerably lower, than estimates from short-run income suggest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blundell, Richard, Michael Graber & Magne Mogstad (2014): Labor income dynamics and the insurance from taxes, transfers, and the family. (IZA discussion paper 7916), Bonn, 43 S.

Abstract

"What do labor income dynamics look like over the life-cycle? What is the relative importance of persistent shocks, transitory shocks and heterogeneous profiles? To what extent do taxes, transfers and the family attenuate these various factors in the evolution of life-cycle inequality? In this paper, we use rich Norwegian data to answer these important questions. We let individuals with different education levels have a separate income process; and within each skill group, we allow for non-stationarity in age and time, heterogeneous experience profiles, and shocks of varying persistence. We find that the income processes differ systematically by age, skill level and their interaction. To accurately describe labor income dynamics over the life-cycle, it is necessary to allow for heterogeneity by education levels and account for non-stationarity in age and time. Our findings suggest that the progressive nature of the Norwegian tax-transfer system plays a key role in attenuating the magnitude and persistence of income shocks, especially among the low skilled. By comparison, spouse's income matters less for the dynamics of inequality over the life-cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blundell, Richard (2014): Income dynamics and life-cycle inequality. Mechanisms and controversies. In: The economic journal, Jg. 124, H. 576, S. 289-318. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12133

Abstract

"This study focuses on the transmission of inequality over the working life. A model of constrained intertemporal choice is used to provide structure to the distributional dynamics of wages, earnings, income and consumption. The mechanisms used to insure labour market shocks are examined in a partial-insurance setting where the manner and scope for insurance depends on the access to credit, the information available to consumers and the durability of income shocks. Drawing on recent research, family labour supply, the credit market and the tax system are all shown to play a key role. These mechanisms vary in importance across different points of the life cycle and the business cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bönke, Timm & Holger Lüthen (2014): Lebenseinkommen von Arbeitnehmern in Deutschland. Ungleichheit verdoppelt sich zwischen den Geburtsjahrgängen 1935 und 1972. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 81, H. 49, S. 1271-1277.

Abstract

"Einkommensungleichheit wird zumeist im Hinblick auf ihre aktuelle Entwicklung betrachtet. Eine längerfristige Perspektive bietet die Möglichkeit, die Einkommenssituation der heutigen Generation mit der ihrer Elterngeneration zu vergleichen. Mithilfe eines neuartigen Datensatzes wird hier erstmals die Ungleichheit von Löhnen und Gehältern, die über das gesamte Erwerbsleben erzielt wurden, gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die Ungleichheit der Lebenseinkommen westdeutscher männlicher sozialversicherungspflichtiger Arbeitnehmer vom Jahrgang 1935 bis zum Jahrgang 1972 verdoppelt hat. Bis zu 40 Prozent dieses Anstiegs können auf die erhöhte Arbeitslosigkeit von Personen im unteren Bereich der Lohnverteilung zurückgeführt werden, der Rest wird durch eine verstärkte Spreizung der Löhne verursacht. Die gestiegene Ungleichheit in den Lebenseinkommen kann weitreichende Folgen haben. So ist zu erwarten, dass die Möglichkeiten, ein nennenswertes Vermögen aus eigener Anstrengung anzusparen, für die Bezieher unterer und mittlerer Lebenseinkommen für die hier betrachteten Geburtsjahrgänge zunehmend eingeschränkt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dickson, Matt, Fabien Postel-Vinay & Hélène Turon (2014): The lifetime earnings premium in the public sector. The view from Europe. (IZA discussion paper 8159), Bonn, 91 S.

Abstract

"In a context of widespread concern about budget deficits, it is important to assess whether public sector pay is in line with the private sector. Our paper proposes an estimation of differences in lifetime values of employment between public and private sectors for five European countries. We use data from the European Community Household Panel over the period 1994-2001 for Germany, the Netherlands, France, Italy and Spain. We look at lifetime values instead of wage levels because, as we show in our results, differences in earnings mobility, earnings volatility and job loss risk across sectors occur in many instances and these will matter to forward-looking individuals. When aggregated into a measure of lifetime value of employment in either sector, these differences yield estimates of the lifetime premium in the public sector for these five countries. We also present differences in the institutional and labour market structures in these countries and find that countries for which we estimate a positive lifetime premium in the public sector, i.e. France and Spain, are also the countries where access to the public sector requires costly entry procedures. This paper is to the best of our knowledge the first to use this dynamic approach applied to Europe, which we are able to do with a common dataset, time-period and model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dickson, Matt, Fabien Postel-Vinay & Hélène Turon (2014): The lifetime earnings premium in the public sector. The view from Europe. In: Labour economics, Jg. 31, H. December, S. 141-161. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2014.07.015

Abstract

"In a context of widespread concern about budget deficits, it is important to assess whether public sector pay is in line with the private sector. Our paper proposes an estimation of differences in lifetime values of employment between public and private sectors for five European countries. We use data from the European Community Household Panel over the period 1994-2001 for Germany, the Netherlands, France, Italy and Spain. We look at lifetime values instead of wage levels because, as we show in our results, differences in earnings mobility, earnings volatility and job loss risk across sectors occur in many instances and these will matter to forward-looking individuals. When aggregated into a measure of lifetime value of employment in either sector, these differences yield estimates of the lifetime premium in the public sector for these five countries. We also present differences in the institutional and labour market structures in these countries and find that countries for which we estimate a positive lifetime premium in the public sector, i.e. France and Spain, are also the countries where access to the public sector requires costly entry procedures. This paper is to the best of our knowledge the first to use this dynamic approach applied to Europe, which we are able to do with a common dataset, time-period and model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Guvenen, Fatih, Greg Kaplan & Jae Song (2014): The glass ceiling and the paper floor. Gender differences among top earners, 1981-2012. (NBER working paper 20560), Cambridge, Mass., 41 S. DOI:10.3386/w20560

Abstract

"We analyze changes in the gender structure at the top of the earnings distribution in the United States over the last 30 years using a 10% sample of individual earnings histories from the Social Security Administration. Despite making large inroads, females still constitute a small proportion of the top percentiles: the glass ceiling, albeit a thinner one, remains. We measure the contribution of changes in labor force participation, changes in the persistence of top earnings, and changes in industry and age composition to the change in the gender composition of top earners. A large proportion of the increased share of females among top earners is accounted for by the mending of, what we refer to as, the paper floor - the phenomenon whereby female top earners were much more likely than male top earners to drop out of the top percentiles. We also provide new evidence at the top of the earnings distribution for both genders: the rising share of top earnings accruing to workers in the Finance and Insurance industry, the relative transitory status of top earners, the emergence of top earnings gender gaps over the life cycle, and gender differences among lifetime top earners." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hidalgo-Hidalgo, Marisa (2014): Tracking can be more equitable than mixing. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 116, H. 4, S. 964-981. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12074

Abstract

"Parents and policy-makers often wonder whether and how the choice of a tracked or mixed educational system affects the equality of opportunity. I answer this question by analyzing the influence of peers on future educational results. I define an equal opportunity policy as one that maximizes the average lifetime income of the worst-off type of individuals in society (i.e., students from disadvantaged backgrounds). I find that tracking maximizes average lifetime income if the opportunity cost of college attendance is sufficiently high." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Jacobsen, Joyce, Melanie Khamis & Mutlu Yuksel (2014): Convergences in men's and women's life patterns. Lifetime work, lifetime earnings, and human capital investment. (IZA discussion paper 8425), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"The changes in women and men's work lives have been considerable in recent decades. Yet much of the recent research on gender differences in employment and earnings has been of a more snapshot nature rather than taking a longer comparative look at evolving patterns. In this paper, we use 50 years (1964-2013) of US Census Annual Demographic Files (March Current Population Survey) to track the changing returns to human capital (measured as both educational attainment and potential work experience), estimating comparable earnings equations by gender at each point in time. We consider the effects of sample selection over time for both women and men and show the rising effect of selection for women in recent years. Returns to education diverge for women and men over this period in the selection-adjusted results but converge in the OLS results, while returns to potential experience converge in both sets of results. We also create annual calculations of synthetic lifetime labor force participation, hours, and earnings that indicate convergence by gender in worklife patterns, but less convergence in recent years in lifetime earnings. Thus, while some convergence has indeed occurred, the underlying mechanisms causing convergence differ for women and men, reflecting continued fundamental differences in women's and men's life experiences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Karimi, Arizo (2014): The spacing of births and women's subsequent earnings. Evidence from a natural experiment. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2014,18), Uppsala, 37 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the consequences of the spacing of births for women's subsequent labor income and wages. Spacing births in longer intervals may allow women to re-enter the labor market between childbearing events, thereby avoiding expanded work interruptions and, in turn, reducing the negative effects of subsequent children. Based on arguably exogenous variation in birth spacing induced by pregnancy loss between the first two live births, the evidence provided in this paper supports this hypothesis and suggest that delaying the second birth by one year, on average, increases the probability of re-entering the labor market between births. Moreover, spacing births are found to increase both labor market participation and labor income over a long time period after second birth. Also long-run wages are positively affected, with a more pronounced effect for highly educated mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kässi, Otto (2014): Earnings dynamics of men and women in Finland. Permanent inequality versus earnings instability. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 46, H. 2, S. 451-478. DOI:10.1007/s00181-013-0693-6

Abstract

"I decompose the earnings variance of Finnish male and female workers into its permanent and transitory components using the approach of Baker (J Labor Econ,15:338 - 375, 1997) and Haider (J Labor Econ, 19:799 - 836, 2001) in the spirit of scientific replication. I find that the increasing earnings inequality of men and women is driven by both the transitory and permanent components of earnings. In addition, I find considerable differences in the earnings dynamics of men and women, that have been largely neglected in previous studies of earnings dynamics. The inequality among men is dominated by the permanent component. Conversely, permanent and transitory components are of comparable magnitudes to women. As a corollary, men experience more stable income paths but display larger permanent earnings differences.Women, on the other hand, face more unstable earnings profiles but show smaller permanent differences in earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schmillen, Achim & Heiko Stüber (2014): Lebensverdienste nach Qualifikation: Bildung lohnt sich ein Leben lang. (IAB-Kurzbericht 01/2014), Nürnberg, 7 S.

Abstract

"Bildung zahlt sich aus. Berechnungen des IAB zeigen, dass Hochschulabsolventen durchschnittlich bis zum 2,7-Fachen dessen verdienen, was Personen ohne beruflichen Abschluss erhalten. Aber auch eine Berufsausbildung ist ihr Geld wert. Über das ganze Erwerbsleben hinweg addieren sich die Bildungsprämien zu beachtlichen Summen - für alle Berufsabschlüsse, für Männer wie Frauen und in Ost wie West. Allerdings unterscheiden sich die Bildungsprämien zwischen den betrachteten Gruppen durchaus erheblich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Böckerman, Petri & Jari Vaniomäki (2013): Stature and life-time labor market outcomes. Accounting for unobserved differences. In: Labour economics, Jg. 24, H. October, S. 86-96. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2013.06.003

Abstract

"We use twin data matched to register-based individual information on earnings and employment to examine the effect of height on life-time labor market outcomes. The use of twin data allows us to remove otherwise unobserved ability and other differences. The twin pair difference estimates from instrumental variable estimation for genetically identical twins reveal a significant height - wage premium for women but not for men. This result implies that cognitive ability explains the effect of height on life-time earnings for men. Additional findings using capital income as the outcome variable suggest that discrimination against short persons may play a role for women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cervellati, Matteo & Uwe Sunde (2013): Life expectancy, schooling, and lifetime labor supply. Theory and evidence revisited. In: Econometrica, Jg. 81, H. 5, S. 2055-2086. DOI:10.3982/ECTA11169

Abstract

"This paper presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the role of life expectancy for optimal schooling and lifetime labor supply. The results of a simple prototype Ben-Porath model with age-specific survival rates show that an increase in lifetime labor supply is not a necessary, or a sufficient, condition for greater life expectancy to increase optimal schooling. The observed increase in survival rates during working ages that follows from the 'rectangularization' of the survival function is crucial for schooling and labor supply. The empirical results suggest that the relative benefits of schooling have been increasing across cohorts of U.S. men born between 1840 and 1930. A simple quantitative analysis shows that a realistic shift in the survival function can lead to an increase in schooling and a reduction in lifetime labor hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))