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Niedriglohnarbeitsmarkt

Immer mehr Beschäftigte arbeiten in Deutschland zu Niedriglöhnen. Vor allem junge Menschen sind davon betroffen. Bietet der Niedriglohnsektor eine Chance zum Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt oder ist er eine Sackgasse? Die IAB-Infoplattform erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.

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im Aspekt "Arbeitsplatzsuchtheorie"
  • Literaturhinweis

    Does neighbourhood unemployment affect the springboard effect of low pay? (2015)

    Plum, Alexander ; Knies, Gundi;

    Zitatform

    Plum, Alexander & Gundi Knies (2015): Does neighbourhood unemployment affect the springboard effect of low pay? (ISER working paper 2015-20), Colchester, 34 S.

    Abstract

    "There is considerable debate on whether the employment and earnings prospects are better for those on low pay or for the unemployed. We use Understanding Society data for England and estimate dynamic random effects panel models which show robust evidence that the future unemployment risk is lower for those who are currently on low pay compared to those who are currently unemployed and the low-paid also have a higher chance than the unemployed of becoming higher-paid. These findings are most marked in neighbourhoods with high unemployment which is attributable to the much poorer prospects of the unemployed in these neighbourhoods." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Minimum wages and female labor supply in Germany (2012)

    Bredemeier, Christian; Juessen, Falko;

    Zitatform

    Bredemeier, Christian & Falko Juessen (2012): Minimum wages and female labor supply in Germany. (IZA discussion paper 6892), Bonn, 32 S.

    Abstract

    "In Germany, there is a vivid political debate on introducing a general statutory minimum wage. In this paper, we study the effects of minimum wages on labor supply using a structural household model where we distinguish between married and single households. In the model, labor supply of married women reacts positively and relatively strongly to minimum wages which we model as a wage subsidy as proposed in the German political debate. By contrast, other population subgroups show ambiguous reactions. An empirical analysis for Germany shows that minimum wages would affect total labor supply only weakly. Yet, in our baseline experiments, average labor supply of married women increases by 3-5%, whereas hours supplied by married female recipients of the minimum wage may increase by up to 28%. Further, we find that costs of a subsidized minimum wage increase sharply in its level while its effects on labor supply level out." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Minimum wage, on-the-job search and employment: on the sectoral and aggregate equilibrium effect of the mandatory minimum wage (2012)

    Gavrel, Frédéric; Rebiere, Therese; Lebon, Isabelle;

    Zitatform

    Gavrel, Frédéric, Isabelle Lebon & Therese Rebiere (2012): Minimum wage, on-the-job search and employment. On the sectoral and aggregate equilibrium effect of the mandatory minimum wage. In: Economic Modelling, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 691-699. DOI:10.1016/j.econmod.2012.01.005

    Abstract

    "We study the impact of a minimum wage in a segmented labor market in which workers are at different stages of their careers. At the end of a learning-by-doing period, workers paid the minimum wage quit 'bad jobs' for better-paying 'good jobs', following an on-the-job search process with endogenous search intensity. A rise in the minimum wage reduces 'bad jobs' creation and prompts workers to keep their 'bad jobs' by reducing on-the-job search intensity. The ambiguous impact on unqualified employment replicates and explains the findings of several empirical studies. However, a minimum wage rise reduces overall employment and output." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Network-based job search: an analysis of monetary and non-monetary labor market outcomes for the low-status unemployed (2012)

    Krug, Gerhard ; Rebien, Martina;

    Zitatform

    Krug, Gerhard & Martina Rebien (2012): Network-based job search. An analysis of monetary and non-monetary labor market outcomes for the low-status unemployed. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 41, H. 4, S. 315-333., 2012-05-11. DOI:10.1515/zfsoz-2012-0405

    Abstract

    "Der Aufsatz analysiert den Einfluss der Informationsübertragung über soziale Netzwerke (Freunde, Verwandte und andere persönliche Kontakte) auf monetäre und nicht-monetäre Arbeitsmarkterträge. Die theoretische Basis der Analyse ist ein von Montgomery (1992) vorgeschlagenes suchtheoretisches Modell. Um kausale Effekte zu identifizieren, verwenden wir Propensity-Score-Matching. Unbeobachtete Heterogenität wird mit Hilfe von Rosenbaum-Bounds in der Analyse berücksichtigt. Als Datenbasis dient uns eine Befragung von geringqualifizierten und/oder Langzeitarbeitslosen. Im Zuge der Analyse stellt sich die weit verbreitete Vorgehensweise als irreführend heraus, den Einfluss sozialer Netzwerke auf der Basis eines Vergleichs verschiedener Wege zu identifizieren, auf denen Arbeitsplätze gefunden werden. Stattdessen schlagen wir vor, Personengruppen miteinander zu vergleichen, die mit bzw. ohne Einbindung sozialer Kontakte nach Arbeit gesucht haben. Aus einer solchen Analyse ergeben sich keinerlei Hinweise darauf, dass die Suche über soziale Netzwerke kausale Effekte auf monetäre Erträge wie den Lohn oder die Lohnzufriedenheit oder nichtmonetäre Aspekte wie die Jobzufriedenheit hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Krug, Gerhard ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Job search via social networks: An analysis of monetary and non-monetary returns for low-skilled unemployed (2011)

    Krug, Gerhard ; Rebien, Martina;

    Zitatform

    Krug, Gerhard & Martina Rebien (2011): Job search via social networks. An analysis of monetary and non-monetary returns for low-skilled unemployed. (IAB-Discussion Paper 23/2011), Nürnberg, 26 S.

    Abstract

    "Ausgehend von einem suchtheoretischen Modell analysieren wir die Effekte des Informationsflusses über soziale Netzwerke auf dem Arbeitsmarkt indem wir monetäre und nicht-monetäre Erträge aus Beschäftigung vergleichen, die über soziale Netzwerke und formale Wege gefunden wurden. Um kausale Effekte zu identifizieren wenden wir Propensity-Score-Matching auf Erhebungsdaten für geringqualifizierte Arbeitslose an. Mit Hilfe von Rosenbaum-Bounds können wir unbeobachtete Heterogenität in der Analyse berücksichtigen. Da der Vergleich nach Methode der Job-Findung irreführend sein kann, untersuchen wir auch den Effekt der reinen Jobsuche über soziale Netzwerke, unabhängig von der Methode der Job-Findung. Die Analyse zeigt keine Effekte sozialer Netzwerke für monetäre Erträge aus Beschäftigung und im besten Fall sehr schwache Hinweise auf kausale Effekte für nichtmonetäre Erträge." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Krug, Gerhard ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Explaining differences in job search outcomes between employed and unemployed job seekers (2011)

    Longhi, Simonetta; Taylor, Mark ;

    Zitatform

    Longhi, Simonetta & Mark Taylor (2011): Explaining differences in job search outcomes between employed and unemployed job seekers. (IZA discussion paper 5860), Bonn, 33 S.

    Abstract

    "We use individual data for Great Britain over the period 1992-2009 to compare the probability that employed and unemployed job seekers find a job and the quality of the job they find. The job finding rate of unemployed job seekers is 50 percent higher than that of employed job seekers, and this difference remains even when controlling for differences in observable worker characteristics and job search behaviour. We present evidence suggesting that these differences in the job finding probability is caused by behavioural differences between employed and unemployed job seekers rather than differences in characteristics. Consistent with search theory, we find that employed job seekers are more selective in evaluating job offers and are therefore less likely to find a job offer acceptable; for example, they are less likely to accept low-wage and temporary jobs, or jobs that do not meet their working hour requirements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Sweatshop equilibrium (2009)

    Chau, Nancy H.;

    Zitatform

    Chau, Nancy H. (2009): Sweatshop equilibrium. (IZA discussion paper 4363), Bonn, 36 S.

    Abstract

    "This paper presents a capability-augmented model of on the job search, in which sweatshop conditions stifle the capability of the working poor to search for a job while on the job. The augmented setting unveils a sweatshop equilibrium in an otherwise archetypal Burdett- Mortensen economy, and reconciles a number of oft noted yet perplexing features of sweatshop economies. We demonstrate existence of multiple rational expectation equilibria, graduation pathways out of sweatshops in complete absence of enforcement, and countryspecific efficiency and distributional responses to competitive forces and social safety nets depending precisely on whether graduation criteria are met." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Search, mismatch and unemployment (2008)

    Blazquez, Maite; Jansen, Marcel;

    Zitatform

    Blazquez, Maite & Marcel Jansen (2008): Search, mismatch and unemployment. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 52, H. 3, S. 498-526. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2007.03.005

    Abstract

    "This paper explores the efficiency of the equilibrium allocation in a matching model with heterogeneous workers and jobs. In the basic setup there are two types of workers with different skill levels. Both types can perform the simple tasks of unskilled jobs, while the complex tasks of skilled jobs require a high-ability worker. We demonstrate that the equilibrium outcome with random search and ex-post bargaining is never efficient. Under the Hosios condition, the average wage is correct, but bargaining compresses the wage distribution relative to workers' shadow values. This feature distorts the relative profits of jobs, making it too attractive for firms to create skilled jobs. Furthermore, due to the low-skill premium, the high-ability workers may accept too many jobs. Finally, in an extension, we show that the introduction of separate markets for the two types of jobs is not sufficient to guarantee efficiency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Choice and success of job search methods (2008)

    Weber, Andrea; Mahringer, Helmut;

    Zitatform

    Weber, Andrea & Helmut Mahringer (2008): Choice and success of job search methods. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 35, H. 1, S. 153-178. DOI:10.1007/s00181-007-0148-z

    Abstract

    Arbeitssuchende können die Zugangsrate von Arbeitsplatzangeboten durch die Auswahl ihrer Suchanstrengungen und Suchmethoden beeinflussen. Der Beitrag legt eine empirische Untersuchung der Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Suchmethoden auf die Suchergebnisse vor. Dabei werden Daten zum Suchverhalten von Arbeitssuchenden in Österreich benutzt, die Informationen aus Erhebungen mit Verwaltungsdaten abgleichen. Die Qualität der Treffer bei der Arbeitsplatzsuche wird in Bezug auf Lohnhöhe und Beschäftigungsdauer für beschäftigte und arbeitslose Arbeitnehmer analysiert. Es zeigt sich, dass die staatliche Arbeitsverwaltung auf die Unterstützung niedrig qualifizierter Arbeitnehmer spezialisiert ist. Für diese Gruppe ist diese Einrichtung ebenso effizient wie andere Suchkanäle. (IAB)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    À chaque marché du travail ses propres modes de recherche d'emploi (2007)

    Marchal, Emmanuelle; Remillon, Delphine;

    Zitatform

    Marchal, Emmanuelle & Delphine Remillon (2007): À chaque marché du travail ses propres modes de recherche d'emploi. (Centre d'Etudes de l'Emploi. Document de travail 90), Noisy-le-Grand, 28 S.

    Abstract

    "This paper analyses the job search and job finding behaviours of unemployed workers aged between 40 and 60 years. We show that each segment of the labour market (i.e. unskilled, professional and internal labour markets) has its own specific job search methods and uses of intermediaries. Moreover, we consider a more dynamic analysis by studying the evolutions of job search strategies of older workers as a consequence of the difficulties they face at the end of their career." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Job and wage mobility in a search model with non-compliance (exemptions) with the minimum wage (2006)

    Eckstein, Zvi; Ge, Suqin; Petrongolo, Barbara;

    Zitatform

    Eckstein, Zvi, Suqin Ge & Barbara Petrongolo (2006): Job and wage mobility in a search model with non-compliance (exemptions) with the minimum wage. (IZA discussion paper 2076), Bonn, 41 S.

    Abstract

    "How well does a simple search on-the-job model fit the eighteen years of job and wage mobility of high school graduates? To answer this question we are confronted from the data with a prevalent non-compliance and exemptions from the minimum wage. We incorporate this observation in a job search model with three main ingredients: (i) search on-the-job; (ii) minimum wages, with potentially imperfect compliance or exemptions; and, (iii) exogenous wage growth on-the-job. We use panel data drawn from the NLSY79, US youth panel starting in 1979, to estimate the parameters of our simple job search model and, in particular, the extent of non-compliance/exemptions to the minimum wage. The model is solved numerically and we use simulated moments to estimate the parameters. The estimated parameters are consistent with the model and they provide a good fit for the observed levels and trends of the main job and wage mobility data. Furthermore, the estimated model indicates that the non-co! mpliance and exemption rate with the federal minimum wage translates into a roughly 10% of jobs paying less than the minimum wage. Counterfactual experiment of increase of the compliance/non-exemption rate or the minimum wage shows a small effect on mean accepted wages but a significant negative effect on the non-employment rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The relevance and implications of imperfect self-knowledge for search (2006)

    Falk, Armin ; Sunde, Uwe ; Huffman, David;

    Zitatform

    Falk, Armin, David Huffman & Uwe Sunde (2006): The relevance and implications of imperfect self-knowledge for search. Mannheim, 40 S.

    Abstract

    "Standard search theory assumes that individuals are perfectly informed about their own abilities. In contrast, we hypothesize that searchers have imperfect self-knowledge, and that this is potentially very important for understanding search behavior. We test our hypotheses in a laboratory experiment. We find that: (1) subjects are uncertain about their relative abilities, women more so than men; (2) subjects update beliefs about themselves based on search outcomes, in the right direction but too conservatively compared to Bayes' rule; (3) this updating affects willingness to continue search; (4) some high ability types to search too little and some low ability types to search too long, due to wrong beliefs; (5) a substantial number do not want to learn their exact rank among their competitors, even though this information is offered for free, and these are overwhelmingly those who are ranked low. These findings strongly suggest that imperfect self-knowledge is relevant for search outside of the lab, given that it is even more difficult to be certain of relative ability in many real-world search settings. In particular, our findings suggest that unsuccessful search is likely to lead to falling self-confidence and reduced willingness to search, and that this is likely to be more pronounced for women. Applying our findings to field evidence on job search helps explain falling exit rates out of unemployment, and explains greater non-participation rates and lower wages among women. Our findings also suggest that some non-participants in the labor market are in fact high ability types who have wrong beliefs, and that low ability types may search too long due to wrong beliefs, leading to congestion effects. Learning negative information about the self also appears to be psychologically painful, suggesting one reason why unemployment is associated with reduced life satisfaction and mental health problems. Our findings also provide a new perspective on other types of search, including search for a mate, or search for a publication in a top journal." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Ein zweiter Blick auf den Mindestlohn: zur Bewertung der Arbeitsmarktpolitik der großen Koalition aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht (2006)

    Möller, Joachim;

    Zitatform

    Möller, Joachim (2006): Ein zweiter Blick auf den Mindestlohn. Zur Bewertung der Arbeitsmarktpolitik der großen Koalition aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 59, H. 7, S. 17-20.

    Abstract

    Angesichts der politischen Diskussion um die Einführung eines Mindestlohns resümiert der Autor wissenschaftliche Theorien und empirische Erkenntnisse zum Thema Mindestlohn. Während ein Mindestlohn im Paradigma des Wettbewerbsmarktes unweigerlich zu Arbeitslosigkeit Niedrigqualifizierter führt, kann er im klassischen Monopson-Modell des Arbeitsmarktes zu einer Ausweitung der Beschäftigung führen. Aus suchtheoretischer Perspektive spielt die Lohnverteilung und die Höhe des Mindestlohns eine zentrale Rolle. Mindestlohnregelungen können zudem auch eingesetzt werden, um Verdrängungseffekte durch ausländische Arbeitskräfte zu vermeiden. Weder aus den geläufigen Arbeitsmarkttheorien noch aus empirischen Studien lässt sich ein einheitliches Bild zu den Beschäftigungswirkungen von Mindestlohnregelungen gewinnen. Der Autor plädiert daher für eine differenzierte Beurteilung von Mindestlöhnen. "Weder ist eine Verteufelung angezeigt, noch eine Hochstilisierung zur arbeitsmarktpolitischen Wunderwaffe." Er geht davon aus, "dass ein Mindestlohn - sofern er nicht überzogen ist - zunächst beschäftigungsneutral oder gar beschäftigungssteigernd wirkt. Wird hingegen eine kritische Marke überschritten, dominieren die negativen Effekte. Diese kritische Marke ist bestimmt von Faktoren wie dem Verhältnis des Mindestlohns zum Durchschnittslohn sowie dem Betroffenheitsgrad." Je nach Region, Altersgruppe und Wirtschaftszweig gibt es diesbezüglich beträchtliche Abweichungen. Nach Meinung des Autors sollte diesen Unterschieden bei Einführung eines Mindestlohns durch eine Differenzierung Rechnung getragen werden; außerdem sollte der Mindestlohn mit anderen arbeitsmarktpolitischen Instrumenten abgestimmt werden. (IAB2)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Möller, Joachim;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    The allocation of labor and endogenous search decisions (2006)

    Uren, Lawrence;

    Zitatform

    Uren, Lawrence (2006): The allocation of labor and endogenous search decisions. In: The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, Jg. 6, H. 1, S. 1-33. DOI:10.2202/1534-5998.1424

    Abstract

    "This paper examines the allocation of heterogeneous workers across sectors of an economy in which workers are able to direct their search towards particular firms. We find that search frictions, in addition to causing unemployment, may result in an inefficient allocation of labor. This result arises because of the interaction between the investment decisions of firms and the search decisions of workers. Despite constant returns to scale in both the matching and production functions, this interaction can generate multiple equilibria. The existence of multiple equilibria is shown to depend crucially on the direction of comparative advantage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Low-skilled unemployment, biased technological shocks and job competition (2003)

    Pierrard, Olivier; Sneessens, Henri;

    Zitatform

    Pierrard, Olivier & Henri Sneessens (2003): Low-skilled unemployment, biased technological shocks and job competition. (IZA discussion paper 784), Bonn, 32 S.

    Abstract

    "The unemployment rise in EU countries has been particularly strong for low-skilled workers. This observation has often been explained in terms of biased technical change and relative wage rigidities. More attention has been paid recently to an alternative mechanism, the crowding-out of low-skilled workers by over-qualified workers. The objective of this paper is both methodological and empirical. We construct a dynamic general equilibrium model with two types of jobs and two types of workers and with search unemployment. The model is calibrated and simulated to examine the interactions between the 'skill bias' and 'crowdingout' mechanisms. When such interactions are accounted for, the model reproduces quite well the observed unemployment changes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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