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Niedriglohnarbeitsmarkt

Immer mehr Beschäftigte arbeiten in Deutschland zu Niedriglöhnen. Vor allem junge Menschen sind davon betroffen. Bietet der Niedriglohnsektor eine Chance zum Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt oder ist er eine Sackgasse? Die IAB-Infoplattform erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.

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im Aspekt "Norwegen"
  • Literaturhinweis

    Low-skill jobs or jobs for low-skilled workers?: An analysis of the institutional determinants of the employment rates of low-educated workers in 19 OECD countries, 1997 - 2010 (2015)

    Abrassart, Aurélien;

    Zitatform

    Abrassart, Aurélien (2015): Low-skill jobs or jobs for low-skilled workers? An analysis of the institutional determinants of the employment rates of low-educated workers in 19 OECD countries, 1997 - 2010. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 225-241. DOI:10.1177/0958928715573485

    Abstract

    "We often hear that the high unemployment rates of low-educated workers in Europe are due to the rigidities of the institutions increasing the labour costs that burden employers. In this article, we challenge this traditional view and offer alternative explanations to the cross-national variation in the employment rate of low-educated workers. Using macro-data and an error correction model, we analyse the determinants of the creation of jobs for low-educated workers in 19 countries between 1997 and 2010. Our findings tend to invalidate the neoliberal view, while also pointing to the positive impact of investing in public employment services and the predominant role of economic growth, which can be weakened by union density and employment protection in the case of male workers. Last but not least, creating low skill jobs has no or little impact on the employment outcomes of low-educated workers, thus indicating job displacement issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Cognitive skills matter: the employment disadvantage of low-educated workers in comparative perspective (2013)

    Abrassart, Aurélien;

    Zitatform

    Abrassart, Aurélien (2013): Cognitive skills matter: the employment disadvantage of low-educated workers in comparative perspective. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 707-719. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcs049

    Abstract

    "It is now a widely acknowledged fact that the low-educated workers are facing important risks of labour market exclusion in modern economies. However, possessing low levels of educational qualifications leads to very different situations from one country to another, as the cross-national variation in the unemployment rates of these workers attest. While conventional wisdom usually blames welfare states and the resulting rigidity of labour markets for the low employment opportunities of low-educated workers, empirical evidence tends to contradict this predominant view. Using microdata from the International Adult Literacy Survey that was conducted between 1994 and 1998, we examine the sources of the cross-national variation in the employment disadvantage of low-educated workers in 14 industrialized nations. In particular, we test the validity of the conventional theories concerning the supposedly harmful effect of labour market regulation against a new and promising hypothesis on the importance of cognitive skills for the employment opportunities of the low-educated workers. Our findings support the latter and suggest that the greater the cognitive gap between the low-educated workers and those with intermediate education, the lower the chances of being employed for the former relatively to their higher educated counterparts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Patterns of integration: low educated people and their jobs in Norway, Italy and Hungary (2013)

    Köllö, János;

    Zitatform

    Köllö, János (2013): Patterns of integration. Low educated people and their jobs in Norway, Italy and Hungary. (IZA discussion paper 7632), Bonn, 32 S.

    Abstract

    "The paper looks at how the distribution of jobs by complexity and firms' willingness to hire low educated labor for jobs of different complexity contribute to unskilled employment in Norway, Italy and Hungary. In search of how unqualified workers can attend complex jobs, it compares their involvement in various forms of post-school skills formation. The countries are also compared by the weight of small firms, which are assumed to assist low skilled workers through interpersonal relationships. The data suggest that unskilled employment in Norway benefits from synergies between work in skill-intensive jobs, intense adult training, informal learning and involvement in civil activities. In Italy, workplaces requiring no literacy skills at all have the largest contribution but small businesses tend to employ low educated workers at a large scale even in highly complex jobs. In Hungary, insufficient skills (relative to Norway) and an undersized small-firm sector (relative to Italy) set limits to the inclusion of the low educated. An extreme degree of social isolation is likely to deteriorate their skills and jobs prospects further." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Capacities and vulnerabilities in precarious work: the perspective of employees in European low wage work. Synthesis report on employees' experiences and work trajectories for Workpackage 7 of the walqing project (2012)

    Hohnen, Pernille;

    Zitatform

    Hohnen, Pernille (2012): Capacities and vulnerabilities in precarious work. The perspective of employees in European low wage work. Synthesis report on employees' experiences and work trajectories for Workpackage 7 of the walqing project. Wien, 174 S.

    Abstract

    "The report discusses work and life quality in new and growing jobs from an individual perspective. The empirical data on which the analysis is based consists of 22 country reports investigating elderly care, cleaning, catering, waste collection and construction in 11 different countries (4-5 countries per sector, see the matrix table below). Each country report is based on 20-25 individual semi-structured interviews with employees working in the selected sector and business functions.
    The report consists of this introduction, five chapters, each focusing on one sector, and a conclusion. The chapters follow the same structure by starting with a brief introduction of the main characteristics of work in the sector. The remaining part of each chapter is organized into four sections. The first concentrates on workers' perceptions of the main quality of work and life issues. Then follows a section on agency, career trajectories and career options. The next section examines vulnerability in work and processes of vulnerabilization in the sector. Finally, the last section discusses workers' aspirations and capacities to aspire, followed by a summary and conclusion. The last concluding chapter discusses cross-sector findings in terms of the impact of new and growing jobs on individual lives, and highlights some trends in the present labour market and their possible implications for vulnerability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Hard work: Job quality and organisation in European low-wage sectors: synthesis report on company case studies for work package 6 of the walqing project (2012)

    Holtgrewe, Ursula; Sardadvar, Karin;

    Zitatform

    Holtgrewe, Ursula & Karin Sardadvar (2012): Hard work: Job quality and organisation in European low-wage sectors. Synthesis report on company case studies for work package 6 of the walqing project. Wien, 196 S.

    Abstract

    "This report presents the findings of the company case studies conducted in Work Package 6 of the walqing project by all twelve partners in the eleven countries participating in walqing. Company case studies were used to investigate how companies are located and position themselves in the sectors and in their respective markets, how they compete and find their niches in changing environments, and how they enhance productivity by restructuring, changing work and creating new jobs. In line with the research focus, the key question the company case studies were supposed to provide an answer for was how these organisational characteristics impact the quality of work for employees. The assumption was that neither markets nor just the institutional environments and industrial relations in diverse employment regimes shape the quality of work, but that the quality of employees' work and life centrally results from managerial strategies and decision-making in the company's respective environment. We aimed to look for examples of both negative and positive configurations of work and life quality in new and expanding jobs, and for the conditions of such configurations through first describing and analysing individual cases and then comparing the findings. Indeed, comparative case study research allows for an exploration of complex causal relationships and histories of such configurations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Cognitive skills matter: The employment disadvantage of the low-educated in international comparison (2011)

    Abrassart, Aurelien;

    Zitatform

    Abrassart, Aurelien (2011): Cognitive skills matter: The employment disadvantage of the low-educated in international comparison. (Working Papers on the Reconciliation of Work and Welfare in Europe. REC-WP 04/2011), Edinburgh, 26 S.

    Abstract

    "It is now a widely acknowledged fact that the low-skilled are facing important risks of labour market exclusion in modern economies. However, possessing low levels of educational qualifications leads to very different situations from one country to another, as the cross-national variation in the unemployment rates of the low-skilled attest. While conventional wisdom usually blames welfare states and the resulting rigidity of labour markets for the low employment opportunities of low-skilled workers, empirical evidence tends to contradict this predominant view.
    Using microdata from the International Adult Literacy Survey that was conducted between 1994 and 1998, we examine the sources of the cross-national variation in the employment disadvantage of low-skilled workers in 14 industrialized nations. In particular, we test the validity of the conventional theories concerning the supposedly harmful effect of labour market regulation against a new and promising hypothesis on the importance of cognitive skills for the employment opportunities of the low-educated. Our findings support the latter and suggest that the employment disadvantage the low-educated experience relatively to medium-educated workers is mainly due to their deficit in the skills that have become so important for labour market success in the recent past, namely cognitive skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Context matters: economic marginalization of low-educated workers in cross-national perspective (2011)

    Gesthuizen, Maurice; Solga, Heike ; Künster, Ralf;

    Zitatform

    Gesthuizen, Maurice, Heike Solga & Ralf Künster (2011): Context matters: economic marginalization of low-educated workers in cross-national perspective. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 27, H. 2, S. 264-280. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcq006

    Abstract

    "This article explains the different extent of economic marginalization of low-educated persons in different countries. Research on economic marginalization mainly studies the so-called displacement mechanism: the higher the high-skill supply is in relation to the high-skill demand, the higher is the risk of being unemployed for low-educated workers. In this article, we examine their economic marginalization in terms of status position. This research expands the explanation of economic marginalization of low-educated workers by scrutinizing additional causes, such as negative social selection, negative cognitive competence selection, and the increasing negative signal of being low educated (discredit). The results of the country comparison, using multilevel estimation techniques with inclusion of cross-level interactions, depict that, indeed, educational differences in socio-economic status attainment are larger in countries where the average competence of the group is low, the social composition is unfavourable, and the size of the low-educated group is relatively small. By considering these additional explanations, we are now better able to understand the economic vulnerability of low-educated people in educationally expanded countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Are lone mothers responsive to policy changes?: evidence from a workfare reform in a generous welfare state (2009)

    Mogstad, Magne; Pronzato, Chiara;

    Zitatform

    Mogstad, Magne & Chiara Pronzato (2009): Are lone mothers responsive to policy changes? Evidence from a workfare reform in a generous welfare state. (IZA discussion paper 4489), Bonn, 27 S.

    Abstract

    "There is a heated debate in many European countries about a move towards a welfare system that increases the incentives for lone mothers to move off welfare and into work. We analyze the consequences of a major Norwegian workfare reform of the generous welfare system for lone mothers. Our difference-in-differences estimates show that the policy changes were successful in improving labor market attachment and increasing disposable income of new lone mothers. By contrast, the reform led to a substantial decrease in disposable income and a significant increase in poverty among persistent lone mothers, because a sizeable group was unable to offset the loss of out-of-work welfare benefits with gains in earnings. This suggests that the desired effects of the workfare reform were associated with the side-effects of income loss and increased poverty among a substantial number of lone mothers with insurmountable employment barriers. This finding stands in stark contrast to evidence from similar policy changes in Canada, the UK, and the US, and underscores that policymakers from other developed countries should be cautious when drawing lessons from the successful welfare reforms implemented in Anglo-Saxon countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Labour mobility and wage dumping: the case of Norway (2008)

    Alsos, Kristin; Eldring, Line;

    Zitatform

    Alsos, Kristin & Line Eldring (2008): Labour mobility and wage dumping. The case of Norway. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 14, H. 4, S. 441-459.

    Abstract

    "This article examines wage regulation mechanisms, based on statutory provisions or on collective agreements, designed to protect migrant and posted workers from 'wage dumping'. The Norwegian mixed model is compared to mechanisms in other European countries, and is also contrasted with the autonomous collective-agreement models of Denmark and Sweden. The experience gained from extension of collective agreements in Norway suggests that such mechanisms may be more generally effective as a means to protect foreign workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Mindestlöhne in Europa (2006)

    Schulten, Thorsten; Kohl, Heribert; Lismoen, Havard; Hermann, Christoph; Schmid, Bernard; Schäfer, Claus; Bispinck, Reinhard; Burgess, Pete; Oesch, Daniel ; Erne, Roland ; Platzer, Hans-Wolfgang; Bispinck, Reinhard; Recio, Albert; Schulten, Thorsten; Rieger, Andreas; Burmeister, Kai; Schäfer, Claus;

    Zitatform

    Schulten, Thorsten, Reinhard Bispinck & Claus Schäfer (Hrsg.) (2006): Mindestlöhne in Europa. Hamburg: VSA-Verlag, 306 S.

    Abstract

    "Was kann man hierzulande (wo kein gesetzlicher Mindestlohn, stattdessen eine sinkende Tarifbindung aufgrund der Blockadepolitik von Arbeitgeberverbänden existiert) von der Mindestlohnpolitik in den europäischen Nachbarländern lernen? Wie werden Mindestlöhne festgelegt, auf welchen Niveaus verglichen mit den Durchschnittseinkommen? Gibt es einen - wie die herrschende Wirtschaftsdoktrin immer wieder behauptet - negativen Zusammenhang zwischen Mindestlohnhöhe und Beschäftigung oder gar Hinweise auf eine positive Korrelation? Das sind nur einige Fragen, die in diesem Buch beantwortet werden." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Workfare: Towards a new entitlement or a cost-cutting device targeted at those most distant from the labour market? (2005)

    Lodemel, Ivar;

    Zitatform

    Lodemel, Ivar (2005): Workfare: Towards a new entitlement or a cost-cutting device targeted at those most distant from the labour market? In: CESifo DICE report, Jg. 3, H. 2, S. 13-17.

    Abstract

    Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die politischen Programme und Ansätze einer aktivierenden Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialpolitik, die unter der Kurzbezeichnung 'Workfare' zusammengefasst werden, für sechs europäische Länder (Dänemark, Frankreich, Deutschland, Norwegen, die Niederlande, Großbritannien) und die Vereinigten Staaten (Kalifornien, Wisconsin und New York City). Als 'Workfare' bezeichnet man das Bündel unterschiedlicher Regelungen und Praxen, die die Inanspruchnahme von Sozialhilfe oder Arbeitslosenunterstützung an bestimmte Auflagen knüpfen. Der internationale Vergleich zeigt, dass sich die Programme in den einzelnen Ländern je nach sozialem Hintergrund sowohl im Entwurf als auch in der Implementierung unterscheiden, und dass die idealtypische Definition von 'workfare' nur auf einige der beschriebenen Programme zutrifft. Sowohl in Europa als auch in den USA gilt die Zielsetzung, Sozialhilfe als ein Mittel zur Integration und Inklusion in den Arbeitsmarkt einzusetzen, allerdings unterscheiden sich die eingeschlagenen Wege. In Europa zeichnet sich ein Trend ab, der von einem Leistungsanspruch, der an keine Bedingungen geknüpft ist, wegführt und sich hin zum Erwerb neuartiger und besser an die gesellschaftlichen Risiken angepasster Ansprüche entwickelt. In den USA hingegen wird die grundsätzliche Abschaffung der Sozialhilfe als eine perspektivische Lösung gesehen. Dass das 'Weniger' an Leistung im herkömmlichen Sinne von einem 'Mehr' an neuen Möglichkeiten kompensiert wird, wird als Maßstab für den Erfolg von 'Workfare'-Politik betrachtet. (IAB)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The minimum wage debate (2005)

    Zitatform

    (2005): The minimum wage debate. In: European Industrial Relations Review H. 380, S. 17-21.

    Abstract

    "In the second of our two-part feature on minimum wage systems around Europe, we examine the main areas of focus and debate.The majority of EU member states have a statutory minimum wage, while sector-level collective bargaining plays a prominent role in minimum wage setting in others. We look at issues surrounding the introduction, implementation and uprating of minimum rates of pay." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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