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Niedriglohnarbeitsmarkt

Immer mehr Beschäftigte arbeiten in Deutschland zu Niedriglöhnen. Vor allem junge Menschen sind davon betroffen. Bietet der Niedriglohnsektor eine Chance zum Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt oder ist er eine Sackgasse? Die IAB-Infoplattform erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Trade, technology, and the channels of wage inequality (2021)

    Borrs, Linda; Knauth, Florian;

    Zitatform

    Borrs, Linda & Florian Knauth (2021): Trade, technology, and the channels of wage inequality. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 131. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103607

    Abstract

    "We use a large sample of German workers to analyse whether low-wage competition with China and Eastern Europe (the East) affects the wage structure within German manufacturing industries. In order to identify the channels through which trade and technology affect wage inequality, we decompose wages into firm and worker components. We find that the rise of market access and the competitiveness of the East has a substantial impact on inequality via the worker-wage component. While we find no large effect of the firm effect and assortative matching on overall inequality we find that trade induced matching is relevant for high-tech industries. We also account for exposure to technological change and do not find an effect on the dispersion of wage components. Overall, trade explains around 15% of the recent increase in wage inequality." (Author's abstract, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Trade and Inequality in Europe and the US (2021)

    Dorn, David; Levell, Peter;

    Zitatform

    Dorn, David & Peter Levell (2021): Trade and Inequality in Europe and the US. (IZA discussion paper 14914), Bonn, 65 S.

    Abstract

    "The share of low-income countries in global exports nearly tripled between 1990 and 2015, driven largely by the rapid emergence of China as an exporting powerhouse. While research in economics had long acknowledged that trade with lower-income countries could raise income inequality in Europe and the US, empirical estimates indicated only a modest contribution of trade to growing national skill premia. However, if workers are not highly mobile across firms, industries and locations, then the unequal impacts of trade can manifest along different margins. Recent evidence from countries across Europe and the US shows that growing import competition from China differentially reduced earnings and employment rates for workers in more trade-exposed industries, and for the residents of more trade-exposed geographic regions. These adverse impacts were often largest for lower-skilled individuals. We show that domestic manufacturing employment declined much more in countries that saw a large growth of net imports from China (such as the UK and the US), than in countries that maintained relatively balanced trade with China (such as Germany and Switzerland). Drawing on a new analysis for the UK, we further show that trade with China contributed to job loss in manufacturing, but also to substantial declines in consumer prices. However, while the adverse labour market impacts were concentrated on specific groups of workers and regions, the consumer benefits from trade were widely dispersed in the population, and appear similarly large for high-income and low-income households. Globalisation has thus created pockets of losers, and recent evidence indicates that in addition to financial losses, residents of regions with greater exposure to import competition also suffer from higher crime rates, a deterioration of health outcomes, and a dissolution of traditional family structures. We argue that new import tariffs such as those imposed by the US in 2018 and 2019 are unlikely to help the losers from globalisation. Instead, displaced workers may be better supported by a combination of transfers to avert financial hardship, skills training that facilitate reintegration into the labour market, and place-based policies that stimulate job creation in depressed locations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Does workfare work well?: the case of the employment generation program for the poorest in Bangladesh (2018)

    Cho, Yoonyoung; Ruthbah, Ummul;

    Zitatform

    Cho, Yoonyoung & Ummul Ruthbah (2018): Does workfare work well? The case of the employment generation program for the poorest in Bangladesh. (IZA discussion paper 11473), Bonn, 38 S.

    Abstract

    "Evidence on the effectiveness of workfare as an anti-poverty program in developing countries is weak compared with the relatively well-established role of public works during economic crisis as a social safety net. This paper contributes to evidence building by examining the impact of a large-scale workfare program in Bangladesh, the Employment Generation Program for the Poorest. Taking advantage of the program's distinguishable feature of direct wage transfer to a person's bank account, the paper uses accessibility to local banks as an instrumental variable to identify the program's impacts on rural social assistance beneficiaries. Based on locality-by-time fixed effects models over two rounds of locality panel data, the analysis finds that the Employment Generation Program for the Poorest has contributed to increasing overall household consumption and reducing outstanding loans. In particular, expenditures on quality food and health care have significantly increased, which likely helps individuals continue to engage in income-generating activities in the labor market. However, the implementation costs and poor quality of public assets built through work projects could potentially undermine the program's efficiency. Moreover, further evidence is required on the impacts of work experience through workfare on subsequent labor market outcomes and the value of public assets, to assess the program's effectiveness compared with administratively simpler alternative instruments such as unconditional cash transfers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Low-paid workers in urban China (2012)

    Den, Quheng; Li, Shi;

    Zitatform

    Den, Quheng & Shi Li (2012): Low-paid workers in urban China. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 151, H. 3, S. 157-171. DOI:10.1111/j.1564-913X.2012.00143.x

    Abstract

    "Using CHIP and RUMCI data for 1995, 2002, 2007 and 2008, this article estimates the extent of low pay among local and rural-migrant workers in urban China. Based on a threshold of two-thirds of median hourly wages, it finds that a high overall proportion of urban employees are low-paid. While incidence remained relatively stable among locals between 1995 and 2008, it declined for migrants from 2002 to 2007, though the latter were still much more likely to be in low-paid jobs. After investigating the determinants and welfare implications of low pay, the authors conclude with an argument for subsidized training, stricter minimum wage enforcement and firm-level wage bargaining." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Low pay among wage earners and the self-employed in India (2012)

    Rani, Uma; Belser, Patrick;

    Zitatform

    Rani, Uma & Patrick Belser (2012): Low pay among wage earners and the self-employed in India. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 151, H. 3, S. 221-242. DOI:10.1111/j.1564-913X.2012.00146.x

    Abstract

    "While inequality and poverty in India have been much studied, little attention has been given to the underlying role of the labour market. To help remedy this gap, the authors examine low pay in India, giving particular attention to its magnitude, characteristics and determinants. An absolute low-pay threshold is calculated that, if reached, would provide workers with a decent livelihood. Using household-level micro-data that cover wage earners and the self-employed, the authors find that roughly half of India's workforce is low-paid, revealing a serious 'decent work' deficit. They propose policies to improve wages and productivity and thereby boost earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    WSI-Mindestlohnbericht 2012: schwache Mindestlohnentwicklung unter staatlicher Austeritätspolitik (2012)

    Schulten, Thorsten;

    Zitatform

    Schulten, Thorsten (2012): WSI-Mindestlohnbericht 2012. Schwache Mindestlohnentwicklung unter staatlicher Austeritätspolitik. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 65, H. 2, S. 124-130. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2012-2-124

    Abstract

    "Der WSI-Mindestlohnbericht 2012 gibt einen aktuellen Überblick über die gegenwärtige Mindestlohnpolitik in Europa und ausgewählten außereuropäischen Staaten. Unter Auswertung der WSI-Mindestlohndatenbank werden neueste Daten zur Höhe und Entwicklung gesetzlicher Mindestlöhne präsentiert. Im Jahr 2011 wurden die Mindestlöhne in der Regel nur geringfügig angehoben oder sogar gänzlich eingefroren. In den meisten europäischen Ländern erlitten die Mindestlohnbezieher zum Teil deutliche Reallohnverluste. Im Rahmen des aktuellen Krisenmanagements in der Europäischen Union wurde die Mindestlohnpolitik zum Bestandteil einer allgemeinen Austeritätspolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Minimum wages and employment in Japan (2011)

    Abe, Yukiko;

    Zitatform

    Abe, Yukiko (2011): Minimum wages and employment in Japan. In: Japan labor review, Jg. 8, H. 2, S. 42-54.

    Abstract

    "This paper surveys issues associated with the minimum wage and its economic impacts in Japan. First, I discuss how the minimum wage is discussed in recent political debates. Next, I explain economic factors surrounding the Japanese labor market that are related to the minimum wage: specifically, I take up the issues of globalization and 'mismatch' (i.e., a labor shortage exists in some industries and/or occupations and, at the same time, there is unemployment). Then, I provide an overview of facts regarding the minimum wage for the past two decades. Finally, I critically review recent empirical studies that examine the employment effects of the minimum wage (Tachibanaki and Urakawa 2007; Kambayashi, Kawaguchi, and Yamada 2009)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The minimum wage system in Japan: in light of circumstances in the United States and Europe (2011)

    Ohashi, Isao;

    Zitatform

    Ohashi, Isao (2011): The minimum wage system in Japan. In light of circumstances in the United States and Europe. In: Japan labor review, Jg. 8, H. 2, S. 4-23.

    Abstract

    "This paper aims to provide an overview of the history of the minimum wage system in Japan and to explore why it is in its current state and how it should change in the future, in light of the state of minimum wages in the United States and Europe and the relevant debates that are ongoing in those areas. Specifically, I will make a cross-country comparison of the mechanisms whereby the minimum wage is set, explain how the differences in these mechanisms affect the level and trends of minimum wages, and shed light on the weaknesses of the foundations of theoretical modeln designed to verify the positive effects of a minimum wage increase on employment. This research is intended to help achieve a better understanding of the significance to Japan's labor market of the government initiative to considerably raise the minimum wage following the amendment of the Minimum Wages Act, and to examine how the minimum wage system in Japan should develop in the future, while taking account of the state of minimum wage systems in the United States and Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Analysis of the determinants of minimum wages in Japan (2011)

    Tamada, Keiko;

    Zitatform

    Tamada, Keiko (2011): Analysis of the determinants of minimum wages in Japan. In: Japan labor review, Jg. 8, H. 2, S. 24-41.

    Abstract

    "This paper overviews Japan's minimum wage system and examines the determinants of 'guideline increases (meyasu-gaku),' which are the increases in minimum wages recommended by the central council, and the actual minimum wage increases set by the regional councils. In Japan, minimum wages are deliberated upon mainly by advisory councils. The central council recommends the guideline increases and the regional councils set the actual increases. Our analysis found that the guideline increases are positively affected by the wage growth rates. Comments by public interest at meetings of the central council have suggested that their decisions on the guideline increases are influenced by the wage growth rate, and our estimation results also support the hypothesis that the guideline increases are positively affected by the wage growth rate. Because the council comprises workers represented by union officials, we examined the possible Impact of the unionization rate on the guideline increases. We found that the guideline increase is not affected by the unionization rate. Our analysis indicated that the actual minimum wage increases are set close to the guideline increases. We also found that the actual increase is positively affected by the active job openings-to-applicants ratio. As with the guideline increases, however, our analysis showed that the actual increase is not affected by the unionization rate. In addition, we found that in 2007 and 2008, when the guideline increases were determined in light of the debates conducted by the Roundtable to Promote Strategy to Enhance Growth Potential (seicho-ryoku sokoage senryaku suisin entaku kaigi) which set a policy direction toward minimum wage increases, the actual increases were larger than those in other years." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    A new departure in the Japanese minimum wage legislation (2009)

    Nakakubo, Hiroya;

    Zitatform

    Nakakubo, Hiroya (2009): A new departure in the Japanese minimum wage legislation. In: Japan labor review, Jg. 6, H. 2, S. 22-38.

    Abstract

    "The Minimum Wages Act underwent a major revision in 2007 as the issue of the working poor heightened public interest in the theme. The revision streamlined the entire minimum wage system, placing the regional minimum wages established by the prefectures clearly at the core. It also required that the amounts of these minimum wages be consistent with public assistance policies. Under the revised act, the new regional minimum wages were set and entered effect in each prefecture from autumn 2008. This article explores the significance of this new minimum wage legislation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The working poor, borderline poor, and developments in public assistance reform (2008)

    Komamura, Kohei;

    Zitatform

    Komamura, Kohei (2008): The working poor, borderline poor, and developments in public assistance reform. In: Japan labor review, Jg. 5, H. 4, S. 67-94.

    Abstract

    "The paper is a study by a leading expert on social security policy. Although the concept of the working poor has yet to be clearly defined in Japan, estimates show that the proportion of working households that are on or below the minimum income level provided for by the public assistance system but that are not receiving public assistance has increased from 2.80% in 1985 to 5.46% in 1999. It is also evident that the proportion of working poor households in younger age groups has increased rapidly. The proportion of working households aged under 65 on or below the minimum income level providied for by the public assistance system that are on public assistance is less than 4%, indicating that the moral hazard presented by the public assistance system is not of a level that should be considered problematic. Also described are recent developments concerning reform of the public assistance system." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The rise of poverty in Japan: The emergence of the working poor (2008)

    Sekine, Yuki;

    Zitatform

    Sekine, Yuki (2008): The rise of poverty in Japan: The emergence of the working poor. In: Japan labor review, Jg. 5, H. 4, S. 49-66.

    Abstract

    "The paper summarizes the causes of contemporary poverty and the state of measures to combat poverty from the perspective of law. In this paper, contemporary poverty is ascribed mainly to the increasing instability and loss of employment, the malfunctioning of the public assistance system, the homeless, single mother households, and deep levels of debt. Regarding public assistance, there is considerable regional variation in the assistance rate, and the opposing views of central and local government concerning the reasons for this are summarized. The employment insurance system, public assistance system, measures to assist the self-reliance of the homeless, and the minimum wage system are identified as serving to combat poverty, and the recent state of these institutions is summarized." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Trends in poverty among low-income workers in Japan since the nineties (2008)

    Tachibanaki, Toshiaki; Urakawa, Kunio ;

    Zitatform

    Tachibanaki, Toshiaki & Kunio Urakawa (2008): Trends in poverty among low-income workers in Japan since the nineties. In: Japan labor review, Jg. 5, H. 4, S. 21-47.

    Abstract

    "The paper is a statistical analysis of the state of poverty in Japan since the 1990s. After reviewing various methods of measuring poverty, the authors calculate indices of relative poverty based on data from Shotoku saibunpai chosa (Income Redistribution Surveys). Based on this, they show that the degree of relative poverty at the household level has been on the increase in Japan since the 1990s, and that this has been due to a large increase in poverty among single-person households of working age as well as among single older-person households. The poverty rate among fatherless households is also found to be exceedingly high. A breakdown by employment status of head of household reveals that the poverty rates among households headed by 'persons without employment' and by 'workers on contracts of less than one year' are high, and the authors observe that the issues of unemployment and non-regular workers have emerged as new poverty issues in Japan." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Arbeitslosigkeit und Lohnspreizung: Empirische Befunde zur Arbeitsmarktsituation gering Qualifizierter in Deutschland (2007)

    Rukwid, Ralf;

    Zitatform

    Rukwid, Ralf (2007): Arbeitslosigkeit und Lohnspreizung: Empirische Befunde zur Arbeitsmarktsituation gering Qualifizierter in Deutschland. (Schriftenreihe des Promotionsschwerpunkts Globalisierung und Beschäftigung 24), Hohenheim, 52 S.

    Abstract

    "In den Industriestaaten stehen die weniger qualifizierten Arbeitskräfte derzeit unter einem erheblichen Anpassungsdruck. Die Nachfragestruktur auf dem Arbeitsmarkt hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten zuungunsten der formal Ungelernten verschoben, wobei als die Hauptursachen dieser Entwicklung die Globalisierung sowie ein qualifikationsverzerrter technischer Fortschritt gelten. Ziel des Diskussionspapiers ist eine detaillierte Analyse der Arbeitsmarktsituation gering Qualifizierter in Deutschland. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich die Beschäftigungschancen für Erwerbspersonen ohne abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung seit Mitte der 1970er Jahre systematisch und gegenüber den höher Qualifizierten überproportional verschlechtert haben. Dabei übertrifft die aktuelle gruppenspezifische Arbeitslosenquote der Ungelernten in Deutschland diejenige fast aller anderen OECD-Staaten. Dies wird häufig als Beleg für eine im Ländervergleich außerordentliche Problemlage gewertet und mit inflexiblen Lohnstrukturen in direkten Zusammenhang gebracht. Der Beitrag soll mit Hilfe einer empirischen Analyse von deutschen, amerikanischen und britischen Lohndaten auf Basis des Cross National Equivalent File (CNEF) Aufschlüsse über den tatsächlichen Grad der Flexibilität der deutschen Lohnstruktur geben. Hierbei werden landesspezifische Entwicklungstendenzen bei der Lohnverteilung beschrieben und der jeweilige Umfang an Lohnspreizung geschätzt. Zudem wird mittels Berechnung von Subgruppendisparitäten und der Durchführung von Dekompositionsverfahren der Zusammenhang zwischen Lohnungleichheit und formaler Qualifikation untersucht. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Analyseergebnisse sowie alternativer Studien erfolgt schließlich eine Einordnung der verschiedenen Politikansätze zur Verbesserung der Beschäftigungssituation gering Qualifizierter. Im Mittelpunkt der wirtschaftspolitischen Diskussion in Deutschland stehen neben Qualifizierungsstrategien vor allem Vorschläge einer stärkeren Lohndifferenzierung speziell im unteren Einkommensbereich. Eine simple monokausale Beziehung zwischen Lohnspreizung und der Intensität der Beschäftigungsprobleme gering qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte lässt sich anhand der in dem Beitrag präsentierten empirischen Befunde allerdings nicht nachweisen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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