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Immer mehr Beschäftigte arbeiten in Deutschland zu Niedriglöhnen. Vor allem junge Menschen sind davon betroffen. Bietet der Niedriglohnsektor eine Chance zum Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt oder ist er eine Sackgasse? Die IAB-Infoplattform erschließt Informationen zum Forschungsstand.

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Hanging in, but only just: part-time employment and in-work poverty throughout the crisis (2016)

    Horemans, Jeroen; Nolan, Brian ; Marx, Ive ;

    Zitatform

    Horemans, Jeroen, Ive Marx & Brian Nolan (2016): Hanging in, but only just. Part-time employment and in-work poverty throughout the crisis. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 5, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/s40174-016-0053-6

    Abstract

    "The crisis has deepened pre-existing concerns regarding low-wage and non-standard employment. Countries where unemployment increased most strongly during the crisis period also saw part-time employment increasing, particularly involuntary part-time work. With involuntary part-time workers, as a particular group of underemployed, facing especially high poverty rates, this was accompanied by an increase, on average, in the poverty risk associated with working part-time. However, this was not reflected in a marked increase in the overall in-work poverty rate because full-time work remains dominant and its poverty risk did not change markedly. The household context is of the essence when considering policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Low-skill jobs or jobs for low-skilled workers?: An analysis of the institutional determinants of the employment rates of low-educated workers in 19 OECD countries, 1997 - 2010 (2015)

    Abrassart, Aurélien;

    Zitatform

    Abrassart, Aurélien (2015): Low-skill jobs or jobs for low-skilled workers? An analysis of the institutional determinants of the employment rates of low-educated workers in 19 OECD countries, 1997 - 2010. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 225-241. DOI:10.1177/0958928715573485

    Abstract

    "We often hear that the high unemployment rates of low-educated workers in Europe are due to the rigidities of the institutions increasing the labour costs that burden employers. In this article, we challenge this traditional view and offer alternative explanations to the cross-national variation in the employment rate of low-educated workers. Using macro-data and an error correction model, we analyse the determinants of the creation of jobs for low-educated workers in 19 countries between 1997 and 2010. Our findings tend to invalidate the neoliberal view, while also pointing to the positive impact of investing in public employment services and the predominant role of economic growth, which can be weakened by union density and employment protection in the case of male workers. Last but not least, creating low skill jobs has no or little impact on the employment outcomes of low-educated workers, thus indicating job displacement issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Cognitive skills matter: the employment disadvantage of low-educated workers in comparative perspective (2013)

    Abrassart, Aurélien;

    Zitatform

    Abrassart, Aurélien (2013): Cognitive skills matter: the employment disadvantage of low-educated workers in comparative perspective. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 707-719. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcs049

    Abstract

    "It is now a widely acknowledged fact that the low-educated workers are facing important risks of labour market exclusion in modern economies. However, possessing low levels of educational qualifications leads to very different situations from one country to another, as the cross-national variation in the unemployment rates of these workers attest. While conventional wisdom usually blames welfare states and the resulting rigidity of labour markets for the low employment opportunities of low-educated workers, empirical evidence tends to contradict this predominant view. Using microdata from the International Adult Literacy Survey that was conducted between 1994 and 1998, we examine the sources of the cross-national variation in the employment disadvantage of low-educated workers in 14 industrialized nations. In particular, we test the validity of the conventional theories concerning the supposedly harmful effect of labour market regulation against a new and promising hypothesis on the importance of cognitive skills for the employment opportunities of the low-educated workers. Our findings support the latter and suggest that the greater the cognitive gap between the low-educated workers and those with intermediate education, the lower the chances of being employed for the former relatively to their higher educated counterparts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Outsourcing, occupational restructuring, and employee well-being: is there a silver lining? (2013)

    Böckerman, Petri ; Maliranta, Mika;

    Zitatform

    Böckerman, Petri & Mika Maliranta (2013): Outsourcing, occupational restructuring, and employee well-being. Is there a silver lining? (IZA discussion paper 7399), Bonn, 54 S.

    Abstract

    "This paper examines the relationship between outsourcing and various aspects of employee well-being by devoting special attention to the role of occupational restructuring as a conveying mechanism. Using linked employer-employee data, we find that offshoring involves job destruction, especially when the destination is a low-wage country. In such circumstances, staying employees' job satisfaction is reduced. However, the relationship between outsourcing and employee well-being is not entirely negative. Our evidence also shows that offshoring to high-wage countries stimulates the vertical mobility of employees in affected firms in a manner that improves perceived well-being, particularly in terms of better prospects for promotion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The employment effects of low-wage subsidies (2013)

    Huttunen, Kristiina; Pirttilä, Jukka ; Uusitalo, Roope;

    Zitatform

    Huttunen, Kristiina, Jukka Pirttilä & Roope Uusitalo (2013): The employment effects of low-wage subsidies. In: Journal of Public Economics, Jg. 97, H. January, S. 49-60. DOI:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.09.007

    Abstract

    "Low-wage subsidies are often proposed as a solution to the unemployment problem among the low skilled but the empirical evidence on their effects is still scarce. This paper examines the employment effects of a Finnish payroll tax subsidy scheme, which is targeted at the employers of older, full-time, low-wage workers. The system's clear eligibility criteria open up an opportunity for a reliable estimation of the causal impacts of the subsidy scheme. Our results indicate that the subsidy system had no effect on the employment rate or wages of the eligible groups, but it increased slightly working hours among those already at work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Service offshoring and the skill composition of labour demand (2012)

    Crino, Rosario;

    Zitatform

    Crino, Rosario (2012): Service offshoring and the skill composition of labour demand. In: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 74, H. 1, S. 20-57. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0084.2010.00634.x

    Abstract

    "This article studies the effects of service offshoring on the skill composition of labour demand, using novel comparable data for nine Western European countries between 1990 and 2004. The results show that service offshoring raises the relative demand for high- and medium-skilled workers. Its effects are qualitatively identical, and quantitatively similar, to those of material offshoring. Additional evidence suggests, however, that the two types of offshoring may work through different channels: complementarity between imported services and domestic skills in the case of service offshoring, substitution of low-skilled labour in the case of material offshoring. Overall, the effects are not large in economic terms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Cognitive skills matter: The employment disadvantage of the low-educated in international comparison (2011)

    Abrassart, Aurelien;

    Zitatform

    Abrassart, Aurelien (2011): Cognitive skills matter: The employment disadvantage of the low-educated in international comparison. (Working Papers on the Reconciliation of Work and Welfare in Europe. REC-WP 04/2011), Edinburgh, 26 S.

    Abstract

    "It is now a widely acknowledged fact that the low-skilled are facing important risks of labour market exclusion in modern economies. However, possessing low levels of educational qualifications leads to very different situations from one country to another, as the cross-national variation in the unemployment rates of the low-skilled attest. While conventional wisdom usually blames welfare states and the resulting rigidity of labour markets for the low employment opportunities of low-skilled workers, empirical evidence tends to contradict this predominant view.
    Using microdata from the International Adult Literacy Survey that was conducted between 1994 and 1998, we examine the sources of the cross-national variation in the employment disadvantage of low-skilled workers in 14 industrialized nations. In particular, we test the validity of the conventional theories concerning the supposedly harmful effect of labour market regulation against a new and promising hypothesis on the importance of cognitive skills for the employment opportunities of the low-educated. Our findings support the latter and suggest that the employment disadvantage the low-educated experience relatively to medium-educated workers is mainly due to their deficit in the skills that have become so important for labour market success in the recent past, namely cognitive skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Context matters: economic marginalization of low-educated workers in cross-national perspective (2011)

    Gesthuizen, Maurice; Solga, Heike ; Künster, Ralf;

    Zitatform

    Gesthuizen, Maurice, Heike Solga & Ralf Künster (2011): Context matters: economic marginalization of low-educated workers in cross-national perspective. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 27, H. 2, S. 264-280. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcq006

    Abstract

    "This article explains the different extent of economic marginalization of low-educated persons in different countries. Research on economic marginalization mainly studies the so-called displacement mechanism: the higher the high-skill supply is in relation to the high-skill demand, the higher is the risk of being unemployed for low-educated workers. In this article, we examine their economic marginalization in terms of status position. This research expands the explanation of economic marginalization of low-educated workers by scrutinizing additional causes, such as negative social selection, negative cognitive competence selection, and the increasing negative signal of being low educated (discredit). The results of the country comparison, using multilevel estimation techniques with inclusion of cross-level interactions, depict that, indeed, educational differences in socio-economic status attainment are larger in countries where the average competence of the group is low, the social composition is unfavourable, and the size of the low-educated group is relatively small. By considering these additional explanations, we are now better able to understand the economic vulnerability of low-educated people in educationally expanded countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Gender gaps across countries and skills: supply, demand and the industry structure (2011)

    Olivetti, Claudia; Petrongolo, Barbara;

    Zitatform

    Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2011): Gender gaps across countries and skills. Supply, demand and the industry structure. (CEP discussion paper 1093), London, 42 S.

    Abstract

    "The gender wage gap varies widely across countries and across skill groups within countries. Interestingly, there is a positive cross-country correlation between the unskilled-to-skilled gender wage gap and the corresponding gap in hours worked. Based on a canonical supply and demand framework, this positive correlation would reveal the presence of net demand forces shaping gender differences in labor market outcomes across skills and countries. We use a simple multi-sector framework to illustrate how differences in labor demand for different inputs can be driven by both within-industry and between-industry factors. The main idea is that, if the service sector is more developed in the US than in continental Europe, and unskilled women tend to be over-represented in this sector, we expect unskilled women to suffer a relatively large wage and/or employment penalty in the latter than in the former. We find that, overall, the between-industry component of labor demand explains more than half of the total variation in labor demand between the US and the majority of countries in our sample, as well as one-third of the correlation between wage and hours gaps. The between-industry component is relatively more important in countries where the relative demand for unskilled females is lowest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    In-work poverty and labour market segmentation in the EU: key lessons. Synthesis report (2010)

    Frazer, Hugh; Marlier, Eric;

    Zitatform

    Frazer, Hugh & Eric Marlier (2010): In-work poverty and labour market segmentation in the EU. Key lessons. Synthesis report. Brüssel, 64 S.

    Abstract

    "Until now in-work poverty and labour market segmentation have not received sufficient attention in the EU's efforts to tackle poverty and social exclusion. However, given that the 17 million working poor in the EU represent about 15% of the new Europe 2020 social inclusion target, this is likely to become a more important issue in the future. The analysis of in-work poverty and labour market segmentation presented here is a first step to fill this gap and to suggest how progress can be made on this issue. It is also intended as a contribution to the monitoring of the EU 'Active Inclusion' process, which was launched at the end of 2008 and which is a crucial part of the EU's efforts to tackle poverty and social exclusion.
    The Network Core Team's Synthesis Report is based on individual country reports prepared by members of the EU Network of Independent Experts on Social Inclusion. The experts' reports cover three elements. First, they provide a general statistical overview of the situation in their country in a comparative perspective, presenting some of the agreed indicators used to monitor the Social Open Method of Coordination and European Employment Strategy objectives. This is complemented with any available national data. Secondly, they examine the main explanatory factors for inwork poverty and labour market segmentation by undertaking a critical review of national studies by Governments and researchers. They also highlight the political debate at national level on these issues. Thirdly, they present and analyse policies in Member States to address in-work poverty and labour market segmentation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The employment effects of low-wage subsidies (2010)

    Huttunen, Kristiina; Uusitalo, Roope; Pirttilä, Jukka ;

    Zitatform

    Huttunen, Kristiina, Jukka Pirttilä & Roope Uusitalo (2010): The employment effects of low-wage subsidies. (IZA discussion paper 4931), Bonn, 34 S.

    Abstract

    "Low-wage subsidies are often proposed as a solution to the unemployment problem among the low skilled. Yet the empirical evidence on the effects of low-wage subsidies is surprisingly scarce. This paper examines the employment effects of a Finnish payroll tax subsidy scheme, which is targeted at the employers of older, full-time, low-wage workers. The system's clear eligibility criteria open up an opportunity for a reliable estimation of the causal impacts of the subsidy, using a difference-in-difference-in-differences approach. Our results indicate that the subsidy system had no effects on the employment rate. However, it appears to have increased the probability of part-time workers obtaining full-time employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Minimum wages and employment: replication of Card and Krueger (1994) using the CIC estimator (2010)

    Ropponen, Olli;

    Zitatform

    Ropponen, Olli (2010): Minimum wages and employment. Replication of Card and Krueger (1994) using the CIC estimator. (Helsinki Center of Economic Research. Discussion paper 289), Helsinki, 17 S.

    Abstract

    "We employ the original Card and Krueger (1994) data and the CIC estimator to reexamine the evidence on the effect of minimum wages on employment. Our main finding is that the controversial result remains valid only for small fast-food restaurants. This finding is accompanied with a new possible explanation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The working poor in Europe: employment, poverty and globalization (2008)

    Andreß, Hans-Jürgen ; Kuivalainen, Susan; Halleröd, Björn; Verbist, Gerlinde; Lohmann, Henning; Biolcati-Rinaldi, Ferruccio; Larsson, Daniel; de Boom, Jan; Marx, Ive ; Gießelmann, Marco; Niemelä, Mikko ; Connolly, Sara; Nolan, Brian ; Airio, Ilpo; Podestà, Federico ; Engbersen, Godfried; Snel, Erik;

    Zitatform

    Andreß, Hans-Jürgen & Henning Lohmann (Hrsg.) (2008): The working poor in Europe. Employment, poverty and globalization. Cheltenham: Elgar, 323 S.

    Abstract

    "For a long time in-work poverty was not associated with European welfare states. Recently, the topic has gained relevance as welfare state retrenchment and international competition in globalized economies has put increasing pressures on individuals and families. This book provides explanations as to why in-work poverty is high in certain countries and low in others. Much of the present concern about the working poor has to do with recent changes in labour market policies in Europe. However, this book is not primarily about low pay. Instead, it questions whether gainful employment is sufficient to earn a living - both for oneself and for one's family members. There are, however, great differences between European countries. This book argues that the incidence and structure of the working poor cannot be understood without a thorough understanding of each country's institutional context. This includes the system of wage-setting, the level of decommodification provided by the social security system and the structure of families and households. Combining cross-country studies with in-depth analyses from a national perspective, the book reveals that in-work poverty in Europe is a diverse, multi-faceted phenomenon occurring in equally diverse institutional, economic and socio-demographic settings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Was ist dran am skandinavischen Modell?: eine vergleichende Betrachtung (2008)

    Becker, Uwe;

    Zitatform

    Becker, Uwe (2008): Was ist dran am skandinavischen Modell? Eine vergleichende Betrachtung. In: Leviathan, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 229-248.

    Abstract

    Das skandinavische Wohlfahrtsmodell gilt trotz einiger Schwächen immer noch als ein sozioökonomisches Vorbild für die Staaten, die nicht dem anglo-amerikanischen Weg einer weitgehenden Liberalisierung des Arbeitsmarkts und des Wohlfahrtsstaates folgen wollen. Dabei fällt besonders in Auge, dass es insbesondere in Dänemark, Finnland und Schweden gelungen ist, einen hohen Beschäftigungsgrad (einschließlich eines hohen Beschäftigtenanteils im öffentlichen Sektor), Erleichterungen beim Beschäftigungszugang von Frauen, ein relativ niedriges Niveau von Ungleichheit und Armut, solide öffentliche Finanzen und eine erstklassige Wettbewerbsfähigkeit miteinander in Einklang zu bringen. Der Beitrag untersucht, ob es sich hier tatsächlich um ein Modell für Europa als Ganzes handelt, das auch für diejenigen Länder richtungsweisend sein kann, die - wie Deutschland, Frankreich und Italien - ernsthafte Beschäftigungsprobleme haben und ein im Schnitt des vergangenen Jahrzehnts nur geringfügiges Wirtschaftswachstum verzeichnen. Im Ländervergleich kommt der Autor zu dem Schluss, dass Schweden als Immigrationsland und den damit verbundenen Beschäftigungsproblemen am ehesten mit Deutschland, Österreich, Frankreich und den Beneluxstaaten vergleichbar ist und daher wahrscheinlich immer noch das interessanteste Modell darstellt. "Inwieweit andere Länder skandinavischen Vorbildern folgen können, hängt von der Bereitwilligkeit zur Finanzierung der Wohlfahrtsstaatskosten ebenso ab wie vom institutionellen Vermögen, eingetretene Pfade zu verlassen." (IAB2)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Minimum wages and youth employment: evidence from the Finnish retail trade sector (2007)

    Böckerman, Petri ; Uusitalo, Roope;

    Zitatform

    Böckerman, Petri & Roope Uusitalo (2007): Minimum wages and youth employment. Evidence from the Finnish retail trade sector. (Labour Institute for Economic Research. Discussion papers 238), Helsinki, 27 S.

    Abstract

    "Following an agreement between the trade unions and the employer organisations, Finnish employers could pay less than the existing minimum wage for young workers between 1993 and 1995. We examine the effects of these minimum wage exceptions by comparing the changes in wages and employment of the groups whose minimum wages were reduced with simultaneous changes among slightly older workers for whom the minimum wage regulation was still binding. Our analysis is based on the payroll record data and minimum wage agreements from the retail trade sector over the period 1990-2005. We discover that average wages in the eligible group declined only modestly despite the fact that the excess supply of labour during high unemployment should make it relatively easy to attract workers even with low wages. The minimum wage exceptions had no positive effects on employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Do wage subsidies increase employment in subsidized firms? (2007)

    Kangasharju, Aki;

    Zitatform

    Kangasharju, Aki (2007): Do wage subsidies increase employment in subsidized firms? In: Economica, Jg. 74, H. 293, S. 51-67. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2006.00525.x

    Abstract

    "This paper examines whether subsidized jobs have contributed to employment in subsidized firms or have merely substituted for non-subsidized ones. The data-set is an unbalanced panel of some 31,000 firms that are followed annually between 1995 and 2002. The analysis is based on difference-in-differences, which is adjusted by regression and matching methods. The results indicate that wage subsidies stimulate employment, and that the magnitude of the effect is as aimed. I also found that subsidies have no sizeable effects on non-subsidized firms of the industry or the geographical area in question." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    In-work policies in Europe: killing two birds with one stone? (2006)

    Bargain, Olivier; Orsini, Kristian;

    Zitatform

    Bargain, Olivier & Kristian Orsini (2006): In-work policies in Europe. Killing two birds with one stone? In: Labour economics, Jg. 13, H. 6, S. 667-697. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2005.

    Abstract

    "Generous social assistance has been held responsible for inactivity traps and social exclusion in several European countries, hence the recent trend of promoting employment through in-work transfers. Yet, the relative consensus on the need for 'making work pay' policies is muddied by a number of concerns relative to the design of the reforms and the treatment of the family dimension. Relying on EUROMOD, a EU-15 integrated tax-benefit microsimulation software, we simulate two types of in-work benefits. The first one is means-tested on family income, in the fashion of the British Working Family Tax Credit, while the second is a purely individualized policy. Both reforms are built on the same cost basis (after behavioral responses) and simulated in three European countries suspected to experience large poverty traps, namely Finland, France and Germany. The potential labor supply responses to the reforms and the subsequent redistributive impacts are assessed for each country using a structural discrete-choice model. We compare how both reforms achieve poverty reduction and social inclusion (measured as the number of transitions into activity). All three countries present different initial conditions, including existing tax-benefit systems and distribution of incomes and wages. These sources of heterogeneity are exploited together with different labor supply elasticities to explain the cross-country differences in the impact of the reforms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The minimum wage debate (2005)

    Zitatform

    (2005): The minimum wage debate. In: European Industrial Relations Review H. 380, S. 17-21.

    Abstract

    "In the second of our two-part feature on minimum wage systems around Europe, we examine the main areas of focus and debate.The majority of EU member states have a statutory minimum wage, while sector-level collective bargaining plays a prominent role in minimum wage setting in others. We look at issues surrounding the introduction, implementation and uprating of minimum rates of pay." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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